88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I48 the two available references dealing with the genus Camarophorinella

and

its type species (see

synonymy).

Licharev _(1936, p. 63) an-

nounced

his intentiontodescribethe speciesfully inthefourth part of his

monograph

ofthe

Permian

brachiopodsofthe

North

Caucasus, but he

made no

further reference to the species until publication of the

"Osnovi"

in 1960. (Since the above

was

written, specimens

were

sent totheU.S. National

Museum by

Licharev.

They

agreewiththe above description

from

the literature.

Broken

beaks reveal

spondylium and camarophorium,

confirmingplacementinthePsilocamarinae.

)

IfspeciesofCamarophorinellavaryas species of other generaofthe Stenoscismatacea, then specific characters probably are in the con- vexity of the valves, differencesin shell outline, height of thefold,

and number and

place of origin of costae. Internal features probably re-

main

relativelyinvariable within the

genus

(see Licharev, 1936, text-

%

^5).

Genus

CYROLEXIS

Grant n. gen.

(Kyro, Gr., attain;lexis,Gr.,lot,destiny)

Shellthick,stronglybiconvex,ellipsoidal;outlinesubtrigonaltosub- elliptical,normally

somewhat

elongate, greatestwidthanteriorto mid- length; anterior

commissure

uniplicate, fold high, flat-crested, oc- cupying about one-third shell width,

forming

only short

and

low elevationofbrachialvalve at

extreme

anterior; sulcus shallow, broad, beginning far anterior, primarily expressed as tongue extending into fold atanterior

commissure

;valves butting, meetingat slightlyobtuse angle at anterior

and

anterior sides, overlapping strongly

on

postero- lateral slopes,

nowhere

extended to

form

stolidium; costae

weak

to moderatelystrong, present

on

fold

and

flanks, beginningseveral milli- meters anterior to beaks, crests

rounded

at origin, sharper

toward

anterior;

growth

lines fine, closely spaced;

growth

laminae only slightly stronger, widely

and

irregularly spaced, other concentric or radialornamentationabsent.

Pedicle valve moderately to strongly convex, slightly swollen in

umbonal

region;

beak

short,stronglycurved,normallyerect or slightly recurved, pressedrather closelyonto brachial

umbo

;

beak

ridgesblunt but distinct, outlining large flat posterolateral surfaces for overlap by brachial valve; delthyrium normally filled

by

brachial

umbo,

deltidial platesapparentlyabsent.

Brachial valve

somewhat more

strongly convex,

umbonal

region swollen^;beak short, blunt,normally covered

by

pediclebeak_; postero- lateral edges of valve very thin, overlapping broad

smooth

areas of pediclevalve.

Pedicle valve interior with one small hinge tooth at each side of

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BRACHIOPOD SUPERFAMILY STENOSCISMATACEA GRANT ₈₉

hinge; dental plates large, thin, reaching to floor in

apex

but con- vergingto

form

sessilespondylium,joiningto

form low septum

duplex just anterior to apex, elevated slightly

by septum toward

antetrior,

spondylium

extending anteriorly

between

one-fifth

and

one-fourth length ofshell,

septum

continuing slightly farther; muscle

marks and

other internal features not observed.

Brachial valveinterior with undivided hingeplate, slightly swollen in

apex

to

form

cardinal process;

camarophorium

beginning in apex, supported

by

high

median septum

duplex, lateral edges of spoon di- rectly butting against underside of hinge plate

on

one or both sides

;

intercamarophorial plateshort

and

weak, or absent; hinge plate short

;

camarophorium

curvingslightlyventrally

and

greatlywidening,length

more

thanone-third length of shell, nearly half length of valve; ante- rior edgeof

septum

concave, lengthof

septum on

floor slightly greater thanlengthof

camarophorium

^;crura extending

from

anterior edge of hingeplate,

somewhat

shorterthan

camarophorium

;muscle

marks and

other internal features

unknown.

Type

species.

—

Cyrolexishaquein. sp.,

named

for

A.F.M.M. Haque,

Geological

Survey

ofPakistan.

Additional species.

—

Terebratula superstes Verneuil (1845), long included in Ccmtcrophoria or Stenoscisma, is strikingly similar ex- ternally to C. haquei.

Specimens from

near

Novgorodsk

in the U.S.S.R. (just north of

Korea)

illustrated

by

Licharev (1913, ^pi. 1

;

1960, pi. 48) have all the external features of the genus. Verneuil's drawings (1845, ^pi. 5a-e) are slightly different,

and

his description mentionsthe external generic charactersofcloselycurvedpediclebeak,

weak

^plication,

low and

^shortfold, shallow sulcus,

and

entirely closed pedicle foramen.

The major

differences

from

C. haquei are its larger size,

narrower

outline,

somewhat

lower fold,

and

the lack ofcostae

on

theflanks.

Specimens

of C. superstes

from

the

Moscow

region illustrated

by

Sarycheva

and

Sokolskaya (1952, p. 171, ^pi. 48, fig. 267) also are similar to C. haquei in profile

and

outline.

However,

the valves pro- trude slightly atthe fold

and

sulcus, indicating either an incipient sto- lidium, or perhaps a stolidium that

was

broken

from

the specimens.

Possibly these specimens alsobelong to Cyrolexis; direct studyof the specimensisnecessary.

According

to

Tschernyschev

(1902, p. 489), ^the

Ural and

Siberian stenoscismataceans fallinto

two

distinctgroups: those withthe stolid-

ium

present,

and

^those withit absent.

His

conclusion

was

the

same

as that

which

I derived

from

studyofrepresentatives oftheentire super- family;namely, that certaingroupsofstenoscismataceans lackthesto- lidium, notthrough incomplete preservation but because the shell

was

90 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. I48 so constructed that^itsdevelopment

was

impossible.

Although

not spe- cifically stated

by

Tschernyschev, his implication is that presence or absenceof the stolidium

was

genetic.

He

did not consider it advisable atthe timetosubdivide

"Camarophoria" on

that basis.

However, now

it appearsthat

two

distinct phyletic stocks are involved,

and

subdivi- sionisnecessary. Ibelieve thatofthe

many

species that

Tschernyschev

(1902, p. 76-101,

488-510)

assignedto Camarophoria,

most

of those in his

Group IV

(p. 77) probably belong to Cyrolexis: C. superstes (Verneuil), C. netschajevi Tschernyschev,

and

C. parvula Tscherny- schev.

He

also included C.

rhomboidea

(Phillips) in

Group

IV,

and named

^the

group

for it, although that species is not present in his

Ural-Timan

fauna.

Specimens

similar to C.

rhomboidea

(Phillips) in theU.S. National

Museum

collection (nottopotypes) support Tscher- nyschev'scontention that that species lacked the stolidium congenitally.

However,

they are not similar to Cyrolexis haquei nor to the Ural-

Timan

speciesofTschernyschev's

Group

IV. Instead they

most

nearly resemble

Coledium

bowsheri

(Cooper) and

probably are congeneric with it. Species in Tschernyschev's other five species-groups of

Cam-

arophoriabelongtogeneraotherthan Cyrolexis;

most

can be assigned toStenoscisma.

Tschernyschev

(1902,p.77) included Terebratulaglobulina Phillips withthe species of

Camarophoria

in

Group

IV.

The

specimensthathe illustratedappeartobe ofthetype thatcompletely lacks the stolidium, but they

more

clearlyresemble T.

rhomboidea

Phillipsthanother spe- ciesof

Group

IV. Therefore, perhaps they should be linked with that species,probablyinthe

genus Coledium

n. gen.

Specimens

of Phillips' species in the U.S. National

Museum

collection greatly resemble Tschernyschev's illustrations, confirming his identification

and

sup- porting

my

contention that the species belongs

more

properly with

Coledium

thanwithCyrolexis.

Species belongingto

Cyrolexis. —

Cyrolexis haquein.sp. (typespecies)

Camarophoria waageniNetschajev, 1894 (sameasCamarophoriasuperstes (Verneuil) ofWaagen,1883)

Terebratula superstes Verneuil, 1845

Species probably belongingto

Cyrolexis. —

Camarophorinasuperstes (Verneuil) ofTschernyschev, 1902 Camarophorianetschajewi Tschernyschev, 1902

Camarophoriaparvula Tschernyschev, 1902

Camarophoriasuperstes (Verneuil) ofLicharev, 1913,1960 Speciespossiblybelongingto

Cyrolexis. —

Dielasmacf.D.gemmuladeKoninckofDiener, 1915 CamarophoriakarpinskiiTschernyschev, 1902

Comparisons.

—

Cyrolexis is characterized

by

its strongly curved

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91