86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I34 were present in 66 percent of the cockroaches after 3 days, and in

33 percent after 10 days.

Periplaneta americana,

South

Africa (Porter, 191 8) ^: See

com- ments under

B. orientalis.

U.S.A.

(Hegner, 1928) : T. hominis, ingested with

human

feces,

was

destroyed in the crop of the insect within 2 to S2 hours.

No

flagellates

were found

in the insects after 2 days; very

few

survived until they reached the intestine.

Family HEXAMITIDAE

Giardia intestinalis (Lambl)

Synonymy. —

Giardia lamblia;

Lamblia

intestinalis.

Disease.

— ^Although

^a^majority^of ^persons harboring G. intestinalis are asymptomatic, others

have

a persistent diarrhea.

Experimental

vectors.

—

Blatta orientalis,

South

Africa (Porter,

1918) :

The

cockroaches

were

fed

on human excrement

that contained G. intestinalis. Cysts of this protozoan passed

unchanged

through thecockroaches

and were

recovered

from

their feces.

These same

cysts,

when

fed to rats, caused diarrhea.

Blattella germanica, Brazil (Pessoa

and

Correa, 1927) ^: Adults

and nymphs were

fed cysts of G. intestinalis.

These

cysts

were

recovered

from

feces

up

to 5 days after feeding.

The

greatest

number

of living cysts

was found 48

^hours ^after ^feeding.

Eurycotisfloridana,

U.S.A. (Young,

₁₉₃₇₎ :

Experiments showed

that cysts fedto adults

and nymphs

reachedthe insects'colons within 2 hours.

Leucophaea

maderae, Brazil (Pessoa

and

Correa, 1927) ^:

Nymphs

only ofthisspecies

were

used. Thirty- fourlivingcysts

were found

in the feces

up

to 7 daysafter feeding.

Periplaneta americana,

South

Africa (Porter, 1918)^: See

com- ments

following B. orientalis.

Gold

Coast

Colony

^(Macfle, 1922) ^: In

two

experiments, cysts of G. intestinalis, fed in

human

feces, passed through the cockroaches' intestines apparently

unharmed and

unchanged. Brazil (Pessoa

and

Correa, 1927) ^: Live cysts

were found

inthe feces

up

to 5 daysafter feeding.

Two

specimens regurgi- tated a milky fluid,

up

to one-half

hour

after feeding, that contained livecysts.

U.S.A. (Young,

₁₉₃₇₎ : See

comments

under E.floridana.

Cysts remained in the insects' intestines as long as 12 days, but the viability of these cysts

was

nottested.

Periplaneta brunnea,

U.S.A. (Young,

₁₉₃₇₎ : See

comments

under E. floridana

and

after

Young

under P. americana.

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926) ^:

A group

30

^cock-

roaches

were

fed

human

fecescontaining

many

cysts

and

mobile

forms

of G. intestinalis.

Within 24

^hours the feces of

8

^of 10 cockroaches contained cysts. Cysts

were

present in the feces of all insects ex-

amined

after

48

^hours.

Of

10 cockroaches killed after8 days, 2

had

mobile G. intestinalis in the intestines. Argentina (Bacigalupo in Tejera, 1926, p. 256) ^: Cysts of G. intestmalis

were

eliminated

by

cockroachesin the

same form

as ingested.

Giardia sp.

Natural vectors.

—

Cockroaches,

Venezuela

(Tejera, 1926) ^: Cysts morphologicallyidentical tothose ofGiardia (speciesnotdetermined)

were

found inthe intestinal contents of ₅ percent of the cockroaches captured in latrines.

Class SARCODINA

Order AMOEBINA

Family ENDAMOEBIDAE

Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn

Synonymy. — _Endamoeba

histolytica;

Entamoeba

dysenteriae.

(Kudo,

1954, separated

Entamoeba from Endamoeba by

nuclear characteristics.)

Disease.

— ^Amoebic

^dysentery ⁱⁿ

^man.

Natural vectors.

—

Periplaneta americana

and/or

Blattella germanica, Cairo,

Egypt (DeCoursey and

Otto, 1956) ^:

9

^of

217

cockroaches collected in restaurants contained cysts morphologically re- sembling E. histolytica.

Of ₄₄

cockroaches collected in 2 villages, 5 contained this protozoan.

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926)^: Cysts resemblingthose of E. histolytica

were found

ⁱⁿ the intestinal contents of cockroaches capturedinthesewerofahospital

and

inakitchennear alatrine.

Two

young

cats

were

fed milk containing feces

from some

of these cockroaches;bothcats ina

few

days passed feces

which

contained

amoebae

of the

Schaudinn

type.

Cockroaches (presumably including Blatta orientalis, Blattellager- manica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae;

and

Supella supellectilium).

Peru

(Schneider

and

Shields, 1947) ^:

One hundred

cockroaches

were

captured

and

thelegs

and

intestinalcontents of each

were

cultured.

No

protozoa

were found on

thelegs,butE. histolytica

was

foundin7 percentofthe cultures ofintestinal tracts.

Experimentalvectors.

—

Blattaorientalis. Italian Somaliland (Mari-

88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 1

34

ani

and

Besta, 1936) ^: Vegetative

and

precystic

forms

ofE. histolytica

were found

in33percent of the cockroaches

examined 24

48

^hours after they

had

fed

on

bread inoculated with this organism.

A few

cystic

forms were found

in one of the cockroaches after 10 days.

Periplanetaamericana,

Gold

Coast

Colony

(Macfie, 1922).

Cock-

roaches used in this experiment

were

carefully

examined

for

amoe-

bic invasions because

some

of these insects at

Accra had

been

found

naturally invaded (whether

by

E. histolytica, E. coli, or both is not clear). Cysts of E. histolytica

were found

in the feces of seven of nine cockroaches fed

human

feces containing cysts of this organism.

The

cysts appeared to be

unharmed by

passage through the insects;

they

were

seen in the feces for only 1 to 3 days.

U.S.A. (Frye and

Meleney, 1936) ^:

The

cockroaches

were

fed

on

a culture of cysts

mixed

with rice flour

and

sugar. Cysts

were

first

found

in the feces 16 to

20

hours after the cysts

had

been eaten.

Development

of this protozoan

was

obtained

from

cysts collected in cockroach feces after

48

^hours.

Cockroaches,

Venezuela

(Tejera, 1926) ^:

Nymphal

cockroaches

were

fed feces containing

numerous

cysts

and

mobile

forms

of E.

histolytica. After

24

hours, the feces of

6

20

cockroaches contained cysts. After

48

hours, the feces of

8

of another

20

cockroaches contained cysts.

Three

days later, 6 cockroaches of another

group

pro- duced cysts.

The

cysts

were

verified as dysenteric

amoebae by

feeding contaminated cockroach feces to threekittens.

A few

dayslatter, the kittens

showed

unmistakable signsof dysentery

and

typical dysenteric

amoebae were found

in their feces.

Class CILIATA

Order SPIROTRICHA

Family BURSARIIDAE

Balantidium coli (Malmsten)

Disease.

—

^Dysentery

^and

^diarrhea ⁱⁿ

^man and monkeys.

Experimental vectors.

—

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926)^: 30 cockroaches

were

fed

hog

feces containing

many

B. coli cysts.

After

24

^hours,

4

^of 10 cockroaches passed cysts in their feces. After

48

hours, the feces of

8

of 10 cockroaches contained ^cysts. Typical B. colicysts

were found

in the intestines of theremaining 10 insects.

A monkey (Cebus

capucinus)

was

infected with B. coli

by

^eating cockroach intestinal contents that contained cysts. Dysentery devel-

oped

withattendant diarrhea.

Numerous

B. coli

were

recovered

from

the contents of the

monkey's

colon.

Information

on

the helminthic diseases

was

taken

from

Chandler (1949)

and

Faust (1955).

The

classification follows

Hyman

_(1951,

1951a).

Parts I

and

II contain positive associations of cockroaches with helminths. Part III contains doubtful records,

and

Part

IV

^contains

negative findings.

PART

PATHOGENIC HELMINTHS WHOSE EGGS

Dalam dokumen PDF VOL. 134, NO. PL. - Smithsonian Institution (Halaman 91-94)

86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I34 were present in 66 percent of the cockroaches after 3 days, and in

South

com- ments under

U.S.A.

human

was

No

were found

few

Family HEXAMITIDAE

Synonymy. —

Lamblia

— Although

have

Experimental

—

South

The

were

on human excrement

unchanged

and were

from

These same

when

and

and nymphs were

These

were

from

up

The

number

was found 48

U.S.A. (Young,

Experiments showed

and nymphs

Leucophaea

and

Nymphs

were

were found

up

South

com- ments

Gold

Colony

two

human

unharmed and

and

were found

up

Two

up

hour

U.S.A. (Young,

comments

was

U.S.A. (Young,

comments

and

Young

A group

30

were

human

many

and

forms

Within 24

8

were

amined

48

Of

had

were

by

same form

— ^Although

Synonymy. — _Endamoeba

— ^Amoebic

^man.

Of ₄₄