B. Theoritical Framework 1. Speaking
3. Snowball Throwing Technique
a. Concept of Snowball Throwing Technique
Snowball throwing is one of techniques in cooperative learning, Snowball Throwing can be interpreted. According to Bayor in Jumantan Hamdayana, Snowball Throwing is one model of active learning which in practice involves many students. The role of teachers here are only as a landing early on the topic of learning and further, the control of the course of study.27
Harris and Bell stated that is broken up into smaller group at the outset, and each small group is given a specific question to discuss. All groups then meet together as one group to discuss the output of the smaller groups. This method allows more issues to be covered in less time, allows everyone to participate actively, and prevents the discussion being dominated byone or two individuals.28 It means that snowball throwing technique can improve students learning outcomes
27Sinta Elvira Puspita Mei, The Effectiveness of Using Snowball Throwing Technique Towards the Students’ Speaking Skill Mastery. State Isamic Institute of Tulungagung, 2016. 16
28Alvi Nurul Muhimmah, The Use of Snowball Throwing Technique to Improve the Speaking Performance Among the Seventh Grade Students of MTsN 1 Lampung Timur, State Institute for Islamic Studies of Metro, 2017, 19
espesially in speaking. So, the teacher do not just use book as a tool in teaching learning process.According to Shoimin, snowball throwing is the development of the discussion learning model and part of cooperative learning. 29 It means that snowball throwing is the development of the discussion learning model
It can be concluded that snowball throwing is one of techniques incooperative learning. It is one of an active learning technique whichinvolves a lot of students’ participation in learning.It encouragesstudents to be active in learning and speaking participation in theclassroom. Snowball throwing is useful strategy in teaching speaking. Itprovides students to extend speaking practice.
b. Procedure of Snowball throwing
According to Suprijono, some steps of implementing Snowball Throwing Technique in the classroom are as follows:30
1) The material learnt will be delivered by the teacher,
2) The students are asked to make groups and choose a leader of each group to give explanation more to the members in the group.
3) Theleader back to the group and give explanation to the members.
4) Every student prepares a question and writes the question on the paper.
29Aris Shoimin,Model PembelajaranInovatifdalamKurikulum 2013, (Yogyakarta: Ar-ruzz Media, 2014), 174
30Agus Suprijono,Cooperative Learning Teori dan Aplikasi PAIKEM. (Yogyakarta: Pusaka Pelajar, 2013),129
5) The questions are made into a ball and tossed one student to another student about 15 minutes.
6) Then every student has one ball or one question could give the opportunity for students to answer questions that are written in ball-shaped paper in turn
7) Evaluation.
8) Conclusion
So, in this activity, the students do not only think, write, ask question and talk but also they do a physical activity that is rolling paper and throwing it to the other students.
c. Advantages of Using snowball throwing technique
Aris Soimin stated that there are somes advantages of using snowball throwing technique :31
1) Learning environment for students like to play by throwing the paper ball to another student.
2) The students have the opportunity to develop thinking skills because they are given the opportunity to create questions and give the questions to other students.
3) Make the students ready with a variety of possibilities because the students do not know the questions made by the other students.
4) The students are actively involved in learning process.
31ArisShoimin,176-177
5) The teacher is not too bothered to make media for students directly involved in the practice.
6) The learning process becomes more effective
7) Cognitive, effective and psychomotor aspects can be achieved.
d. Teaching Speaking in Junior High School
The students of Junior High Schools are usually categorized as teenagers. The are ranged between Twelve to Eighteen years old.
According to Brown, in teaching speaking to the Junior High School students, there are many factors that influence the success of teaching speaking. There are surrounding ego, self image, and self-esteem at their pinnacle. Teens are ultrasensitive to how others perceive their changing physical and emotional selves along with their mental capabilities.
In teaching of speaking learning styles for teenagers are very important. Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams state that learning styles are the ways in which a learner naturally prefers to take in, process and remember information and skills. Here are some teenagers’
characteristics imaturity that influence language learning:
1) The teenagers start to keep still for longer periods but still need to move
2) The teenagers’ concentration develops,
3) The teenagers begin to learn in an abstract way, i.e. through thinking, as well as experiencing,
4) The teenagers begin to control and plan their own behavior, 5) The teenagers may worry about what others think of them,
6) The teenagers are sometimes uncomfortably aware of themselves and/or their action,
7) The teenagers pay attention to meaning and increasingly to form, 8) The teenagers begin to increase their experience of life.32
e. Teaching Speaking by using snowball throwing technique in SMP In Indonesia, Junior High Schools students are those students in the range of ages of 12 to14. This range of ages up to 17-18 years old is embraced under the term “teenagers” or “adolescents”. There are some characteristic of teenagers in maturity that influence language learning such as the teenagers start to keep still for longer periods but still need to move, the teenagers begin to learn in an abstract way, the teenagers are sometimes uncomfortably aware of themselves and/or their action. According to Brown the “terrible teens” are an age of transition, confusion, self- consciousness, growing, and changing bodies and mind. Therefore, it will need a very special set of consideration in teaching teenagers.33
As discussed above, teaching technique is one of the most important elements affecting the English teaching and learning process including teaching speaking. The application of an appropriate teaching technique such as using snowball throwing is very essential in
32Dian Fitriana, 26
33H. Douglas Brown, Principle of Language Learning and Teaching, (addison Wesley Longman, New York, 2000),92
determining the success of the teaching and learning process. In speaking, the appropriate technique can give a lot of opportunities to practice pronunciation and communication ability. In other words, students will get knowledge or input from technique. Snowball Throwing Technique is designed to be implemented in the English teaching and learning in speaking lesson. The concept of Snowball Throwing Technique which gives priority to students’ involvement and cooperation during the learning process, gives benefits for the students to improve their speaking motivation, confidence, independence, and social skills. Besides, Snowball Throwing Technique also helps the teacher to create an enjoyable learning which can maximize theeffectiveness of teaching and learning process in speaking.
There are many principles for teaching speaking which should be considered before applying a particular teaching strategy. Speaking is not a passive activity, so the teacher should give the students opportunities to develop their fluency and accuracy. In this case, Snowball Throwing can arouse students’ motivation in learning. During the learning process, students are led to help each other in groups. They also motivate and encourage each other to make a maximum effort in performing their tasks, so it can improve students’ responsibility to do the best for both themselves and their group.
In this chapter, the researcher presents the research method applied in this research. It includes research setting, research design and procedure, data collection technique, data analysis technique and achievement indicator.