CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN SEAWATER INTRUSION AND MANGROVE GREENBELT
F. Strategy to Reduce Seawater Intrusion This strategy aimed to reduce seawater
intrusion. The design of mangrove rehabilitation used the following systems:(1) conservation and maintenance of mangrove seedlings, saplings and trees and (2) mangrove species plantation. This design has the purpose to increase mangrove density, biodiversity, ecological function and ecosystem resilience (Macintosh et al., 2002) as a conservation effort of mangrove ecosystem to increase allocation of area to rehabilitate integrated with environmental measures, ecosystem planning and management and complementing the approach of formally protected reserves (Simonsson, Ostlund, & Gustafsson, 2016)
The first stage, to take the best result of mangrove planting, was the selection of mangrove species based on the best ability of mangrove species to reduce seawater intrusion. Mangrove species have different Figure 7. Trend of water salinity in Jakarta
ability to secrete, accumulate and refuse water salinity. Based on the capacity of water salinity reduction Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba and Sonneratia spp., Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera spp. are the best suited species for this purpose (Nurmayasri, 1999;
Hutchings & Saenger, 1987; Hilmi, 1998).
Basically mangrove plantation will construct a mangrove zone aiming to reduce seawater intrusion and to improve habitat changes, water salinity, soil texture and soil fertility (Sandoval- Castro et al., 2012)
Therefore, the priority selection of mangrove species in mangrove zone should use the capacity of salt secretion, accumulation and exclusion gland (Macintosh et al., 2002), mangrove density, growth rate, mangrove root, and another environment factors. The dominant species were (1) grade 1 was Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris, (2) grade 2 was Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops spp., Rhizophora mucronata, (3) grade 3 was Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera praviflora, Aegiceras spp., and (4) grade 4 was Xylocarpus spp., and Nypa frutican.
IV. CONCLUSION
In Jakarta, the existence of mangrove and freshwater demand are the triggering factors for increasing seawater intrusion. The rate of
seawater intrusion in Jakarta will reach 0.20 km year-1 (with mangrove) is lower than the rate of seawater intrusion approximately 0.3 – 0.4 km year-1 (without mangrove). The mangrove degradation reached 1000.05 ha (over 36 years) from 1165.33 ha (1980) to 165.28 ha (2016).
The design of mangrove plantation is used to reduce seawater intrusion.
The width of mangrove greenbelt to reduce seawater intrusion is the width of mangrove greenbelt (m) = 781.76* exp(-0.002* seawater intrusion (m)). Based on this equation Jakarta needs a distance of mangrove greenbelt of more than 115 m with species priority of Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris.
The activity of coastal rehabilitation to reduce seawater intrusion in Jakarta’s coastal area is only using the ability of mangrove vegetations and the width of mangrove greenbelt as the main factors. Therefore, the next research should use the mangrove zone as the important factor to reduce high sea waves, seawater flooding and abrasion.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors especially thank to the grants- in-aid from the National Ministry of Education of Indonesia (DIKTI) with grant “Hibah Figure 8. The estimation model for the width of mangrove greenbelt
and the distance of seawater intrusion
Kompetensi” and Unggulan Research of Unosed as the financial support to do this research. Special thanks also to the Head of LPPM Jenderal Soedirman University and the Dean of Fisheries and Marine Faculty of the Jenderal Soedirman University. We would also like to thank anonymous reviewers for their helping and constructive comments which greatly helped us improve our manuscript.
REFERENCES
Acosta, A.B., & Donado, L.D. (2015). Laboratory scale simulation of hydraulic barriers to seawater intrusion in confined coastal aquifers considering the effects of stratification. 7th Groundwater Symposium of the International Association for Hydro- Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 25, 36 – 43.
Al-Nasrawi, A.K.M., Jones, B.G., Hamilton, S.M., 2016. GIS-based modeling of the vulnerability of coastal wetland ecosystems to environmental changes: Comerong Island, southeastern Australia. Journal of Coastal Research, SI (75), 33-37.
Alongi, D.M., Wattayakorn, G., & Boyle S. (2004).
Influence of roots and climate on mineral and trace element storage and flux in tropical mangrove soils. Biogeochemistry, 69,105–123.
Andrari, G., Nandang., Masmui., & Priyono. (1996).
Algorithmic estimation to minimize seawater intrusion in beach aquifer. BPP Teknologi magazine, LXXII. Jakarta.
APHA (American Public Health Association).
(2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. New York.
Badarudeen, A., Damodaran, K.T., Sajan, K.,
& Padmala, D.L. (1996). Texture and geochemistry of the sediments of a tropical mangrove ecosystem, southwest coast of India. Environment geology, 27, 164–169.
Bengen, D.G. (2002). Ecosystem and nature resources of coastal and marine and management principles.
Synopsis. PKSPL. Bogor Agriculture Institute, Bogor.
Bengen, D.G., & Dutton, I.M. (2004). Interaction:
mangroves, fisheries and forestry management in Indonesia. In T.G.
Northcote and Hartman (Eds), Worldwide watershed interaction and management.
Blackwell science. Oxford. UK.
Bosire, J.O., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Kairo, J.G., Kazungu, J., Dehairs, F., & Koedam, N.
(2005). Litter degradation and C/N dynamics in reforested mangrove plantations at Gazi Bay, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 126, 287–
Cai, F., Su, X., Liu, J., Li, B., & Lei, G. (2009). 295.
Coastal erosion in China under the condition of global climate change and measures for its prevention. Progress in Natural Science, 19, 415–426.
Carruthers, T.J.B., Beckert, K., Schupp, C.A., Saxby, T., Kumer, J.P., Thomas, J., Sturgis, B., Dennison, W.C., Williams, M., Fisher, T., & Zimmerman, C.S. (2013). Improving management of a mid-Atlantic Coastal Barrier Island through assessment of habitat condition. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 116, 74-86.
Chebo, A.K. (2009). Monitoring wetlands deterioration in the Cameroon coastal lowlands: implications for management.
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 1, 1010–
1015.
Cochard, R., Ranamukhaarachchi, S.L., Shivakoti.
G.P., Shipin, O.V., Edwards, P.J., & Seelan, K.T. (2008). The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 10, 3–40
Cochran, W.G. (1997). Sampling techniques (3rd edition). John Wiley & Sons.
Ellison, A.M. (2002). Macroecology of mangroves:
large-scale patterns and processes in tropical coastal forests. Trees, (2002) 16, 181–194 . doi:10.1007/s00468-001-0133-7.
Ellison, A.M., & Farmsworth, E.J. (1997). Simulated sea level changes alters anatomy, Physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora manglr L). Occologia, 112, 435 – Ferreira, T.O., Vidal-Torrado, P., Otero, X.L & 446.
Macias, F (2010). Are mangrove forest substrates sediments or soils? A case study
in southeastern Brazil. Catena 70, 79–91.
Finkl, C.W., (2004). Coastal classification: Systematic approaches to consider in the development of a comprehensive scheme. Journal of Coastal Research, 20 (1), 166 – 213.
Hamilton, L.S., & Snedaker, S.C. (1984). Handbook for mangrove area management. IUCN Commission on Ecology, Gland.
Hilmi, E. (1998). Estimation of mangrove greenbelt based on system analysis approach (Case study in Muara Angke Jakarta). (Thesis). The Postgraduate Program, IPB. Bogor.
Hilmi, E. (2014). Abrasion reduction based on raising of mangrove ecosystem role as greenbelt. Annual Scientific Meeting of Disaster Research. Surabaya 3 – 5th June 2014 Hilmi, E., Syakti, A.D., & Siregar, A.S. (2014).
Conservation strategy for coastal and mangrove ecosystem to reduce tsunami disaster, pollution and ability to sequestrate carbon. Final Report of Competence Grant.
Universitas of Jenderal Soedirman.
Purwokerto.
Howard, K.W.F. (1987). Beneficial aspects of sea- water intrusion. Ground Water, 25(4),398-406.
Huang, L., Tan, Y., Song, X., Huang, X., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Dong. J., & Chen, R. (2003).
The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47, 180–186.
Hussain, M.S., Javadi, A.A., & Sherif, M.M. (2015).
Three dimensional simulation of seawater intrusion in a regional coastal aquifer in UAE. 13th Computer Control for Water Industry Conference, CCWI 2015. Procedia Engineering, 119, 1153 – 1160
Hutchings, P., &. Saenger, P. (1987). Ecology of mangrove. New York: University of Queensland Press.
Kadlec, R.H. (2008). The effects of wetland vegetation and morphology on nitrogen processing. Ecological Engineering, 33, 126-141.
Kairo, J.G., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Bosire, J., &
Koedam, N. (2001). Restoration and management of mangrove systems - a lesson for and from the East African region. South African Journal of Botany, 67, 383–389.
Kairo, J.G., Lang’at, J.K.S., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Bosire, J., & Karachi, M. (2008). Structural
development and productivity of replanted mangrove plantations in Kenya. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2670–2677.
Kathiresan, K., & Bingham, B.L. (2001). Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems.
Adv Mar Biology, 40, 238–251.
Kathiresan, K., & Rajendran, N. (2005). Coastal mangrove forest mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65, 601-606.
Krauss, K.W., Lovelock, C.E., McKee, K.L., Hoffman, L., Ewe. S.M.L., & Sousa, W.P.
(2008). Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89, 105–127.
Kusmana, C. (1997). Vegetation survey method. Bogor:
IPB Press.
Kusmana, C. (2005). Mangrove ecology. Ecology Laboratory in Forest Faculty IPB, Bogor. P:
Lopes, G.P., Bouillon, S., Mangion, P., Macia, A., 150.
& Paula J., (2009). Population structure, density and food sources of Terebralia palustris (Potamididae: Gastropoda) in a low intertidal Avicennia marina mangrove stand (Inhaca Island, Mozambique). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 84, 318–325.
Lunstrum, A., & Chen, L. (2014). Soil carbon stocks and accumulation in young mangrove forests. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 75, 223- Machado, W., Moscatelli, M., & Rezende, L.G. (2002). 232.
Mercury, zinc, and copper accumulation in mangrove sediments surrounding a large landfill in southeast Brazil. Environment Pollution, 120, 455-461.
Macintosh, D.J., Ashton, E.C., & Havanon, S. (2002). Mangrove rehabilitation and intertidal biodiversity: A study in the Ranong Mangrove Ecosystem, Thailand. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55, 331–345.
Marchand, C., Allenbach, M., & Lallier-Vergès, E.
(2011). Relationships between heavy metals distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, 160, 444 – 456.
Massel, S.R., Furukawa, K., & Brinkman, R.M.
(1999). Surface wave propagation in mangrove forest. Fluid Dynamic Research Elsevier Science, 24, 219 – 249.
Mazda, Y., Kanazawa, N., & Wolanski, E. (1995).
Tidal asymetry in mangrove creeks.
Hydrobiologia, 295, 51 – 58.
Morgan, L.K., & Wernera, A.D. (2015). A national inventory of seawater intrusion vulnerability for Australia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 4, 686–698.
Muhdin., Suhendang, E., Wahjono, D., Purnomo, H., Istomo., Simanungsong, B.C.H. (2011).
The estimation model of Stand Structure Dynamics for Logged-over Natural Forests.
Journal of Tropical Forest Management, 17(1), Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S.J.M., Bouillon, S., Green, 1-9.
P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L.G., Meynecke, J.O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H.M., Sasekumar, A., & Somerfield, P.J. (2008) The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89, 155–185.
Narayan, K.A., Schleeberger, C., & Bristow, K.L.
(2007). Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area, North Queensland, Australia. Agricultural Water Management, 89(3), 217-228.
Narayana, A.C., Tatavarti, R., Shinu, N., & Subeer, A. (2007). Tsunami of December 26, 2004 on the southwest coast of India: Post-tsunami geomorphic and sediment characteristics.
Marine Geology, 242, 155–168.
Nurmayasri, T.W. (1999). The growth ability of mangrove trees of Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Rhizophora mucronata for salinity level. Bandung: Winayamukti University.
Oo, C.W., Kassima, M.J., & Pizzi, A. (2009).
Characterization and performance of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II). Industrial Crops and Products, 30, 152–161
Paris, R., Wassmer, P., Sartohadi, J., Lavigne, L., Barthomeuf, B., Desgages, E., Grancher, D., Baumert, P., Vautier, F., Brunstein, D., &
Gomez, C. (2009). Tsunamis as geomorphic crises: Lessons from the December 26th, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, West Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia). Geomorphology, 104, 59–72
Park, S., Kim, J., Yum, B., & Yeh, G. (2012).
Three-dimensional numerical simulation
of saltwater extraction schemes to mitigate seawater intrusion due to groundwater pumping in a coastal aquifer system. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(1), 10–22.
Parvaresh, H., Abedi, Z., Farshchi, P., Karami, M., Khorasani, N., & Karbassi, A. (2011).
Bioavailability and concentration of heavy metals in the sediments and leaves of grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, in Sirik Azini Creek, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research, 143 (2), 1121–1130. doi:10.1007/
s12011-010-8891-y
Patel, A.S., & Shah, D.L. (2008). Water management:
Conservation, harvesting and artificial recharge.
New age international (p) limited, publishers.
Petrakis, R., Wu, Z., McVay, J., Middleton, B., Dye, D & Vogel, J (2016). Vegetative response to water availability on the San Carlos Apache Reservation. Forest Ecology and Management.
378, 14-23.
Pirzan, A.M., Gunarto, R., Daud., & Burhanuddin.
(2004). The relation of soil organic matter, soil texture with macrobenthos diversity in fishpond and mangrove. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 10 (20), 27 – 34.
Prahasta, E. (2008). Remote sensing. Bandung:
Informatika.
Pramada, S.K., & Mohan, S. (2015). Stochastic simulation of seawater intrusion into freshwater aquifers. International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development 2014 (ICTCRED 2014).
Aquatic Procedia, 4, 87-94.
Purnobasuki, H & Suzuki, M (2004). Root system architecture and gravity perception of a mangrove plant, Sonneratia alba J. Smith.
Journal of Plant Biology, 47(3), 236-243.
Purwadhi, S. H. (2001). Satellite imagery interpretation.
Jakarta: PT. Grasindo.
Robins,P.E., Skov, M.W., Lewis, M.J., Gimenez, L., Davies, A.G., Malham, S.K., Neill, S.P., McDonald, J.E., Whitton, T.A., Jackson , S.E & Jago, C.F (2016). Impact of climate change on UK estuaries: A review of past trends and potential projections. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 169, 119-135.
Salampessy, M.L., Febryano, I.G., Martin, E., Siahaya, M.E., & Papilaya, R. (2015).
Cultural capital of the communities in the mangrove conservation in the coastal areas
of Ambon Dalam Bay, Moluccas, Indonesia.
(2015) International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development 2014 (ICTCRED 2014). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23, 222 – 229.
Sandoval-Castro, E., Mu˜niz-Salazar, R., Enríquez- Paredes, L.M., Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., Dodd, R.S., Tovilla-Hernández, C., &
Arredondo-García, M.C. (2012). Genetic population structure of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) along the Northwestern Coast of Mexico. Aquatic Botany, 99, 20– 26.
Sigalingging, M. (1985). Land use and soil reclamation in seawater intrusion area in North Indramayu.
(Thesis). The Postgraduate Program IPB, Bogor.
Simonsson, P., Ostlund, L &Gustafsson, L (2016).
Conservation values of certified-driven voluntary forest set-asides. Forest Ecology and Management, 375, 249–258.
Snedaker, S.C., & Snedaker, J.G. (1984). The mangrove ecosystem : research methods. UNESCO
Soerianegara, I. (1987). The widht of mangrove green belt as coastal zone protection forest.
Media Konservasi, 1(4), 21-30.
Soil Research Department of Agriculture Ministry.
(2005). The analysis of soil chemical, plant, water and fertilizer. Jakarta.
Steel, R.G.D & Torrie, J.H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics (A biometrical approach).
(2nd edition). New York: McGraw - Hill.
Suhartono, E., Purwanto, P., & Suripin, S. (2015).
Seawater intrusion modeling on groundwater confined aquifer in Semarang. International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development 2014 (ICTCRED 2014).
Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23, 110 – 115.
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology (2nd editons). New York-Chichester-Brisbane- Toronto-Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
Wang, Y., Qiu, Q., Xin, G., Yang, Z., Zheng, J., Ye Z.,
& Li, S. (2013). Heavy metal contamination in a vulnerable mangrove swamp in South China. Environment Monitoring Assesment. 185 (7), 5775–5787. doi:10.1007/s10661-012- 2983-4.
Xiao, Y., Jie, Z., Wang, M., Lin, G.I., & Wang, W.
(2009). Leaf and stem anatomical responses to periodical waterlogging in simulated tidalfloods in mangrove Avicennia marina seedlings. Aquatic Botany, 91, 231–237.
Xiao, Y., Wang, W., & Chen, L. (2010). Stem anatomical variations in seedlings of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza grown under periodical waterlogging. Flora, 205, 499–505.
Agus Hikmat, 95
Agus Priyono Kartono, 95 Andrew Skidmore, 69 Anne van der Veen, 69 Budi Hadi Narendra, 37 Burhanuddin, 15
Cecep Kusmana, 151 Chairil Anwar Siregar, 37 Chingyang Lin, 121 Dwi Astiani, 15
Elvida Yosefi Suryandari, 135 Endang Hilmi, 151
Endang Suhendang, 151 Faiqotul Falah, 49
Gunawan G.T.P Simanjuntak, 121 Harris Herman Siringoringo, 37 Hunggul Y.S.H. Nugroho, 69, Iis Alviya, 135
Iskandar, 151 Lisa M. Curran, 15 Meine van Noordwijk, 95
Muhammad Zahrul Muttaqin, 135 Mujiman, 15
Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo, 49 Retno Maryani, 135
Ruspita Salima, 15 Sambas Basuni, 95
Sandhi Imam Maulana, 107 Satria Astana, 1
Subekti Rahayu, 95 Susumu Shiraishi, 85 Vivi Yuskianti, 85 Wahyudi, 27 Wesman Endom, 1 Yohannes Wibisono, 107 Yousif A.Hussin, 69
Aboveground carbon storage, 107 Adaptive governance, 69
Adat, 69
Climate change, 107 Community, 135
Degraded peatland forest, 15 Demand share,121
Drainage ditches, 15 East Kalimantan, 49,95 Ecological restoration, 95 Ecosystem restoration, 15 Efficiency, 1
Export, 125 Forest fire, 95
Forest management, 69 Genetic diversity, 85 Genetic relationship, 85 Hazard map, 37
Horizontal load, 1 Indonesia, 69 Institutions, 135 Local market, 27 Log extraction, 1 Mangrove, 151
Non-timber forest product, 27 Policy, 121
Pulpwood, 121 River flood, 37
Seawater intrusion, 151
Sengon (Falcataria moluccana), 85 Skyline,1
SNP markers, 85 Soil micro climate, 15 Spatial planning, 69 Species identification, 49 Species composition, 95 Stakeholder perception, 135 Steep terrain, 1
STELLA, 107 System analysis, 151 Tidal flood, 37 Trade, 27
Traditional medicinal plants, 49 Transcendental logarithmic, 121 Tribes, 49
Tropical peatland, 15 Vulnerability map, 37 Water salinity, 151 Watershed, 37
Watershed management, 135 West Papua, 27, 107
Women health, 49
AIM AND SCOPE
The journal publishes state of the art results of primary research findings and synthesized articles containing significant contribution to science and its theoretical application in areas related to the scope of Indonesian Forestry Research. Overseas works relevant to Indonesia conditions may be accepted for consideration.
LANGUAGE: All articles should be written in clear and concise English.
FORMAT MANUSCRIPT: To prepare your manuscript, please download a template from this link: http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/files/IJFR_Template.docx. The entire manuscript should not exceed 20 pages. An electronic file of the manuscript should be submitted to the Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Secretariat by following the publishing rules of IJFR through www.ejournal.forda-mof.org.
TITLE: A title should be brief and informative. Title must not exceed two lines and should reflect the content of the manuscript.
AUTHORS: Authors' names should appear immediately below the title, followed by Authors' affiliation and address. For more than one authors, affiliation detail and addresses should be mentioned in the right order. Email address of every author should be placed in the footnote.
ABSTRACT: Written in Bahasa Indonesia and English. Abstract should be no longer than 250 words, giving a brief summary of the content includes brief introduction, the reason for conducting the study, objectives, methods used, result and discussion and conclusion. Do not include tables, elaborate equations or references in the abstract.
KEYWORDS: Four to six keywords should be provided for indexing and abstracting. The word or term to be written under abstract; overviewing the issues, discussed, separately written from general to specific nature.
INTRODUCTION: State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background of the research objectives, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
THEORY/CALCULATION (if any): A theory or detailed calculation should be extended, not repeated, in the introduction. The theory or calculation mentioned should lay the foundation of the work.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: Provide sufficient detail of the research work to allow method to be reproduced. Describe the time and location of the study, materials and tools used, as well as research method. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference. Specific location should include the geographical information system. Only relevant modification to the method should be described clearly.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Results should be presented clearly and concisely. Discussion should explore the significance of the results work to the current condition or other research result, but not repeating the result. In case of large amount of result, result and discussion may be separated into sub chapter of result and sub chapter of discussion. Current reference (five years old reference) is an advantage to support the research finding than older references.
CONCLUSION: A conclusion section is required. It contains the main points of the article. It should not replicate the abstract, but might elaborate the significant results, possible applications and extensions of the work.
figures less than one column wide, as extreme enlargements may distort your images and result in poor reproduction. Therefore, it is better if the image is slightly larger, as a minor reduction in size should not have an adverse effect in the quality of the image.
DRAWING: Graphs and other drawing illustrations must be drawn in high contrast. Each drawing must be numbered as Figure with, titled given clear remarks. Graphic images should be formatted and saved using a suitable graphics processing program allowing creating the images as JPEG/
TIFF. Image quality is important to reproduce the graphics. Poor quality graphics could not be improved.
PHOTOGRAPH: Photograph with good contrast either in coloured or black and white and related to the text, must be titled and given clear remarks in numbered Figure. All photographs should be mentioned in the text and accompany to the manuscript in separate Microsoft word file. Photographs and grayscale figures should be prepared in 300 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (grayscale). Color graphics should be in the following formats:
TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel and PDF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be 400 dpi. Please supply a high quality hard copy or PDF proof of each image. If we cannot achieve a satisfactory color match using the electronic version of your files, we will have your hard copy scanned.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Acknowledgement is recommended for persons or organizations who has already helped the authors in many ways. Sponsor and financial support acknowledgements may be placed in this section. Use the singular heading even if you have many acknowledgements.
REFERENCES: At least 10 references; referring to APA style 6th edition; organized alphabetically by author name; 80% from last 5 years issues; and 80% from primary reference sources, except for specific science textbooks (mathematics, taxonomy, climate). To properly credit the information sources, please use citation tools such as Mendeley or EndNote to create a bibliography, references and in-text citations. Mendeley is a free reference manager that can be downloaded at https://www.
mendeley.com/download-mendeley-desktop Reference List
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1997). Standard test methods for rubber products—Chemical analysis. (ASTM-D297-93)American Society for Testing of Materials, USA.
Ayuk, E.T., Duguma, B., Franzel, S., Kengue, J., & Zenkeng, P. (1999). Uses, management and economic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Forest Ecology and Management, 113, 1-19.
Chen, H.Q., Wei, J.H., Yang, J.L., Ziang, Z., Yang, Y., Gao, J.-H., … Gong, B. (2012). Review : Chemical constituens of agarwood originating from the endemic genus Aquilaria plants. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 9, 236–250.
Kementerian Kehutanan. (2009). Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No.SK/328/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Penetapan DAS Prioritas dalam rangka RPJM tahun 2010-2014. Sekretariat Jenderal, Jakarta.
Kenney, G.M., Cook, A., & Pelletier, J. (2009). Prospects for reducing uninsured rates among children: How much can premium assistance programs help. Retrieved from Urban Institute website: http://www.
urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411823, at 1 October 2009.
Kurinobu, S. & Rimbawanto, A. (2002). Genetic improvement of plantation species in Indonesia. In A.
Rimbawanto, & M. Susanto (Eds.), Proceeding of International Conference on advances in genetic improvement of tropical tree species, 1-3 October 2002 (pp.1-6). Yogyakarta: Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement.