Additional elements / wt %
7. Summary
In this review, practical examples of improvements in the properties of steels achieved by rare earth additions, and the fundamentals to understand the cause of these improvements have been discussed.
In spite of the progress so far in understanding the influence of rare earth additions on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of steels, it is apparent that many questions remain unanswered.
For example, although many reports revealed that the rare earth additions change the shape, size and composition of non-metallic inclusions formed in the steels and that they play a very important role in improving the various properties of steels, research is still not adequate. Thermodynamic data are still too scattered to accurately predict these characteristics of non-metallic inclusions and the conditions under which the shape, size and composition of inclusions are controlled. Data for the effects of rare earths on the surface and interfacial properties; surface tension, contact angle, etc., of steels, are also unsatisfactory. Precise solubilities of rare earths in molten and solid iron and steels are still not available. Studies are also required on the nucleation process of the non-metallic inclusions themselves in the steels. Knowledge of all of these is essential to understand the metallurgical process and the various properties of steels.
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Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths Vol. 25
edited by K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. and L. Eyring
© 1998 Elsevier Science B. E All rights reserued
Chapter 166
T E R N A R Y A N D H I G H E R O R D E R NITRIDE MATERIALS
R o g e r M A R C H A N D
Laboratoire des Verres et Céramiques, UMR 6512 CNRS, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
C o n t e n t s
!. Introduction. General considerations 2. Binary nitrides
2.1. Preparation of binary nitrides 2.2. Properties of binary nitrides 2.3. Solid solutions of the NaCl-type 3. Ternary and higher (oxy)nitrides
3.1. Cerium compounds 3.1.1. Li2CeN 2 and Ce2N;O 3.1.2. BaCeN 2
3.l.3. BaCeR(O,N)4 oxynitrides 3.2. Ternary and higher nitrides formed with
non-metaI elements
3.2.1. Ternary and quaternary silicon nitrides
3.2.2. Ternary boron nitrides 3.2.2.1. PrBN2-type 3.2.2.2. Ce3B2N4-type 3.2.2.3. Cel»BsN2»-type 3.3. Chromium ternary nitrides 3.4. Interstitial nitrides. Nitrided alloys
3.4.1. Scandium ternary nitrides 3.4.2. Antiperovskites R3MN ~ 3.4.3. Ternary and higher intemaetallic
nitrides
3.4.3.1. 2:17 nitrides (of the Th2Znl7- or Th2Nil7-type structure)
3.4.3.2. 1:12 nitrides (of the ThMn~2-type structure) 3.4.3.3. 3:29 nitrides (of
the Nd3 (Fe,Ti)29-type strucmre)
3,4.3.4. Quaternary boro-nitrides 4. Quaternary and higher oxynitrides
4.1. Tetrahedral environment
52 4.1.1. Scheelite-type structure 70 53 4.1.2. Silicate and alumino-silicate
53 structures 71
56 4.1.2.1. Apatites 71
57 4.1.2.2. Melilites 72
59 4.1.2.3. Cuspidines 74
59 4.1.2.4. Pyroxene-type 75
59 4.1.2.5. Wollastonites 75
60 4.1.2.6. ~-Sialons 75
60 4.1.2.7. U-phases 76
4.1.2.8. ~%K2 SO4-type
60 oxynitrides 76
4.1.2.9. Oxynitride glasses and
61 glass ceramics 77
62 4.2. Octahedral environment 83
62 4.2.1. Perovskite-type structure 83
63 4.2.2. K2NiF4-type structure 85
64 4.2.3. Magnetoplumbite-type structure 86 64 4.3. "Cubic" environment 86
64 4.3.1. Fluorite-type structure 86
64 4.3,2. Pyrochlore-type structure 86
66 4.4. Y-Zr-O-N system 88
5. Nitride halides and nitride sulfides 88 66 5.l. Ternary and higher nitride halides 88
5.1.I. Nitride fluorides 88
5.1.2. Nitride chlorides, bromides and
67 iodides 88
5.2. Ternary nitride sulfides 90 68 5.3. Quaternary nitride sulfide chlorides 90
5.4. Quaternary and higher oxynitride
bromides 91
69 5.5. Quaternary carbide nitride halides 91
69 6. Conclusion 92
70 References 92
70
5l
52 R. MARCHAND