Acknowledgments
3.5 Summary and Outlook
Numerous RE(III) complexes with carboxylic acids, polyaminopolycarboxylic acids, and amino acids having intriguing topologies, diverse nuclearity, fascinating structures, and coordination modes have been reported, and their applications as catalysts, light emitters, optical sensors, MRI contrast agents, and magnets have been established. Efforts have been made to design and synthesize RE(III)–carboxylic acid complexes as advanced materials, and complexes having potential applications as storage materials, magnetic materials, Lewis acid catalysts, optical sensors, and so on have been reported. However, owing to the ionic nature of the RE(III)–O (carboxylate) bonds, it remains a challenge to predict a priori the structure of any given complexes. Making use of their multiple N- and O-donors and great
clinically proven Gd(III)–polyaminopolycarboxylic acid complexes being the culmination of such efforts. Research on RE(III) complexes with amino acids was stimulated by the success of using RE(III) as a probe for the Ca(II)-binding site in proteins in the early 1970s. Com- plexes with unique structures have since been isolated and structurally characterized. X-ray crystallographic and thermodynamic studies have revealed the strong similarity among the complexes formed by different amino acids in both the solid state and solution. However, the synthesis of such complexes remains a challenge as the structures of these species are hard to predict if at all possible, largely due to their relatively low stability. It is exactly because of this low stability, that solution studies aimed at the delineation of the different species at equilibrium have been difficult, and therefore, far from being systematic and definitive.
These challenges should constitute the major tasks for future studies of these unique rare earth complexes.
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