To get the data it is very important to choose the best technique. To collect the data research need instrument. There are some instrument used to collect data, they are:
a. Documentation
Documentation method is used to find out the data from the written documentation, such as daily notes, transcript, book, newspaper.54 In this research, documentation is used to get some data about research location, data transcription.
Documentation technique is used to collect the data from non life sources. In other words, documentation is used to collect data with document and record. Documentation provides the researcher with information that is support the available data, such as vision and mission, geographical location, history of establishment of SMK Wahid Hasyim Ponorogo.
b. Questionnaire
In this study researcher collects quantitative data. Researcher using questionnaire to collect data, it is one of the most widely used social research technique. The idea formulating precise written question, for those whose
54 Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1997) 235.
opinions or experience you are interested in, seems such an obvious strategy for finding the answer to the issue that interested someone.55
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompt for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms.56 Questionnaire is a test that consist of some questions to know about the object. The questionnaire is a technique of data collection that is by done by giving a set of question or a written statement to be answered by the respondents.
Questionnaire is used to get some data about group work interaction in English of eleventh grade majoring in automotive engineering at SMK Wahid Hasyim Ponorogo. The questionnaire of this research consist of 30 numbers multiple choice item for group work interaction that prepare 5 answer choice in each question that counts as follow:57
A = 5 point B = 4 point C = 3 point D = 2 point E = 1 point
55 Loraine Blaxter, Christina Hughes And Malcolm Tight, How To Research; Third Edition.
(New York: Open University Press, 2006), 179.
56C.R Kothari, Research Methodology; Methods And Techniques Second Revised Edition (India: New Age International, 2004), 100
57 Appendix 3
Table 3.1
Indicator for Group Work
No Indicator Sub Indicators No Item
1. Cooperation 1. Works with the group to reach a consensus view and then abides by that consensus
2. Works with others to finish the assignment
3. Compromises
4. Does their assigned tasks and does not intrude on others‟ tasks
21, 22, 23, 24
2. Attendance 1. Punctual 2. Prepared
3. Turns up at all scheduled events
1, 2, 3
3. Contribution 1. Make sure they do the work the team decided they would do 2. Brings work back to the group by
the deadline the group has set 3. Does they fair share of the roles
25, 26, 27
4. Communication 1. Listens to others‟ ideas 2. Contactable
3. Open to new ideas
4. Includes others in the discussion
4, 5, 6, 7
5. Work efficiently
1. Has good time management skill 2. Stays focused in meeting
3. Meets deadlines
28, 29, 30
6. Responsibility 1. If they‟re given something to do, then they do it
2. Make sure provide good references for the material they have
researched 3. Self-control
4. Right to peaceful conflict resolution
5. Right to be included and to have cooperative peers
6. Getting along with others 7. Goal-setting progression 8. Courage to resist peer pressure
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
9. Caring and compassion 10.Sensitivity
11.Responsiveness
12.Trying these ideas in other areas of life
13.Being a positive role model for others.
The appropriate instrument for research should be valid and reliable.
The questionnaire as the instrument of this research must be proved by testing its validity and reliability.
1) Validity
The quality of the instruments used in research is very important, for the conclusions researchers draw are based on the information they obtain using these instruments. Validity refers to the appropriateness, meaningfulness, correctness, and usefulness of the inferences a researcher makes.58 According to Asher (1976, p. 97), validity is an indication of how effective, truthful, and genuine a measurement is. The validity of a measure may be determined from three primary perspectives: content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Content validity is the test‟s effectiveness.59 Validity is the extent to which inferences made from assessment result are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the
58 Jack R. Fraankel, Norman E. Wallen, How To Design And Evaluate Research In Education 7th Edition (New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2009), 147
59 Richard Colwel, MENC Handbook of Research Methodologies (Oxford University Press:2006), 100.
assessment.60 Validity is the most important idea to consider when preparing or selecting an instrument for use. In this research, researcher employed SPSS program. The steps to calculate the validity were:
a) Making the table of item analysis of all questions.
b)Applying the data into SPSS Program.
c) Making an interpretation of the correlation result (rxy) of each question.
When the coefficient correlation of magnitude rxyrxy ≥ 0,349, so the question item was valid, and when the coefficient correlation was under rxy ≤ 0,349so the question item was invalid.Finally, the result of the test validity is as follow:
Table 3.2
The result of Validity for Students’ Group Work Question
Number
"r" calculated "r" criteria Criteria
1 0,288 0,349 Invalid
2 0,211 0,349 Invalid
3 0,567 0,349 Valid
4 0,458 0,349 Valid
5 0,186 0,349 Invalid
6 0,585 0,349 Valid
7 0,637 0,349 Valid
8 0,228 0,349 Invalid
9 0,239 0,349 Invalid
10 0,201 0,349 Invalid
60 H. Douglas Brown. Language Assessment Priciples and Classroom Practices (Longman: San Francisco: 2002) 22.
11 0,374 0,349 Invalid
12 0,596 0,349 Valid
13 0,469 0,349 Valid
14 0,581 0,349 Valid
15 0,575 0,349 Valid
16 0,373 0,349 Valid
17 0,614 0,349 Valid
18 0,397 0,349 Valid
19 0,324 0,349 Invalid
20 0,524 0,349 Valid
21 0,528 0,349 Valid
22 0,720 0,349 Valid
23 0,108 0,349 Invalid
24 0,066 0,349 Invalid
25 0.437 0,349 Valid
26 0,625 0,349 Valid
27 0,655 0,349 Valid
28 0,340 0,349 Invalid
29 0,612 0,349 Valid
30 0,497 0,349 Valid
2) Reliability
Reliability is constancy or carefulness of instrument evaluation. In simple terms, reliability is the consistency with which a measuring technique measures. More specifically, as Stanley‟s saysauthoritative treatise makes clear, reliability is the portion of variance in the measured property that is attributable to differences in the property itself, rather than to differences in the application of the technique on different occasions, or to other diverse sources of variance due to “error.” Reliability affects the precision of measurement as well as the credence that a researcher may give results, so
reporting reliability estimates is an important part of presenting the results of quantitative research.61
Reliability refers to the consistency of the scores obtained how consistency they are for each individual from one administration of an instrument to another and from one set of items to another.62Furthermore, to analysis the reliability of the questionnaire, researcher used SPSS.
Questionnaire is determined as reliable if rxy≥0,349 questionnaire is reliable, if rxy≤0,349 is not reliable and the result as follow:
Table reliability questionnaire Reliability statistics
Cronbach‟s Alpha N of Item
Reliability statistics
Cronbach‟s Alpha N of Item
0,864 30
In this research, researcher find a reliability coefficient is 0,864 for Students‟ group work. It means that the instrumental has a good reliability.
61 Richard Colwel, MENC Handbook of Research Methodologies (Oxford University Press:2006), 100.
62 Jack R. Fraankel, Norman E. Wallen, How To Design And Evaluate Research In Education 7th Edition (New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2009), 154