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Learning, learning media, and learning resources:
Learning methods: Discovery learning
Learning media: worksheets and assessment sheets
Learning resources: Book When English Rings the Bells Lerning steps;
Introduction (15 minutes)
The teacher greets
The teacher prepares students in learning with cleanliness, learning, and attendance classes.
The teacher motivates students by showing a picture
The teacher gives information about the competencies and learning objectives to be achieved
which researchers compare group receiving different treatments. These are called comparison group. The majority of educational experiments study the differences in the result of two or more treatments rather than the differences in the result of one treatment versus no treatment at all. There were some steps done by the teacher in the control claas:
Data analysis is the last step in the procedure of the experiment, in this case, processing the data. The data processing is the step to know the result of both the experimental culass and the control class and also their differences.
1. Try-out test
The researcher will conducted try-out test to design a good test and it administered to the students who belong to neither the experimental nor the control groups. By using thr students score of the try-out, the researcher did item analysis and an analysis to find out the validity and reliability of the test. The choosing of the instrument had been done by considering : validity,reliability, the degree of test difficulty as follows :
a. Validity
Validity is defined as the extent to which scores on a test enable one to make meaningful and appropriate interpretations. It means that validity is a measurement which shows the levels of validity or the real of the instrument. A valid instrument has a good validity. To measure that the test has good validity, this research used the content validity and item validity.
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1) Content validity
Best and Khan (1995,p.219) said that content validity refers to the degree to which the test actually measure or is specifically related to the traits for which it was design, content, validity is based upon the careful examination of course textbooks, syllabus, objectives, and the judgments of subject matter specialists. It means that the content validity is based on the material, and the material is agreement with the objectives of learning in the school which it is based on the syllabus, because the test must be able to measure the writing comprehesion at MTS Hidayatul Qomariyah.
2) Item Validity
The reseacher gave some questions to know valid or not the questions that gave the students‟. The item validity used to measure the validity of the test items. In this case, the reseacher used SPSS Version 25 to calculated the da
obtained from the try-out to find the item validity of each item.
Table 3.5
Question R- Value R Tabel Sig. Description
1 0,486 0,339 0,004 Valid
2 0,454 0,339 0,007 Valid
3 0,675 0,339 0,000 Valid
4 0,378 0,339 0,028 Valid
5 0,470 0,339 0,005 Valid
6 0,377 0,339 0,028 Valid
7 0,393 0,339 0,022 Valid
8 0,635 0,339 0,000 Valid
9 0,617 0,339 0,000 Valid
10 0,412 0,339 0,015 Valid
Based on the output of the validity test results, it can be seen in the table above, the correlation values obtained are then compared with the r table with N = 34 and a significance level of 5%, the r table value is 0.339. Of the 10 item questions in the writing comprehension test instrument, all of the items that can be declared valid.
b. Reliability
Reliability is a measuring instrument. Ary states that reliability of a measurement is the degree of consistency with which it measures whatever it is measuring. A good test must have high validity. This can be done by examining the students‟
reading test to know the reliability of the test. The next step is to compute the reliability of the test.
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According to Fraenkel and Wallen (2009, p.154), reliability refers to the consistency of the scores obtained how consistent they are for each individual from one administration of an instruments to another and from one set of items to another.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the test. The writer used SPSS to reliability of test. SPSS can help analysis of item quickly, essay and accurately. Arikunto (2010, p.310) SPSS is necessary in the research to assess the good instrument or not.
Meanwhile, the reliability test is used to determine the consistency of the test instrument, there sults of which can be seen in the following table.
Table. 3.6: Reliability Test Results
in writing Comprehension Test Instruments Reliability statistics
Cronbach‟s Alpha N of items
0.637 10
The table above shows that the N of items (the number of questions for the question) are 10 items with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.637 > 0.60. So as the basis for decision-making in the
reliability test,it can be concluded that the ten questons are reliable or consistent.
2. Hypothesis Test
The steps to test the hypothesis were:
a. Normality test
The researcher used normality test to know whether the data in the experimental class and control class have normal distribution or not. In this research, the researcher used statistical computation by using SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Science) Version 25 for normality test. The hypotheses for the normality test are formulated as follows:
Ho: the data do not have normal distribution.
Ha : the data have normal distribution.
While the criteria acceptance or rejection of normality test are:
Ho is accepted if Sig > α = 0,05 Ha is rejected if Sig < α = 0,05 b. Homogeneity Test
After the normality test, the researcher determined the homogeneity of the test. This test is intended to test whether the data obtained from the sample homogeneous or not. In this research, the researcher used statistical computation by using
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SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Science) for homogeneity of the test. The test of homogeneity employed Levene statistic test.
The hypotheses for the homogeneity test are formulated as follows.
Ho : the variance of the data is homogeneous Ha : the variance of the data is not homogeneous
While the criteria acceptance or rejection of homogeneity test are:
Ho is accepted if Sig. > α = 0,05 Ha is rejected if Sig. < α = 0,05 c. T-test Statistical Analysis
In order to determine whether there is a significant difference between the students‟ reading comprehesion of experimental and the control groups, the t-test formula applied However, the standard should be computed before counting the t- test.
56 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presented the result of the study which is included data presentation, the result and discussion.