CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
C. The Theoritical Framework
The theoretical framework illustrates how the procedure of the research have been conducted. The researcher designed ELT(English Language Teaching) materials for the sixth years students of Midwifery department at UIN Alauddin Makassar. As provided framework, the phases adopted ADDIE model stage which have been broken down into four main stages consisting need analysis, design, development, and evaluation. Morever, implemenetation not be conducted due to uncertain condition in pandemic. Therefore, it is noticeable that the research is initiated by administering need analysis.
In the commencement, the initial step is implementing need analysis aimed at students of the sixt years Midwiferydepartment students. Hutcinson and Waters28 claimed that every course of language is conducted based on need analysis as crucial phase to provide data in order to lead material to be appropriate for the learners. Furthermore, analysis phase is the most important in this process.
This stage heve been initiated by adopting theory from Hutcinson and Waters that gathering information from need analysis must link target needs and learning needs covering making decision of need analysis, gathering information, and identifying students’ inventory needs. Therefore , the researcher focused on determining a decision of need analysis by combing out the information source for the students by administering questionnaire.
Consequently, need analysis by administering questionnaire have been conducted in this phase. Besides, the researcher conducted an interview with
28 Hutchinson, Tom and Alan Waters. (1987). English for Spesific Purposes. A Learning Centered Approach. Canbridge : Canbridge University Press.
Midwifery lecturer to gain deeper information of how the design should be generated. In regard to the form of materials, the researcher considers that learning materials, video learning, and exercise are suitable to be inserted. In addition, various attractive features for learning materials inside word press are delightfully incorporated.
After executing design phase, the next step is realizing development step.
Aldoobie29 claimed that the success of development phase depends on the first two phases which are the analysis and design process. It indicates how huge the role of these two stages to conduct this phase. Therefore, the researcher maximized the preliminaries study before starting this stage. Regarding the development, the researcher have been focusing on generating the materials and run through the conduction of the design toward educational setting on technology based on Aldoobie that claimed that development phase integrates the technology with the educational setting and process.
The next step is evaluation phase. Branch30 asserted that evaluation stage is the step of assessing the quality of the process and learning product both before and after product implementation. In the end of evaluation, the researcher conducted expert validation judgement to measure the realibility of English Language Teaching including five skills.
29 Aldoobie, Nada.(2015).ADDIE Model. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 5, 68
30 Branch, Rober Maribe.(2009). Instructional design: the ADDIE model. New York : Springer Science+ Business Media.
The stages of need analysis, designing and developing materials, implementation, as well as evaluation stage are fundamental procedures in ADDIE model. Nevertheless, implementation not be held due several matters. In the matter of final phase, it deals with measuring the effect of provided materials based web by committing evaluation. Additionally, Brown31 stated that evaluation focuses on the goals and instructional objectives on determining the rate of objective’s attainment. As evaluation has been achieved, this study is terminated.
Eventually, those are the process to trace the design ELT(English Language Teaching) materials and articles for Midwifery students at UIN Alauddin Makassar.
The problem was faced by the students of Midwifery Department in learning English is difficult to understand English lesson materials because it was still use English for General Purposes not English for Specific Purposes. In addition, midwifery student difficult to find English material, textbook, module, or instructional English materials for midwifery.
Based on the problems, the researcher tried to propose a new way by Designing English Language Teaching Material specifically an electronic book for the midwifery students based on the students’ need using English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and ADDIE approach. The theoretical framework of this research present in the following figure:
31 Brown, J.D . (1995). The Elements of Language Curriculum : A Systematic Approach to Program Development . Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publisher.
Figure 2.1. Theoretical Framework ANALYSIS
Present Situation analysis Target situation analysis
Students’ need
Lecturer Learner
Self-Evaluation
DESIGN Integrated syllabus
Peer Evaluation
DEVELOPMENT
Expert 1
Expert 2 ELT E-Book for Midwifery Students
Prototype 1
EVALUATION
DESIGNING ELT MATERIAL FOR MIDWIFERY STUDENTS
Prototype Material 2 ELT E-BOOK DESIGN
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Reasearch Design
In this research, the researcher utilized the design of Research and Development (R&D). Research and Development is the name of research designs which involves studying recent theories of educational product development, developing the educational products, problem in classroom, product validation by experts, and field testing the product. 32This Research and development method is the research used to produce certain products and test the effectiveness of these products.33 Moreover, Research and Development is a process of developing educational equipment which is carried out through a series of research using various methods in a cycle that goes through various phases34.
In addition, the educational product referred in R&D contains four main meanings. First, the product does not only include hardware such as e-books, textbooks, learning videos and films or similar hardware, but also software such as curriculum, evaluation, learning models, procedures and learning processes.
Second, the product can be a new product or a modification of an existing product. Third, the product developed is a product that is really useful for the world of education. Fourth, the product can be accounted for both practically and
32 Adnan Latief, Research Methods on Language Learning: An Introduction, Universitas Negeri Malang Press, Malang, 2013, p.45.
33 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan RnD, (Bandung: CV Alfabeta, 2017), p. 297.
34 Mohammad Ali dan Muhammad Asrori, Metodologi dan Aplikasi Riset Pendidikan, (Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara, 2014), p. 105.
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scientifically.35 In this research, the researchers follow Borg and Gall theory research patterns in designing the prototype product, and uses ADDIE approach in designing. ADDIE is an acronym for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. ADDIE approach can be adapted to practically any development context. ADDIE approach is prescriptive because it guides, assigns methods and procedures, generates strategies, goal oriented, active, and a variety of models can be applied to the ADDIE approach36. ADDIE is a product development that is applied to design learning by preparing a learning environment that can facilitate complex learning by optimally involving the learning environment by responding to many situations, interactions in context, and interactions between contexts.37
Figure 3.1. The ADDIE Approach (McGriff, 2000)
The researcher employs this design because the ADDIE approach is intended to help students accomplish the aims and objectives of the learning purposes. It also enables for material evaluation and offers simple procedures for
35 Zainal Arifin, Model Penelitian dan Pengembangan, (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2012), p. 127.
36 Robert Maribe Branch, Instructional Design : The Addie Approach. (New York : Springer Science Business Media, LLC 2009), p. 165.
37 Tala Alodwani & Mosaab Almosa “Learning Design Using ADDIE Approach to Imrove Students' Critical Thingking Skills In Becoming Ethical Librarians. (Jurnal Volume 8 No. 1, 2018), p. 102.
planning, design and develop the tests. It is easy and simple to learn and has systematic structure. The ADDIE Approach consist of five components, and all the components are interconnected in a systematic and structured manner.
B. Research Subject
The subject that involved in this research are Midwifery Department at UIN Alauddin Makassar which was classified into:
1. Students (Target Group): 61 students divided into two classes. They are divided into two classes: 26 from midwife class A and 35 from midwife class B.
2. Lecturers (Audience Group): 2 English lecturers who teach English study program in Pharmacy Department were involved in this research.
3. Experts: 2 experts involved in this research to validate the appropriateness of prototype materials.
C. Research Instrument
Two kinds of instrument be applied in this research. They are questionnaire and interview. In regard to administering questionnaire, students of Midwifery department in the first year at UIN Alauddin Makassar are the target of questionnaire. Bath defined questionnaire as a study containing a set of questions and other type of instructions with the aim collecting information from respondents. The questionnaire helps the learners to find out subjective need and objectives need. These factors are sufficient basis in deciding the aims and objectives of English Language Teaching materials design. In this matter, questionnaires aimed for students addressed by distributing google form link
containing miscellaneous questions related to the development of English Language Teacing materials based on how should be established.
The second instrument is interview. Interview allows researchers to gather important data in a purposeful interaction38.In this matter, the research involved two lecturers who teach the students on English Language Teaching materials. Hence, several matters in accordance of the material development of English language material in midwefery have been asked in order to gain more facts and information n on how the development of five English skills should be established.