Fig. 16. Errina (E.) fissurata Gray from Eltanin sta. 1870. A, gastrostyle, x71; B, cross section of male ampulla, x46; C, cross section of female ampulla, x46.
fused, overlapping platelets with jagged dis- tal ends. The smaller kind of dactylopore spines, about one-tenth the size of the larger {65 ¡iM tall), occur abundantly between the larger spines and especially on the posterior side, where there are few or no large dactylo- pore spines. These spines are also composed of platelets or have a solid, granulated sur- face.
Sexual dimorphism occurs regarding size and position of ampullae. Female ampullae are superficial, appearing as large (0,9-1.3 mm in diameter and up to 0.61 mm tall), hemi- spherical bulges on the coenosteum. Often dactylopore spines partially obscure their outline. Male ampullae are smaller, 0.49- 0.65 mm in internal diameter, and buried just beneath the coenosteal surface, sometimes with a small efferent duct leading to the surface. Often three or four male ampullae are present in a cross section of a branch.
All ampullae are round to elliptical, the elliptical cavities having their greater axes parallel to the surface. Ruptured ampullae were not seen.
Remarks. Errina fissurata was collected in great abundance (hundreds of broken branches) from several Eltanin stations in the western Ross Sea. It is invariably col- lected with another orange Errina, E. (E.) lateror ifa, and E. (.!•) labia ta. Errina fIssurata is usually the dominant coral com- ponent of the assemblage.
Discussion. Gray described E. fissurata on the basis of a single drawing, the speci- men of which was lost before the description was made; however, H. Zibrowius (personal communication, 1981) informed me that topo-
typic specimens have recently been found at the British Museum. Although there are a number of literature references to E. fis- surata, only those identified as E. antárc- tica represent valid distributional records.
Therefore until recently, E. fissurata has been known only from its brief original de- scription and no type-material.
Errina fissurata is grossly similar to E.
antárctica, especially in color, colonial form, and coenosteal texture, and probably for these reasons both Boschma [1966b] and Broch [1951a] identified continental Antarc- tic specimens of E. fissurata as E. antárc- tica, the latter known only from off South America. Aside from the distinct geographic separation, E, fissurata is most easily dif- ferentiated from E. antárctica by its more erect, vertically growing branches and sparser branching with longer distances between bi- furcations. In addition, E. fissurata has a more robust gastroecyle, differently sculp- tured and more homogenously arranged dactylo- pore spines, and sexual dimorphism of the ampullae. Also, thus far, E. antárctica has rarely been collected deeper than 300 m, and E. fissurata rarely shallower than 300 ra.
Material examined. Eltanin sta. 993, USNH sta.
sta. 1870, USBH 59876 sta. 1875, USNM 59882 52675
59875
59874; sta. 1924, USNM 59884 59873; sta. 1996, USNM 59872 59883; sta. 2007, USNM 59881 59878; sta. 2092, USNM 59879 59871; sta. 2097, USNM 59880 725, USNM 59877. Atka sta 52709. Burton Island sta.
1873, USNH sta. 1877, USNM sta. 1995, USNM sta. 1997, USNM sta. 2026, USNM sta. 2095, USNM Hero sta. 721- 23, USNM 52706- 3, USNM 52710.
NZOI sta. A-445, A-449, A-455, A-463, A-464,
CAIRHS: ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC STYLASTERINA
93
A-465, A-521, A-527, E-179, E-180 (all depos- ited at the NZOI). BANZARE sta. 30, ElMNH.
Types. Topotypic specimens o£ E. fisaurata deposited at BM (H. Zibrowius, personal com- raunication, 1981), BM 1890.11.27.1. The type-locality, as stated by Gray [1872b], was simply 'Antarctic Ocean ... entirely desti- tute of any special habitat.' Apparently, Gray overlooked an earlier paper by Stokes
[1847J, who stated that Hadrepora fissurata was collected at 7203rs, 173039'E, 270 fm (494 in) on January 19, 1841, which consti- tutes the type-locality (H. Boschma, unpublished manuscript, 1969).
Distribution. Known only from the Ross Sea, South Shetland Islands, and eastern coastal Antarctica (Map 4). Depth: 146-796 m, but rarely shallower than 300 m.
10. Errina (Errina) kerguelensis Broch, 1942 Figs. UB, 17A-17G
Ijirrina (Eu•Errina) antarc t lea forma kergue•
lensis Broch, 1942, pp. 44-46, text fig.
12; ?1951a, pp. 35-37 (part: probably sta.
2200, pi. 4, figs. 3-4).
Description. Colonies are uniplanar, up to 12 cm tall and 7 cm wide, with a basal branch diameter up to 5.5 mm. Branches do not anastomose, are round to slightly ellip- tical in cross section, and gradually taper to blunt distal tips 2-3.5 mm in diameter.
Branching axils are gently U shaped. Colon- ies attach to large pebble-sized rocks by nonexpansive bases.
The coenosteum is solid and very coarse, composed of a reticulate maze of short coeno- steal strips varying from 80 to 110 /urn in width, which are delimited by short, discon-
tinuous slits. The slits bear small pores that penetrate the surface of the branch.
The texture of the coenosteal strips is not granular, as in most other species of Errina, but composed of a labyrinthine arrangement of irregularly bifurcating low ridges of vari- able length (about 8 fj,m wide) interspersed with small, irregularly shaped granules (Fig- ure 17E). The microtexture is therefore very rough and also uneven in relief. The coeno- steum is light orange in color; branch tips and branch cores are white.
Gastropores are round, not lipped, and 0.20-0.41 mm in diameter. The pointed tip of the gastrostyle is easily visible from the exterior. Gastrostyles are spindle to bullet shaped and rarely exceed 0.40 ram tall. The illustrated style (Figure 17G) is 0.30 mm tall and 0.12 mm wide; H:W ratios vary be- tween 2.4 and 2.6. Styles are rather sparsely ornamented, bearing short spines from base to tip, revealing most of the main shaft to view. Each style bears several dozen large blunt spines, about 18 x 13 ^im.
and numerous smaller, slender spines, about 11 X 4 fim. The gastropore tube in the vicin- ity of the upper third of the style is
slightly constricted and bears large, round tubercles up to 39 fim in diameter and 27 /um tall.
Dactylopore spines are short and truncate, rarely taller than 0.45 mm, and, on distal branches, consistently oriented with their slits pointed proximally. They are about 0.41 mm wide, and the dactylopore slit is usually 0,10 mm wide. Spines on the poste- rior side of the colony are fewer in number and shorter, sometimes almost flush with the surface. Spines are larger, basal branches are also short and randomly oriented, often aggregated about gastropores with their slits pointed toward the pore. The sides of the dactylopore spines are composed of coenosteal strips, like the rest of the branch, but ar- ranged in a parallel, vertical orientation.
The coenosteal slits of the spines are deeper, the strips are slightly convex, and the complex textural ornamentation is often missing from the upper edges of the dactylo- pore spine.
Ampullae are abundant but always buried just beneath the branch surface, rarely with any superficial indication. They are round to elliptical and 0.61-0.89 ram in greater diameter. No sexual dimorphism or ruptured ampullae were noted.
Discussion. Broch [1942] originally de- scribed E. kerguelensis as a form of E.
antárctica and later [Broch, 1951a] consid- ered it within the variation of the latter species. Broch had limited material avail- able to him, and at that time the species complex of Southern Ocean orange Errina was not known. Now, with many more specimens at hand and a closer examination by means of SEM, it is clear that Broch's forma kergue- lensis is a distinct species, most similar morphologically to E. fissurata, not E^.
antárctica. Errina kerguelensis is distin- guished from E. fissurata by (1) its consis- tently buried (subsurface) ampullae, (2) its bullet-shaped gastrostyle, which is only sparsely ornamented, and (3) its coarse, unique coenosteal texture and differently constructed dactylopore spines. Furthermore, E. fissurata is Antarctic circumpolar in dis- tribution, whereas E. kerguelensis is known only from off islands in the Southern Ocean.
The deposition of Broch's [1951a] Discovery Investigations specimens is unknown; however, on the basis of geographic distribution and his figures, it is assumed that those speci- mens identified as E, antárctica represent a mixed lot: those from station 2200 are prob- ably E. kerguelensis; those from stations 652 and 2290, E. antárctica; those from station 1948, E. fissurata; and those from station 2215 are unknown.
Fig. 17. Errína (E.) kerguelenais Broch. A, NZOI eta. E-218, gastropores and dactylo- pore spines, x21; B-D, same specimen, dactylopore spines, x71, x68, xl43, respec- tively; E, same specimen, coenosteal texture, xl07, stereo pair; F, NZOI sta. E-213b, cross section of branch revealing ampullae and gastrostyles, xl6; G, Eltanin sta.
1952, gastrostyle, xl07, stereo pair.
CAIRNS: ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC STÏLASTERINA
95
Material examined. Eltanin sta. 1952, NZOI 3ta, USNM 59903; sta. 1953, USNM 59905
E-205, E-207, E-209b, E-212b, E-213b, E-218, E-224, E-225 (all deposited at the NZOI).
Marion Dufresne sta. 03-26-64 CP17, 04-C24- DR58, 08-78-C319 (all deposited at the MNHNP).
Challenaer sta. 151, BM 1960.2.16.1, 1936.10.15.3, 1900.2.16.2 (topotypic but not type-material).
Types. Broch's description, based on specimens collected at Challenger sta. 151, are deposited at Zoological Museum, Copen- hagen. Type-locality: 52059.5'S, 73033.5'E
(o££ Heard Island), 137 m.
Distribution. Off îles Crozet, îles Kerguelen, Heard Island, and Balleny Islands (Map 4). Depth: 91-512 m.
11. Errina (Errlna) laterorifa Eguchi, 1964 Figs, UD, 18A-18G
Errina laterorifa Eguchi, 1964, pp. 5, 6, pi, 2, figs, 1-5.•Lowe, 1967, pp. 72-78, pi.
5, figs, c-d, text figs. lOa-lOg.•Boschma, 1966b, pp. 109, 117.•Boschma and Lowe, 1969, p. 15, pi. 5, map 1.
Errina (Errina) carnea Boschma, 1965b, pp.
21-24, pi. 1, figs. 1-2, text figs. la-Ik.
Errina antárctica, Boschma, 1966b, p. 109 (most of BANZARE sta. 30).
Description. Colonies are usually flabel- late with dense branching. Basal branches of larger colonies often anastomose laterally, forming a reticulate fan. The largest colony examined is 14 cm tall and 9.5 cm broad.
The largest basal branch measured 12.5 mm in diameter; terminal branches are slender, round to elliptical in cross section, and 1.6-3.0 mm in diameter. Numerous, small branchlets less than 5 ram in length are com- mon throughout the colony. There is invari- ably an anterior and a posterior branch sur- face, the posterior surface having many fewer or no gastropores and dactylopore spines.
Colonies are usually firmly attached to medium to very large pebble-sized rocks.
The coenosteum is dense and porcelaneous, producing a glazed appearance. There are often hairline fractures of the coenosteum up to 1 cm long oriented in the direction of the branch, indicating the brittle nature of the corallum. At an actively growing branch tip the coenosteum is porous and reticulate, as in E. fisBurata, but within 2 mm of the tip the coenosteum becomes more dense, the sur- face characterized by short, discontinuous coenosteal slits. Farther away from the branch tip the coenosteum appears pitted with small coenosteal pores (about 30 ftm in diam- eter), the remnants of the filled-in slits.
Small, slightly elevated, circular pores (probably nematopores) 20-25 fiia in diameter are scattered between the irregularly shaped
coenosteal pores and slits. Granules of low relief, about 6 ptra in diameter, are sparsely scattered over the surface. The coenosteum is pinkish orange, sometimes dark orange, and rarely completely white. The growing branch tips and central core are white, and the larger ampullae are lighter in color. Just beneath the surface, not visible in surface relief, is a fine anastomosing network of white coenosteal canals.
Gastropores are round to elliptical in shape, 0.15-0.31 mm in diameter. The gastro- style tips are easily visible from the exte- rior. Styles gradually taper from base to tip, the widest point being at the base. A typical gastrostyle is 0.50 mm tall and 0.19 mm wide at the base (H;W = 2,6). Ornamenta- tion consists of rather large (up to 41 ßm tall), blunt spines, which are arranged in vertical rows, sometimes on ridges, extending from the base to the tip. The spination is sparse, and the entire main shaft is visible.
The orientation and size of the dactylopore spines are extremely variable. The largest spines, up to 1 mm tall, occur on the lateral sides of branches that are closely adjacent to other branches. Some of these spines are elaborately hooded (Figure 18F) or bifid and have features similar to those of E, fissurata but with greater fusion of the platelets.
Host dactylopore spines, however, are much smaller, rarely taller than 0.15 mm and about 0.27-0.33 mm wide (therefore usually wider than tall). They resemble low horseshoe- shaped rims with narrow slits on one side, the slits being 0.09-0.11 mm wide. The slits of the dactylopore spines are usually abcau- line, but different branches of the same colony may have both abcauline and adcauline slits. It is also common for the spines away from the branch tip to be oriented laterally, with the slits pointed toward the posterior side of the branch. Dactylopore spines are rarely, if ever, clustered, as in E. antárc- tica. On large-diameter branches the dactylo- pore spines are very low or even flush with the branch. On the posterior sides of branches and on older branches where gastro- pores are infrequent, it is common to find several dactylopore spines arranged in an irregular circle around the gastropore, re- sembling a pseudocyclosystem.
Ampullae are expressed either as hemi- spherical bulges near branch tips or as buried cavities, without surface relief, in larger-diameter branches. Superficial female ampullae are 0.82-1.06 mm in diameter, and what are believed to be superficial male ampullae are 0,41-0.45 mm in diameter.
Ruptured ampullae were never seen.
Discussion. It is with hesitation that the name Errina laterorifa is used for this species. The original description mentions the presence of ruptured ampullae and gastro-
96
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIIIläpt.ja*'::
Fig. 18.
orientât Eltanln 993, coe spines, gasCrost
;,*• /m: ••*• - rnsEÊÊÊItÊÊ > .•Íl*ii:.-~ * •- ':•
Errína (E.) laterorifa Eguchi B
A, Eltanin sta. 1925, branch tip showing , Elcanin sta. 1924, branch tip, xl6; C, ion of dactylopore spines, xl5;
sta. 1875, cross section of branch revealing ampullae, xl8; D, Eltanin sta.
nosteal texture and nematopores (?), x71; E, Eltanin sta. 1925, dactylopore x36; F, Eltanin sta. 993, hooded dactylopore spine, x43; G, same specimen, yle, xl07, stereo pair.
CAIRNS: ANTARCTIC AMD SUBANTARCTIC STYLASTERINA
97
Map 5. Distribution of Erriaa (E.) laterorifa.
pore diameters of 0.4-0.7 mDi. None of the specimens examined in this study had ruptured ampullae and usually had much smaller gastro- pores. Unfortunately, Eguchi's [1964] type specimens are not traceable, and his illustra- tions, as well as the figured specimens, are of poor quality. There is no doubt that my specimens correspond to E. carnea Boschma, 1965; however, I accept Boschma's (1966b]
synonymy of his own species, assuming that Eguchi's material represented a mixed lot, including both E. laterorifa and perhaps E.
labiata (specimen with ruptured ampullae as figured by Eguchi [1964, Plate 2, fig. 2b]).
Until Eguchi's material can be located, the correct usage of E. laterorifa will be in doubt.
Errina laterorifa is most similar to E.
fissurata, especially in color and size, and they are often collected together. Errina laterorifa can be distinguished by the follow- ing criteria: (1) branches more delicate with more numerous, short side branchlets,
(2) coenosteum denser, porcelaneous, (3) dactylopore spines smaller and variously oriented, not predominantly adcauline, and (4) gastrostyles differently shaped and sculptured.
98
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIIIMaterial examined. Eltanin sta. 993, USNM 52636, 52692, 53391; sta. 1870,
1875, USNM 59894; sta.
USNM 59893; sta.
USNM 59896; sta.
USNM 59895; sta.
23, USNM 59901.
59902. Yelcho sta.
sta.
1924, 1995, 1997, 2007, 52632-52634
USNM 59892; sta
USNM 59891; sta. 1925, USNM 59888; sta USNM 59889; sta. 1996, USNM 59890; sta 1999, USNM 59900; sta 2026, USNM 59898; sta. 2092, 2095, USNM 59899. Atka sta.
Burton Island sta. 3, USNM 2-8, USNM 52635. NZOI A-455, A-527, E-179, E-205, E-207, E- 212b (all deposited at the NZOI). BANZARE sta. 30, RMNH; sta. 98, RMNH.
Types. Deposition of Eguchi's types of E.
laterorifa unknown. His types are not at the National Science Museum, Tokyo; Tokyo Kasai Daigaku, Tokyo; or National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo. Type-locality : 68°12.0'S, 35052.O'E (off Gunnerus Bank and Riiser-Larsen Peninsula, Antarctica), 870 m.
No types of E. (E.) carnea were designated by Boschma. Lectotype: NZOI sta. A-463, NZOI P-290 (chosen by Vervoort and Zibrowius
[1981] and figured by Boschma [1965b, Plate 1, fig. 2]). Paralectotypes: NZOI sta. A- 455, NZOI P-291; sta. A-464, NZOI H-77; sta.
A-455, RMNH Coel. 13761; sta. A-464, EMKH Coel. 13752. Type-locality: Ross Sea, 322- 468 m.
Distribution. Circumantarctic (Map 5), 91-1772 m; however, the two deepest stations may represent contamination from the previous very productive, shallower station. Eliminat- ing these two records yields a range of 91- 870 m.
12. Errina (Errina) ^racilis von Marenzeller, 1903 Figs. UG, 19A-19F, 20A-20B
Errina gracilis von Marenzeller, 1903, pp. 4- TT^igs. 1-4.•Boschma, 1957: p. 54; 1966b, pp. 109, 117 (part: BANZARE sta. 98 and part of BANZARE sta. 30).
Errina (Labiopora) gracilis; Hickson, 1912a, pp. 889, 890.
Errina (Eu-Errina) gracilis; Broch, 1942, p. 38.
Errina (Errina) gracilis; Boschma, 1963a, p. 337.
Not Errina aracilis; Boschma, 1964d, pp. 298, 299, figs. 4b-4e (actual identity uncer- tain); Boschma and Lowe, 1969, p. 15, pi.
5, map 2 (= E. boschmai).
? Errina cfr. antárctica; Eguchi, 1964, pp. 4, 5, pi. 1, figs. 2, 3.
Errina (Errina) áspera; Lowe, 1967, pp. 58- 63, pi. 3, figs, c, d, text figs. 7a-7f.
Not Errina (Errina) gracilis; Lowe, 1967, pp.
64-68, pi. 4, figs, a-c (= S. boschmai).
Errina áspera; Boschma and Lowe, 1969, p. 15, pi. 5, map 2.
? Errina gracilis; Fenninger and Flajs, 1974, pp. 71, 76.
Description. Colonies are uniplanar, with moderately dense, irregular branching. If branch anastomosis occurs, it is induced by a commensal polychaete worm. Distal branches are round in cross section, tapering gradual- ly to blunt tips. Terminal branch diameters, measured 2 mm from the tip, range from 1.7 to 2.5 mm; however, the delicate specimens from the Ross Sea have narrower branches of the order of 1.0-1,2 mm in diameter. The largest colony is 12 cm tall with a basal branch diameter of 1.2 cm. Colonies are usually attached to medium to large pebble-sized ob- jects by a nonexpansive base.
The coenosteum is coarse, nonporcelaneous, and always white. Short, discontinuous slits delimit strips of coenosteum 75-85 iim wide arranged in a reticulate pattern. Scattered over the surface are numerous round pores 55- 70 ^al¡ in diameter, some of which are flush with the surface and others elevated on a low mound. The function of these pores is un- known, but perhaps they serve as reduced dactylopores. Granules 5-7 ^ in diameter cover the coenosteum.
Gastropores are round, 0.15-0.25 mm in diameter. There is often a single dactylo- pore spine or cluster of spines directly proximal to each gastropore. Sometimes the pore is bordered by a broad, triangular lip, but often there is no adjacent structure at all. The tip of the gastrostyle projects almost to the surface of the branch and some- times extends slightly above it. Gastrostyles are elongate and spindle shaped with a bare basal main shaft and a sparsely ornamented distal two thirds. The illustrated gastro- style (Figure 19F) is 0.43 mm tall and 0.11 mm wide for a H:W ratio of 4,1.
Dactylopore spines are large, up to 1 mm tall and 0.27-0.33 mm wide, and often clus- tered, with four or five spines fused to- gether. When spines are clustered, the dactylopore slits are oriented in various directions, but individual dactylopore spines
invariably have their slits oriented proxi- mally. The tallest spines usually occur on
the most slender branches, such as those from the Ross Sea. Large individual spines and most clustered spines usually have several smaller slits of the order of 45 x 130 foa, which are scattered over the sides of the spine. These appear to be accessory dactylo- pores. There are fewer dactylopore spines and ampullae on one side of the colony, espe- cially toward the base, defining the posterior side.
Ampullae are extremely common, occurring the entire length of distal branches, even near the main branch. They are large, 0.61- 1,10 ram in diameter, bulbous, and often rup- tured, producing a large crater in the coeno- steum. Another smaller ampulla or a small dactylopore often forms in the old ampullar
CAIRNS: AlíTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC STYLASTERINA
99
Fig- 19. Errina (E.) gracilis von Marenzeller. A, Eltanin sta. 1089, branch segment with gastroporea, dactylopore spines, and ampullae, xl8; B, same station, branch seg- ment with ruptured ampullae, x21; C, Eltanin sta. 1089, composite dactylopore spine, x5A; D, Eltanin ata. 993, coenosteal texture, x39, stereo pair; E, F, same station, g«8trOBtyle, x68, xl07, respectively. Figure 19F is a stereo pair.