CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
E. Intercultural
2. Values of Intercultural
This research will incorporate intercultural values, which include universal, local, and national values in speaking topics for Junior High School students. It underlies several considerations. First, universal values can provide students with perspectives in the broad community. Second, national values are direct to Indonesian values proclaimed by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Third, local values direct to North Sumatra's cultural approaches as recommended in Government Regulations.
a. Universal
Universal values as the only values that make an acceptable global citizen (Hatley, 2019, p 88).
Bones (2010) cited in Adriyanti (2021, p. 21) said that in the character education features, there are various kinds of special characters that are chosen to be emphasized to learners. He also revealed that the universal character, there are six pillars of values that can be included in the teaching and learning process, namely:
1. Trustworthy.
It means that people who credibly indicates that he or she is worthy of trust from time to time.
2. Respect.
It means that one should be tolerant of others and accept distinction with courtesy.
3. Responsibility.
It is doing what is supposed to be done. A person with high responsibility is responsible for his/her choices and does not blame other's mistakes.
4. Fairness.
Giving several people more than others, by seeing their needs and also treating everyone with fair.
5. Caring.
That is feeling and showing empathy and attention for others.
6. Citizenship.
It means to assist family and make the community a better place.
b. Nasional
National values are complex socio-pedagogical phenomena which include culture, history, language, spirituality, art, modernity, literature, and unifying the nation, the future, socio-political,
moral values, and economic-cultural. Sadikovna (2020, p. 93) stated that national values obtained by certain people, past ancestors for the nation, contemporaries, are valued as the most valuable and strong material and spiritual wealth and have a significant influence in making the younger generation harmonious. In brief, textbooks must support the values embodied in the Five Pillars of Indonesian Ideology:
1. Religiosity 2. Humanism 3. Pluralism 4. democracy and 5. social justice.
Especially in implementing the 2013 ELT curriculum, every school have been commanded to utilize textbook of English that have these values (Setyono & Widodo, 2019, p. 3). Meanwhile, the Ministry of National Education has set 18 character values and fosters these values for students to shape the nation's character. The 18 values of character education according to Ministry of National Education are as follows:
1. Religious. Attitudes and behaviors that must be obeyed when carrying out the religious teachings of each individual, being able to tolerate the application of
worship of adherents of other religions, and live in harmony with them.
2. Honest. This characteristic that make an individu who can be trusted in actions, behavior, and words.
3. Tolerance. Behavior that respects ethnicity, religion, attitudes, actions, and thoughts of other people who are not the same as themselves.
4. Discipline. Comply with the applicable rules and regulations.
5. Hard Work. An attitude that reflects an action that doesn't give up and always tries to work and do something.
6. Creative. Thinking and doing things that create new ways or produce something different from the things we already have.
7. Independent. Actions that are not rely on other people to do obligations and tasks.
8. Democratic. The mindset, behavior, and attitude of respecting the obligations and rights of oneself and other people.
9. Curiosity. Behavior that is trying to learn, see and hear more deeply and more broadly.
10. National Spirit. A method, concern, and perspective to put the fascinates of the
nation and state above the fascinates of their groups and themselves.
11. Love Motherland. A method of thinking, caring, and having a view to love the homeland and appreciate the works of the people.
12. Rewarding Achievements. Attitudes that cause individuals to create things that are beneficial to the nation.
13. Friendly/Communicative. A behavior or action to show pleasure in talking, socializing and cooperating with others, as well as conveying aspirations and thoughts to others in social activities.
14. Peaceful Love. and words that make others happy and calm when present.
15. Likes to Read. An action that takes time to read all kinds of good books and has a positive effect on him.
16. Environmental Care. Behavior that seeks to overcome environmental damage, and seeks to find and rehabilitate existing environmental damage.
17. Social Care. Behavior that is willing to give help to others and anyone in need.
18. Responsibility. Individual actions in carrying out their duties and obligations,
which are necessary, useful, for themselves, the environmental community (nature, social and culture), the state and God Almighty (Ministry of National Education, in Suyadi, 2013) cited in (Dalyono &
Lestariningsih, 2020, p. 37). To instill these values, educators can apply learning in schools explicitly or implicitly. The hope is none other than the re-creation of students with character and quality (Juliani &
Bastian, 2021, p. 260). From the textbooks used by 8th grade junior high school students, there are also character values listed in it, such as self-confidence, curiosity, cooperation, religious, independent, honest, communicative, polite, disciplined, social awareess, tolerance, learning spirit.
c. Local
Local wisdom is reflected in the values, customs, rules, and forms of community life. With the application of local wisdom that is full of values, the younger generation can be formed in terms of holistic education and better preserve their culture (Cahyati & Rahmijati, 2017, p. 1). Dzulmi Eldin, the mayor of Medan on the Commemoration of National Education Day 2018 said that the
education tricenter must simultaneously be a source of values that can be instilled in children such as religious values, honesty, hard work, mutual cooperation and so on for the successors of sovereignty and the progress of the nation. Cultural values must indeed be embraced by students to develop education in the city of Medan. In this study, these values must also have a character based on Islam because it is an integrated Islamic school. Very basic Islamic values that need to be instilled in students are:
1. Faith. An inner attitude that is full of trust in Allah. Therefore, it is not enough for us to just believe in, but we must enhance our attitude to believe in the existence of God and put our trust in Him.
2. Islam, as a continuation of faith, then surrenders to Him by believing that whatever comes from God certainly contains the wisdom of goodness.
3. Ihsan. The deepest consciousness that Allah is always present or with us wherever we are.
4. Taqwa, namely a happy attitude to carry out all provisions and stay away from all prohibitions.
5. Sincerity. A pure attitude in behavior and solely for the sake of gaining the pleasure of Allah SWT and free from external or internal self-interest.
6. Tawakkal is an attitude that always relies on Allah with full hope in Him and the belief that He will provide the best way for His servants.
7. Gratitude is an attitude of appreciation and gratitude for Allah's countless gifts.
8. Patience is a steadfast attitude in the face of all the bitterness of life, big and small, outer and inner (Riza, 2021,p. 79).
In fact, the resercher selected twenty values. The selection of these values is based on several considerations: 1) universal values, 2) the values proposed by the Ministry of Education and Culture, 3) the major values that are most closely related to English speaking materials, 4) the values promoted by the Integrated Islamic School. Details of intercultural values that will be embedded in speaking materials can be seen below:
Table 2.1
Universal National Local
1. Respect 2. Fairness 3. Trustworthy 4. Citizenship 5. Caring 6. Responsibility
1. Tolerance 2. Discipline 3. Hard Work 4. Creative 5. Independent 6. Democratic 7. Curiosity 8. Friendly
1. Religious 2. Honesty 3. Mutual
cooperation 4. Sincerity 5. Gratitude 6. Patience