([email protected]; [email protected]) Dr.rer.nat.Budiawan (Chemical toxicologist)
DEPARTEMEN KIMIA FMIPA
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA DEPOK
2022
FORENSIK TOKSIKOLOGI - KIMIA
1
Dr. rer. nat. Budiawan
ØWakil Dekan I (Akedemik) FMIPA Universitas Indonesia (2021-2024).
ØS3(Dr.rer.nat.) – Institute for Toxicology, Wurzburg University, Germany (1998)
ØLecturerin the field of Toxicology, Chemical Safety and Chemical Risk assessment, Hazadous Chem.
ØChemical Safety and Security Officer Training, Thailand, Jepan and USA.(2002 -2007) ØKetua“Center for Environmental Safety and Risk Assessment” FMIPA UI
ØAnggota Tim Nasional penyusun Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Bahan Kimia (2010- ...) ØAnggota Tim Komisi Pestisida Nasional- Kementrian Pertanian & Perkebunan RI (2014-…) ØAnggota Tim Pakar “Cemaran Kimia dalam Pangan” – BPOM (2015- …)
ØAnggota Tim Pakar Standar Kualitas Air minum – KEMENKES RI(2017 -…) ØTrainer for:
vGlobal Harmonization System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) vToxicology & Chemical Safety; Lab.Safety & Hazardous Chemical
vRisk Assessment & Risk Management on Hazardous Chemicals
ØConsultantfor Hazardous Chemical for : Government institution; BPOM, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Kesehatan, Pusat K3 Kemnakertrans, WHO, UNITAR, JICA-JAPAN.
ØNara SumberMedia cetak & Elektronik nasional (TV Tv-One; Metro tv, CNN, Trans 7, Kompas Tv dll. & media Online)
ØSaksi AhliKasus Forensik Kimia/Toxicology (Kasus Jesica/Kopi sianida (216) & Siti Aisyah/Kim Jong Num, 2019;
Kasus Penyiraman “Air Keras”, 2018 (Novel Baswedan) ØReseach & Publish activities (H-index Scopus Sept.2022 = 10):
vChemical Carcinogens and Toxicity of Chemicals in vivo & in Vitro study vDNA Adduct as Biomarker for Cancer Risk (Food Safety)
vEnvironmental Analysis/Monitoring and Human Biomonitoring of Hazardous Chemicals
Biochhemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, FMIPA, Universitas Indonesia | Professional memberships: AMRSC, HKI (ICS) | Scopus Author ID:
7409839501/57194342826–h-index (2021): 8 | Google Scholar l ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-2127-2879| [email protected] ; [email protected]
2022: 10 I
MATERI
PRESENTASI
I. Pendahuluan (Road to..)
a. Xenobiotika
b. Dual Use Bahan Kimia
c. Misuse & Abuse of Toxic Chemicals
II. Grand Design Studi
Toxikologi Kimia (Forensik)
Ø Konsep Dasar Ilmu Toksikologi
Ø Studi Kasus Forensik Toxicology
III. Penutup.
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ROAD…. TO TOXICOLOGY
XENOBIOTIC (XENOBIOTIKA)
Adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk menyatakan zat asing (Kimia) yang masuk ke dalam tubuh.
Xenobiotika dapat memberikan berbagai keuntungan, (seperti obat-obatan) atau dapat bersifat racun (seperti merkuri;
timbal, sianida & arsenik serta Dioxin, Gas Air mata CS & CN serta Etilen Glikol ).
Definisi/Istilah…
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MANFAAT/Benefit ( + )
ü
Pertanian; Pupuk & Pestisida
üPangan; Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP)
üProduk Kesehatan, Antiseptik
üProduk Farmasi (Obat & Kosmetik).
ü
Pewarna (Cat, Tekstil , dll)
üBahan Bakar Motor/Mesin (BBM)
dan lain sejenisnya.
RESIKO/Bahaya ( - ) Ø BAHAYA FISIK-KIMIA:
ü Meledak, terbakar, dst.
Ø BAHAYA KESEHATAN &
LINGKUNGAN:
ü TOXIC (Racun) ü Kanker (Efek Kronis) ü Pencemaran Lingkungan
(Paracelsus 1494 M: antara Racun >< Obat)
DUAL USE BAHAN KIMIA (BK)…
Gambar 01: Dual Use Bahan kimia
PERMASALAHAN…
Simbol Bahaya BK
CONTOH KONTRIBUSI ILMU TOKSIKOLOGI KIMIA…
(a) Diskusi bersama Tim Ahli Toksikologi US-EPA (Environmental Agency-USA), USA-2012
(b) Diskusi bersama ”APEC CONPRENCE”
(INDONESIAN PALM OIL -
RISK & BENEFIT),JAKARTA ,2010
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Jessica
Mirna S.Siti Aisyah, 2019 KASUS Kopi SIANIDA
KASUS KIMIA-VX
MISUSE & ABUSE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS (CASE STUDY)
SAKSI AHLI
PN-Malaysia PN-Jakarta, 2016
PERAN ILMU FORENSIK (TOXICOLOGY KIMIA):
Munir (Alm)
Kasus Kanjuruhan
Gas Air Mata
Siraman ”Air Keras”
EG & DEEG
KASUS2 KERACUNAN KIMIA
MISUSE & ABUSE..
Gb.05: Kasus Peran dalam Toksikologi
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Kriteria Bahaya Bahan Kimia (Organoklor-POPs):
Sifat Persistensi, Bioakumulasi dan Toxic
Gb. :Bio-akumulasi POPs (PCBs) dalam sistem rantai makanan (foodchain)
KONTRIBUSI FORENSIK DALAM INSIDEN BENCANA KIMIA…(MISUSE & ABUSE)
Tragedi Bencana Kimia di Bhopal, India tahun1984 akibat kebocoran pipa pabrik pestisida (Metilisosianat) ke lingkungan dan menelan korban lebih dari40.000orang
Penyalahgunaan Borax & Formalin (formaldehyde) serta
Pewarna Textil (Diazo) pada Makanan GB. : Biotransformasi Hg dan akumulasi
methylmerkuri pada sistem rantai pangan diperairan (Kasus Minamata,1956)
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Toksikologi...
Terdahulu…
Ilmu yang mempelajari racun Kini…
Ilmu/studi tentang perilaku (ADME) dan efek yang merugikan dari Xenobiotika (kimia) khususnya pada sistem biologik.
Sangat bermanfaat untukmemprediksi atau mengkaji akibat yang berkaitan sifattoksik (Kimia) terhadap manusia dan lingkungan agar resiko minimal.
Hayes, W.,1982
Definisi Forensik Toksikologi-Kimia
u Forensik Toksikologi (Kimia) adalah penggunaan Ilmu Toksikologi-Kimia untuk mendukung data bagi ilmu forensik.
u Forensik Toksikologi Kimia difokuskan pada Analisis kimiawi & Biokimia (Perilaku zat kimia) dalam membantu kasus-kasus hukum atau memeriksa bukti-bukti ilmiah.
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Role of a Forensic Scientist (Chemists)
Ø
Ilmuwan forensik tidak secara langsung menyelesaikan kejahatan; mereka hanya menganalisis bukti fisik.
Ø
Bukti ini biasanya dikumpulkan oleh petugas polisi atau penyelidik TKP yang terlatih secara khusus; - -
ØBukti lain mungkin termasuk interogasi, cerita saksi
mata, laporan polisi, catatan dan sketsa TKP, dan apa pun yang ditentukan untuk membantu penyelidikan.
Ø
nterpretasi dari semua bukti dan hasil ilmiah yang menyertainya juga dipraktikkan oleh banyak pengacara, tetapi biasanya ilmuwan forensik tidak terlibat dalam aspek investigasi ini.
Ø
Ahli forensik (Kimia-Toksikologi) menggunakan pengetahuan mereka tentang ilmu kimia untuk menganalisis bukti seperti Racun kimia, serat, cat, bahan peledak, puing-puing hangus, obat-obatan, kaca, tanah, dokumen, tanda perkakas, dan senjata api.
Ø
Untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah, ahli kimia forensik
juga menggunakan pengetahuan mereka untuk
toksikologi (studi tentang racun dan efeknya), sidik
jari, jejak alas kaki, jejak ban, dan analisis rambut.
The importance of Risk Assessment
Humanbiomonitoring (Bio-indicator)
Biological Effects
BiochemistryEffects
Internal
Exposure
Health Effects
Media:
Foods/Air/
Water/Bevera ges
Hazardous Substan ces (Toxin), Metabolite in blood, urine, saliva etc. eg.: Pb++,Hg+
,
CN-,VX
GENOTOXICITY Biomarker:
Specific Metabol ite of Poison;
vDNAadduct vProtein-
adduct vCN-àSCN- vVXà“EMPA,
Enzyme Biomarker:
vCytogenetics Parameter vEnzyme,
Enzyme concentration eg.:
•Cholinesterase
•Cyt.P450 A1 etc.
E x p o su re Pa th w a y s & A D M E
EFFECT
SOURCE OF EXPOSURE XENOBIOTICS
/
Hazardous substances (External)
Ø Implementation of Quality Assurance Analysis v Method has already Validated
v Accurate and Precise Data
CAUSE
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Physical and Chemical Properties
Untuk menganalisis bukti fisik, Kimia-Toksikologi forensik mengacu pada prinsip dan konsep kimia & Toksikologi.
Menyelidiki sifat fisik dan perilaku kimia suatu zat adalah
inti dari kimia-Toksikologi forensik. Tanpa apresiasi
terhadap sifat-sifat ini dan metode ilmiahnya, kimia-
Toksikologi forensik tidak akan mungkin terjadi.
RUTE (JALUR) PAPARAN XENOBIOTIKA DI LINGKUNGAN (EXPOSURE PATHWAYS)
Ø Paparan Langsung
Ø Paparan Tidak Langsung
Gb.02: Rute/Jalur Paparan Xenobiotika (Kimia) di Lingkungan
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ABSORPTION (Cell Membrane)
DISTRIBUTION (Blood)
M
ETABOLISM/BIOTRANSFORMATION(DETOXIFICATION/CHANGES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES/
INTOXIFICATION)
EXCRETION
Target ORGAN
Gb.03: Sistem ADME dalam Toksikologi
KURVA HUBUNGAN DOSIS – EFEK PAPARAN
Bi ol og ic al Ef fe ct (% )
Dose (mg/Kg bw.)
Normal Biological Variation Biological Insignificant Effect NOAEL
LOEL LOAEL
FEL Functional Impairment or Increased Susceptibility to Disease
(Kerusakan Fungsi organ)
LD50 (EFEK AKUT)
NOEL: No observed effect level NOAEL: No observed adverse effect level LOEL: Lowest observed effect level LOAEL: Lowest observed adverse effect level F : Safety Factor
NOEL; NOAEL…Safe?
NOEL
Werner Lutzs, 2009
ADI = NOAEL/F
Acceptable Daily Intake/ADI:
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ORGAN SASARAN
“PENGARUH/EFEK RACUN PADA TUBUH”
Paru2
Ginjal
SSP
Jantung
Gb.04: Target Organ dalam Toksikologi
PUBLIKASI/KARYA ILMIAH:
• Budiawan Budiawana,*, Heny Susenoa,b, Fitria Afriania, Wahyu Retno Prihatiningsihb Bioaccumulation and retention kinetics of trace elements in the horse mussels Modiolus micropterus exposed to different environmental conditions, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology Journal, Volume 87,October 2021, 103692 (Elsevier).
• Budiawan Budiawan1*, Mariska Winda Asrini1, Wahyu Retno Prihatiningsih2, and Heny Suseno1,2, The Impact of 242Pu Speciation on the Bioaccumulation of Plutonium by Babylonia spirata from Jakarta Bay, Indones. J. Chem., 2021, 21 (5), 1158 – 1166.
• Dian Retno Utaria, Budiawanb, Elza Ibrahim Auerkaria, Detection of DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a toxicity bioindicator to the effects of nickel on Ni-Cr alloy prosthesis users,Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Volume 27, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1643-1648
• Budiawan1, Mariska Winda Asrini1, and Daniel Jeffry Pasaribu1, The Study of Leaching Characteristic of Arsenic (As) from Sediments in Jakarta Bay and Bioaccumulation of Arsenic in forms of Single Substance and Mixtures by Cyprinus carpio L.
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2049, 020019 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5082424 Published Online: 14 December 2018
• Askal Maimulyanti1*, Budiawan1, Asep Saefumillah1, and Heny Suseno2, , Effect of pH and Anion Interferences on determination of Orthophosfat speciation by diffufive Gradiaent in thin Film (DGT) Technic. Rasayan journal Chem. Vol. 11, No. 3,1222 – 1228, 2018.
• Budiawan1, Intan Cahaya Dani2, Asep Saefumillah3, Sri Handayani4. The Formation of 8-OHDG from Toxic Substances Trigger to Free Radicals. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN: 2321 – 0893) Volume 04 – Issue 01, February 2016.
• B. Budiawan, R. Bakri, I. C. Dani, et al., Study of heavy metal depuration, lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in marine organisms, Perna viridis, AIP Conference Proceedings 2023, 020072 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064069 Published Online: 23 October 2018.
• B. Budiawan, R. Arif, M. W. Asrini, et al., Effect of depuration treatment and analysis of heavy metals content (Hg and Pb) on green mussels (Perna viridis) culture in Jakarta Bay waters, AIP Conference Proceedings 2023, 020074 (2018);
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064071 Published Online: 23 October 2018.
• Budiawan1 *, Nur Hidayati Febriana1, Heny Suseno2, The Ability of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) to Accumulate Plutonium Through Sea Water Pathway, Jurnal Kimia Valensi, Vol 5(1), Mei 2019, 63-71.
• Risco Taufik Achmad1, Budiawan2and Elza Ibrahim Auerkari1* , Effects of Chromium on Human Body, Annual Research &
Review in Biology 13(2): 1-8, 2017; Article no.ARRB.33462 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869 (2017).
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PUBLIKASI/KARYA ILMIAH:
• Budiawan1, Heny Suseno2 , Bioaccumulation Study of Mercury from Seawater Pathway by Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) and Green Mussel (Perna viridis), Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan Vol. 15 No 2, September 2016 : 97 - 106
• Budiawanand Dwi retno Widiastuti (2015). In Vitro Formation of 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in Calf Thymus DNA upon Treatment of 2”-deoxyguanosine with Propyl Gallate and 2,6-di-ter-butyl-p-benzoquinone. Makara Journal of Science 19/4(2015) 167-176.
• Ismail, H Kusnoputranto, I.M. Djaja andBudiawan(2010). Chemical Reactivity Hazards Assessment in Downstream Chemical Industries in Indonesia.World Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 5(2).
• Ismail, H Kusnoputranto, I.M. Djaja andBudiawan(2010). Model Development of Causation Chemical Reactivity Hazards on Downstream Chemical Industry in Indonesia.World Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 5(2).
• Suseno, H., Hudiyono, PWS., S.,Budiawanand D.S. Wisnubroto (2010). Effects of Concentration, Body Size and Food Type on the Bioaccumulation of Hg in Farmed TilapiaOreochromis Mossambicus.Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5):792-799.
• Suseno, H., Hudiyono, PWS., S.,Budiawanand D.S. Wisnubroto (2010). Bioakumulasi Merkuria Anorganik dan Metil Merkuri olehOreochromis mossambicus: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Merkuri Anorganik dan Metil Merkuri dalam Air.Jurnal Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah, 12:49-62.
• Budiawan, Yuni Fatisa dan Neera Khairani (2009). Optimasi Biodegradabilitas dan Uji Toksisitas Hasil Degradasi Surfaktan Linear Alkil Benzena Sulfonat (LAS) sebagai Bahan Deterjen Pembersih,Makara, Sains 13(2) : 125-133.
• Tutik Murniasih, Yopi danBudiawan(2009). Biodegradasi fenantren oleh Bakteri Laut Pseudomonas sp KaIP Asal Kumai Kalimantan Tengah,Makara, Sains, 13((1) : 77-80.
• Tutik Murniasih, Yopi danBudiawan(2008). Biokonversi Senyawa Karsinogenik Benzo[a]antrasena oleh Bakteri Laut Pseudomonas sp KaIP 3622 yang Diisolasi dari Air Laut dari Pelabuhan Kumai, Kalimantan Tengah, Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 34(3): 353-369
• Budiawan, N. Khairani and M. Lindu (2005). Study on the Evaluation of The Current Status of the Influence due Goiter Case Distribution in Porong River Basin in East Java Provinces (2005). Scientific Report for Ministry of Environment RI and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
• Budiawan, Intan Cahaya Dani, AsepBudiawan, N. Khairani and M. Lindu (2002). Study of Model Environmental Monitoring at East Java Province (2002). Scientific Report for Ministry of Environment RI and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
• Budiawanand Neera Khairani (2002).Detection of Acrolein and Crotonaldehyde Adducts as Initiation of Cancer Risk in the Environment,Indon. J. Environ. Chem. Toxicol.Vol. 1, No. 1, pp 13-18. (Indonesian Society for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology)
• E. Eder andBudiawan(2001).Cancer risk assessment for the environmental mutagen and carcinogen crotonaldehyde on the basis of TD50and comparison with 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct levels,Cancer Epidem. Biom. Prev. 10, 883-888, (The American Association for Cancer Research)
• Budiawanand E. Eder (2000).Detection of 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts in DNA of Fischer 344 rats by an adapted32P- post-labeling technigue after per os application of Crotonaldehyde, Carcinogenesis, vol.21 no.6 pp.1191-1196 (Oxford University Press)
• Budiawan, D. Schuler and E. Eder (2000). Development of a 32P-postlabeling method for the detection of 1,N2- propanodeoxyguanosine adducts of crotonaldehyde in vivo,Arch. Toxicol.,74, 404-414 (Springer-Verlag)
• Eder, E., D. Schuler andBudiawan(1999).Cancer risk Assessment for crotonaldehyde and 2-hexenal by quantitation of exocyclic 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts in animal tissues,IARC Scientific Publication, No.150 "Exocyclic DNA Adducts in Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis" Oxford University Press, ISBN 9283221508, pp. 219-232.
• Schuler, D., Budiawan and E. Eder (1999). Development of a 32P-postlabeling method for the detection of 1,N2- propanodeoxyguanosine adducts of 2-hexenal in vivo, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 12, 335-340 (American Chemical Society Publications).
• Eder, E.,Budiawan, D. Schuler, and M. Otteneder (1997).Assessment of the tumor–initiating potential of α,β-unsaturated adducts in vivo,Recent Results in Cancer Research, 143, 64-75.
• Eder, E.,Budiawanand D. Schuler (1996).Crotonaldehyde: A Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Air, Water and Food Pollutant,Cent.
Eur. J. Public Health 4, Suppl. p.21-22. (National Institute of Public Health, Prague)
• Eder, E.,Budiawanand D. Schuler (1995).Detection of 1,N2-cyclic propanodeoxyguanosine adducts of crotonaldehyde in DNA of various organs of rats,Cancer Res. Clin. Oncology 121, Suppl. 2, A 25, K06 (Springer-Verlag)
• Eder, E.,Budiawanand D. Schuler (1995).The Role ofa,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds in Initiation of CancerToxicology Letters, Vol 78, Suppl. 1,August 1995, pp.31 (Elsevier).
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Biochhemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, FMIPA, Universitas Indonesia|Professional memberships: AMRSC, HKI (ICS) | Scopus Author ID: 7409839501/57194342826–h-index (2021): 8 | Google Scholar l ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-2127-2879| [email protected] ; [email protected]
2022: 10 I
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●
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●
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●
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●
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●
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Mechanistic and Statistical Considerations, Regulatory Toxicology, pp 547–568, 2014,
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TERIMA KASIH DANKE SCHÖN THANK YOU
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