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B) Latest studies reveal that the more television people watch, the more likely they are to hold a view of reality that is closer to television’s depiction of reality.
C) Latest studies reveal that people who watch increasingly more television are more likely to hold a view of reality that is closer to television’s depiction of reality.
D) Latest studies reveal that the more television people watch, the more they are to hold a view of reality that is closer to television’s depiction of reality.
E) Latest studies suggest that the more television is watched, the more probable it is for people to hold a view of reality that is closer to the one depicted on television.
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A) No one precisely knows the location of the city of Akkad, how it rose to prominence, or how it declined, but it was once considered the centre of the Akkadian Empire.
B) It is not precisely known by anybody where the city of Akkad was located, how it rose to prominence, or what caused it to decline;
however, it once became the centre of the Akkadian Empire.
C) Despite the lack of knowledge as to where the city of Akkad was located, how it rose to prominence, or how it declined, it was once the centre of the Akkadian Empire.
D) Even if Akkad was once the centre of the Akkadian Empire, where the city of Akkad was located, how it rose to prominence, or how it declined was not accurately known by anybody.
E) Though no one precisely knows where the city of Akkad was located, how it rose to prominence, or how it declined, it was once the centre of the Akkadian Empire.
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A) A series of constantly changing routes of commerce, the Silk Road was a network of trade transporting silks, spices and other commodities from East to West and vice versa throughout much of antiquity.
B) The Silk Road, a series of changing routes of commerce, was a trade network used for transporting silks, spices and other commodities from East to West and vice versa throughout much of antiquity.
C) A series of continuously changing routes of commerce, the Silk Road was a network of trade where silks, spices and other commodities were transported from East to West and vice versa throughout much of antiquity.
D) The Silk Road was a network of trade that changed routes of commerce, where silks, spices and other commodities were transported from East to West and vice versa throughout much of antiquity.
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A) When automation increased during the 1950s, some people saw mechanization as a way of making their lives better or easier, whereas others saw it a threat.
B) With the rise of automation during the 1950s, whereas mechanization was seen as a way to make life better or easier by some people, others saw it a threat.
C) As a result of the increase in automation during the 1950s, some people saw mechanization as a way of an easier or better way of living, while others thought it was a threat.
D) With the increase in automation during the 1950s, while some people saw mechanization as a way to make life better or easier, others considered it a threat.
E) Increased automation during the 1950s made some people think that mechanization was a way to make life easier or better, whereas others saw it a threat.
53. 9ඈGHRR\XQODUÕQÕQJHUoHNGQ\DGDoRFXNODUGD úඈGGHWHVHEHSROXSROPDGÕ÷ÕVRUXVXRQODUFD\ÕOGÕU WDUWÕúPDNRQXVXROGX÷XKDOGHDUDúWÕUPDFÕODUඈNඈVඈ DUDVÕQGDQHGHQVHOEඈUED÷ODQWÕ\ÕNDQÕWOD\DPDGÕ A) Even though the question of whether video
games cause violence in kids in real world has been discussed for decades, researchers have yet to prove that there is a causal link between the two.
B) The question of whether video games cause violence in kids in real world has sparked controversy for decades, though researchers have failed to prove a causal link between the two.
C) Though the question whether video games cause kids to adopt violent behaviours in real world has been a matter of debate for decades, researchers could not prove a causal link between the two.
D) Much as researchers have been discussing as to whether video games cause violence in kids for decades, they have failed to prove a link between the two.
E) Although the question of whether video games cause violence in kids in real world has been a matter of debate for decades, researchers have
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$ 7KH¿QGLQJVVKRZHGWKDWWKHFLWLHVWKDWHQGXUHG the longest had certain features in common.
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brains still continue today.
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61. (I) Self-awareness is the ability to accurately assess our own emotions, including their origin and the external events that trigger them. (II) It provides a useful tool for decision-making, allowing us to base our actions on true facts rather than impulsive reactions. (III) To develop self-awareness, people should take their time to analyse the decisions that they make, focus on managing their own emotions. ,9 It also encompasses awareness about our strengths and weaknesses, knowing KRZRXUHPRWLRQVDUHEURXJKWXSE\VSHFL¿F circumstances. 9 This consequently leads to EHWWHUVHOIFRQ¿GHQFHDVZHKDYHWKHSRZHUWR choose emotional responses that are more appropriate to the context.
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64. (I) An autocracy is a form of government in which one ruler has absolute control and decision-making power. (II) Throughout history, during times of political unrest, people have tended to accept the command of these strong leaders who could take control of their countries. (III) Unlike in a democracy, the people living in countries with autocratic governments have no say in determining the nation’s laws. ,9An autocratic ruler is accountable to no one; there is no system of checks and balances, no constitutional limit on the ruler’s power. 9Moreover, the ruler is not held accountable by a cabinet of advisors, a system of courts, the people, or the press.
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65. (I) Populations living in diaspora frequently maintain strong cultural ties to their homeland and their community members. (II) These links serve to emphasize their membership in their ancestral ethnic or religious community. (III) However, members of populations in diaspora also participate DQGFUHDWHWLHVZLWKLQWKHFXOWXUDOJURXSWKH\¿QG themselves in. ,9 There are several types of GLDVSRUDVXVXDOO\GH¿QHGE\WKHUHDVRQIRU leaving the diasporic population’s homeland. 9 This can lead to a dual identity, where both cultural RUUHOLJLRXVFRQWH[WVDႇHFWWKHZD\WKHLQGLYLGXDO perceives themselves.
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3L]]DHYROYHGIURPÀDWEUHDGZKich has been produced around the world since ancient times. But it was the ,WDOLDQVZKRLQYHQWHGWKHPRGHUQSL]]D,QWKHODWHWK FHQWXU\LQ1DSOHVVWUHHWYHQGRUVZRXOGVHOOÀDWEUHDGV topped with garlic, salt, herbs, cheese and other items.
At this time, pizza was only for poor low-paid workers, who wanted convenient, satisfying and cheap food.
But this changed when King Umberto I and Queen Margherita requested some local dishes during a trip to 1DSOHVLQ7KHTXHHQZDVSDUWLFXODUO\LPSUHVVHG by a pizza topped with basil, mozzarella and tomatoes, ZKLFKZDVFUHDWHGE\5DႇDHOH(VSRVLWRWRUHÀHFWWKH FRORXUVRIWKH,WDOLDQÀDJ$QGWKXVWKH0DUJKHULWDSL]]D ZDVERUQ+RZHYHULWZDVQRWXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\WKDW SL]]DUHDOO\WRRNRႇLQPRVWFRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG particularly in America. During WW II, it became popular with American troops in Italy. In the 1950s, pizza grew in popularity in the UK. Today, it is, despite being VLJQL¿FDQWO\GLႇHUHQWIURPWKHRULJLQDORQHRI%ULWDLQ¶V favourite family meals. And in Scotland, chefs put their own twist on the classic pizza with local toppings such as haggis and seafood.
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A) has gone through many changes that adversely DႇHFWHGLWVSRSXODULW\
B) became fairly popular all around the world as soon as WW II ended
C) is a more popular food in Britain and Scotland than it is in other countries
D) is made in an identical way in some countries in modern times
E) has been produced in a wide variety of ways de- pending on the region
,WLVFOHDUIURPWKHSDVVDJHWKDWSL]]DZDV A) the most popular food among the royal family
during the 19th century in Italy
B) once preferred by individuals who were impoverished
&LQH[SHQVLYHLQ,WDO\LQWKHWKFHQWXU\GXHWRWKH competition among street vendors
D) made from several kinds of bread even in ancient times
E) a locally-sold food in certain regions in Italy GXULQJWKHWKFHQWXry
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A) The Birth of Margherita Pizza B) The Impact of WW II on Pizza C) A Brief History of Pizza D) Pizza: The Royal Food E) The Popularity of Modern Pizza
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The Inca Empire, which existed in 15th-century pre- Columbian America, was regarded as the most VLJQL¿FDQWFLYLOL]DWLRQ$SSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQSHRSOH lived within its borders. Archaeologists uncovered numerous remnants of the politically organized and highly-developed cities that were part of the Inca culture.
However, none succeeded in approaching the sacred mystique and physical majesty of Machu Picchu. The city remained nestled high within the Andes Mountains until 1911, when it was discovered by Hiram Bingham, an American explorer. And since then, endless travellers have marvelled at the precision-crafted stonework and the emerald green terraced gardens. Machu Picchu embodies a large portion of the architectural splendour and science of agriculture. Historians believe that emperor Pachacuti constructed the city during the mid-15th century. However, he never intended the city to become an enormous settlement. He aspired to build a royal retreat and pilgrimage site for worshipping the Incan sun god. Today, it is a popular tourist spot, both for its beautiful views and rich cultural history. However, it still holds a spiritual importance for the descendants of the Incans.
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$KRPHWRRYHUPLOOLRQSHRSOHIURPGLႇHUHQW nationalities in the 15th century
B) way ahead of its counterparts due more to its architecture than its agriculture
C) initially built for agricultural purposes due to the geographic features of the region
D) the capital city of the Inca Empire during the 15th century
E) the most prominent city among the others in terms of its architecture
,WLVFOHDUIURPWKHSDVVDJHWKDW3DFKDFXWL A) wanted Machu Picchu to be the most populated
city at that time
B) helped the Incan sun god to be worshipped more widely thanks to the city he built
C) contributed to the expansion of the Inca Empire to pre-Columbian America
D) built Machu Picchu so that it would become a religious centre
E) designed Machu Picchu to serve the needs of an imperial city
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$WKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRI0DFKu Picchu then and now B) the remarkable achievements of Pachacuti C) the importance of the discovery of Machu Picchu D) the spiritual and commercial aspects of Machu
Picchu
E) the reasons why Machu Picchu was built
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It was challenging for modern historians and DUFKDHRORJLVWVWR¿JXUHRXWZKDW7DUWHVVRVDFWXDOO\
was, although it was mentioned in Greek and Roman documents for thousands of years. Was it a river, a city, or a kingdom? Tartessos is thought to be a rich ancient Iberian society that existed between the 9th and 5th centuries and is buried in myth and mystery. However, recent archaeological excavations have started to GLYXOJH new insights into this civilization. Thus, it is now widely believed that Tartessos was a civilization in the Iberian Peninsula that originated from the fusion of native populations with Greek and Phoenician conquerors. Its KXJHPHWDOUHVRXUFHVDQGÀRXULVKLQJFRPPHUFLDOVHFWRU contributed to its wealth. Early discoveries suggested that the Tartessos civilization was concentrated around the
*XDGDOTXLYLU9DOOH\LQ$QGDOXFtDEXWPRUHUHFHQW¿QGV in the valley, close to Portugal’s border with Spain, have caused archaeologists to reassess how widespread the Tartessos civilization actually was. The majority of current VWXGLHVFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOHႇHFWVRI the Tartessos. Researchers believe the Tartessian tombs seem to have the key to appreciate this culture better.
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A) It was probably devastated by the Greek and Phoenician conquerors.
%5HFHQW¿QGLQJVVKRZWKDWLWFRQWULEXWHGWRWKH emergence of other civilizations.
C) Its social and cultural impacts are more extensive than previously thought.
D) Its location changed several times due to the threats to people.
E) It is thought to have emerged from a blend of GLႇHUHQWQDWLRns.
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A) sparked controversy among modern historians and archaeologists
B) were inadequate to determine whether it was a civilization despite historical records
C) had already revealed exactly where it was founded in the 5th century
' VXJJHVWHGWKDWLWEHQH¿WWHGIURPLWVQDWXUDO resources rather than its commercial sector E) were accurate enough to consider it a civilization
thanks to Greek and Roman documents
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A) disguise B) retreat C) disclose D) persuade E) undermine
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While understanding and speaking a language comes QDWXUDOO\OHDUQLQJWRUHDGDQGZULWHLVDGLႇHUHQWVWRU\
Reading is not something that brains develop automatically, so it actually has to be learned. And EHFDXVHGLႇHUHQWODQJXDJHVDUHZULWWHQLQGLႇHUHQWZD\V it really does make sense to say that some languages are easier to learn to read than others. Children who speak English or French spend more years in school learning to read than those who speak Italian or Finn- ish. This is because in Italian or Finnish there is a close match between written letters and spoken sounds, while in English or French there are lots of complications.
On the other hand, in some languages where writing was invented a long time ago, especially in Asia, there DUHRWKHUGLႈFXOWLHV,Q&KLQHVHDQG-DSDQHVH especially, writing is based on separate symbols for words or parts of words instead of letters that stand for individual sounds. Therefore, learning to read these languages can take even longer. In certain particular ways, then, some languages can be harder to learn than others.
,WFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGIURPWKHSDVVDJHWKDW A) Asian children start learning their language earlier
WKDQRWKHUVGXHWRWKHGLႈFXOW\RIWKHLUODQJXDJH B) reading is one of the best ways to learn a
language despite the challenges it involves C) the complications in English and French outweigh
those of Asian languages
D) the time when writing emerged may play a role in the struggle of learning a language
E) it has become commonplace for children who learn to read and write in more than one language
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A) needs to be acquired later on, whereas speaking and understanding are inherent skills B) is the hardest skill to improve due to the
challenges in spelling in all languages C) becomes easier if children are exposed to the
language in their early life
D) develops more rapidly when children speak more than one language
(EHFRPHVKDUGHUXQOHVVWKHUHDUHGLႇHUHQFHV between the written letters and spoken sounds
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A) how the acquisition of individual languages GLႇHUVIURPHDFKRWKHU
B) why learning to read in some languages are more demanding than others
C) when children should start learning to read in a given language
D) why learning to read is challenging for all children regardless of their native language E) how various factors might have an adverse
impact on learning to read
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Trust is a crucial element in the story of human social evolution. The most successful people, evolutionarily speaking, are the ones regarded as trustworthy. Trust encourages cooperation, which has helped us to develop tools, build cities, and so on. Yet, once our cultural groups became too large to know everyone LQGLYLGXDOO\ZHQHHGHGWR¿QGZD\VWRHQVXUHWKH people we met were trustworthy. It is easier to trust a spouse or sibling when hunting in the wild than a stranger who might attack you or refuse to share the prey. To cooperate with strangers requires trust as you must be convinced that they will cause no harm. But they could, of course, cheat by pretending to be trustworthy. So, cheating poses a problem. Thus, it is WKRXJKWWKDWFXOWXUDOJURXSV¿UVWFDPHXSZLWKSRZHUIXO tools such as punishment to prevent cheating in cooperative partnerships. Evolutionary psychologists argue that people have evolved a cheater detection ability to tell when someone is likely to be cheating.
Some argue that we have a kind of cognitive shortcut for signals, probably subconsciously, and decide to spot a cheater. We do this every day because trust is a part of daily life at every level.
,WFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGIURPWKHSDVVDJHWKDW A) trust often leads to cheating, particularly when
people do collaborative tasks
B) being less cooperative often results in a lack of trust among people
C) people can sometimes trust an unfamiliar person more than their family members
D) people might often be using some mental shortcuts to understand whether one is trustworthy
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due to their awareness of the cognitive shortcuts
2QHFDQXQGHUVWDQGIURPWKHSDVVDJHWKDW A) certain mechanisms have been developed to
cope with cheating
B) evolution has had a negative impact on the way people build trust
C) punishment was a vital tool in ancient FLYLOL]DWLRQVWRGHDOZLWKFKHDWHUVHႇHFWLYHO\
D) cheating becomes easier among family members as they think they know each other well E) punishment can sometimes be
counterproductive if used too harshly
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A) It is best achieved when people carry out cooperative tasks in crowded groups.
B) It cannot be separated from cheating as they go hand in hand in all stages of life in modern times.
C) It became crucial especially when the population increased.
',WVGUDZEDFNVRIWHQRXWZHLJKLWVEHQH¿WVLQRXU modern day.
E) It was one of the most important factors that led to the emergence or destruction of many civilizations.
