A Silent Need During Disaster Recovery

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Krishnan S.; Twigg J.Krishnan, Sneha (55982689300); Twigg, John (7004538438)Menstrual hygiene: A 'silent' need during disaster recovery2016

Post-disaster relief and recovery operations seldom focus on women's priorities regarding menstrual hygiene. There is an increasing awareness to incorporate inclusive, participatory, and gender-sensitive strategies for implementation of response programmes. This article presents empirical findings related to menstrual hygiene management (MHM), demonstrating it is integral to women's privacy and safety dnring recovery. Using case studies from India, the 2012 Assam floods and 2013 Cyclone Phailin in Odisha, this article explores menstrual hygiene practices in a post-disaster context. The data were collected through participatory learning and action tools such as focus group discussions, household interviews, priority ranking, and observations. It emerged that menstrual hygiene was overlooked at the household level dnring recovery; women and adolescent girls faced seclnsion and isolation, exacerbating privacy and security concerns post-disasters. Some humanitarian agencies have an ad hoc approach towards MHM, which is limited to distribution of sanitary pads and does not address the socio-cnltaral practices aronnd MHM. There is a need for strategic planning to address MHM with a gender-sensitive and

inclusive approach. This article draws practical and policy inferences from the research for stronger approaches towards initiating behaviour change in MHM, and addressing attitudes and knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene. © Practical Action Publishing, 2016.

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Appler D.; Rumbach A.Appler, Douglas (55366282600); Rumbach, Andrew (25931245400)Building Community Resilience Through Historic Preservation2016

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Resilience has become an important planning goal for state and local government, providing a policy arena in which to integrate historic preservation and disaster mitigation, but significant questions remain about that relationship. There has been no study of coordination between preservation and hazard mitigation planning at the state level, and there is no widely available methodology for assessing the flood exposure of historic resources. In this study, we use mixed methods to address these two issues. We evaluate the degree to which state historic preservation plans and state hazard mitigation plans reflect an effort to connect planning processes or goals. We then use the states of Kentucky, Florida, and Colorado to assess the suitability of publicly available spatial data for identifying flood-exposed historic resources, paying special attention to the National Park Service's Certified Local Government (CLG) program and the National Trust's Main Street program. We find that historic preservation and disaster planning are unevenly integrated at the state level. While publicly available data are often effective in identifying historic resources located within floodplains, the usefulness of these data vary based on location and resource type. We find that CLG and Main Street communities may be well positioned to take a leadership role in planning for the protection of historic resources from floods. Takeaway for practice: Integrating preservation planning and disaster planning will increase the protection offered to historic resources, which can play a significant role in post-disaster resilience. Preservationists and disaster planners can improve prospects for collaboration by improving the quality of data on at-risk historic

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Noori N.S.; Weber C.Noori, Nadia Saad (56971040200); Weber, Christina (55437183500)Dynamics of coordination-clusters in long-term rehabilitation2016

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel approach to studying disaster management operations: the emergence of coordination-clusters in long-term rehabilitation projects and innovation dynamics in coordination-clusters. Design/methodology/approach: The problem addressed is examining the coordination dynamics in long-term rehabilitation

operations. A mixed methods research approach was adopted where a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques was used for data collection and analysis to study the phenomenon of the coordination evolution in long-term rehabilitation projects. Findings: The results indicate resilience in the behavior of involved actors from different organizations as they re-organize into coordination-clusters and collectively work to overcome the unfolding

challenges of long-term rehabilitation projects in areas affected by major disaster. Research limitations/implications: The results provide some answers to the question of how to map and analyze the phenomenon of coordination-clusters and their consequent coordination dynamics, and thereby steps to redesign the approach to execute long-term rehabilitation projects in places affected by major disasters. Practical implications: The combination of Actor-network theory and critical incident technique with social network analysis and community detection provides an integrated network-based view of coordination dynamics in long-term recovery operations. Such perspective would broaden the empirical basis for the planning and

management of complex disaster management operations. Originality/value: The results of the research offer a new approach to study coordination dynamics in disaster management

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Baharmand H.; Boersma K.; Meesters K.; Mulder F.; Wolbers J.Baharmand, Hossein (55781908200); Boersma, Kees (36828193200); Meesters, Kenny (56193264200); Mulder, Femke (57193676156); Wolbers, Jeroen (55747022100)A multidisciplinary perspective on supporting community disaster resilience in Nepal2016 Fostering community resilience in the aftermath of a disaster constitutes a significant challenge

and requires an adequate understanding of the community's specific capabilities and

vulnerabilities. We carried out a field study in Nepal as a multi-disciplinary research team that explored how the humanitarian response enabled community resilience after the devastating earthquakes. We explored three elements of resilience: persistence, adaptability and

transformability by zooming in and out between the local community and humanitarian organizations operating at the national level. Our combined insights from three disciplines, social sciences, information management and logistics, show that humanitarian organizations operating in Nepal still primarily aimed to (re)build community resilience 'from above' instead of enabling communities to strengthen their own resilience in a bottom up way. In this paper we contend that fostering an inclusive and networked response has the potential to strengthen the adaptive capacity of humanitarian organizations and community groups and boost local resilience.

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Calkins J. Calkins, Julie (57125763700)Moving forward after Sendai: How countries want to use science, evidence and technology for disaster risk reduction2015 Background: Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami event, the global

community adopted the UN Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005- 2015, which set out priorities to help countries achieve disaster resilience by encouraging the establishment of national platforms and strengthening disaster governance. In March 2015, UN member states adopted the successor to HFA, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk

Reduction: 2015-2030 (SFDRR). The SFDRR recognises the cross-cutting nature of DRR policy and calls on stakeholders to help governments. Over the following months, the international science community as a stakeholder will contribute by outlining guidance, research

opportunities and partnerships to help countries implement the new framework. To inform this process, this study examines government’ and national scientists’ perspectives about the needs to use science, evidence and technology to achieve disaster risk reduction (DRR) and put the words of the new framework into action. Methods: This study was conducted using qualitative content analysis and quantifiable survey results. Data was collected via extraction from published statements and online survey responses. For statement content analysis, search terms were determined iteratively in a sample of statements until no new terms emerged.

Additionally, 167 national scientists were recruited to participate in the online survey with a response rate of 26.3% (44/167). Findings: Country priorities are clustered and clear, showing that there is a demand for greater science in DRR decision-making and solutions. The main themes highlighted by countries were promoting research and practitioner engagement;

increase technology transfer mechanisms; open data; communication of usable evidence and user’s needs; education and training; and lastly, international cooperation all contributing to national capacity building. As identified, the main difficulties with existing delivery are gaps in knowledge, lack of coordination and a gap in capacity to use scientific evidence for policy- making. Conclusions: Countries and organisations have identified a range of science and technology related needs, including through the preparatory and drafting process for the Sendai Framework for DRR. Across regions and development levels, countries are seeking to address the gaps they face in scientific capacities and information. It is hoped that understanding these priorities and challenges will help decision-makers and scientists in developing the

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Stough L.M.Stough, Laura M. (6603255538)World Report on Disability, Intellectual Disabilities, and Disaster Preparedness: Costa Rica as a Case Example2015 The World Report on Disability relates concerns about the experiences of individuals with intellectual disability in disaster situations. Disaster planning related to people with intellectual disability needs to consider that (1) they experience disproportionate risk in disaster situations, (2) they are often excluded from relief processes and are disadvantaged in disaster support situations, (3) they may need specialized disability-related supports, (4) they often have needs for assistive technology and special rehabilitative services, (5) family and community networks are important supports in disaster situations, and (6) during recovery, rebuilding should be inclusive and include disability needs. Thus, people with intellectual disabilities are more likely to need additional assistance during evacuation, experience more tangible losses during disaster, and require more intensive support in the recovery phase following disaster. Enabling access to mainstream systems and services, improving human resource capacity, and providing adequate funding for recovery and disaster mitigation are strategies to increase disaster

resilience for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Costa Rica is one country that has designed emergency disaster management policies and incorporated disability rights policies that cut across governmental functions and promote interagency cooperation. Having such policy structures and legislative supports are advantageous for people with intellectual

disability, whose support needs often cut across different functional areas. © 2015 International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Wiley Periodicals, Inc..

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Yu S.; Kim S.-W.; Oh C.-W.; An H.; Kim J.-M.Yu, Soonyoung (12240884300); Kim, Sung-Wook (57196708293); Oh, Chang-Whan (17346729000); An, Hyunuk (36639175600); Kim, Jin-Man (55720295400)Quantitative assessment of disaster resilience: An empirical study on the importance of post-disaster recovery costs2015 Recovery costs are as important as losses for decision-making in disaster mitigation given that

recovery costs reflect the restorative capacity of affected regions. Hence, this study analyses recovery costs. Results show that the total post-disaster recovery costs in Korea are on average one and a half times the actual losses, mainly because of the private sector. This ratio depends on the hazard type. In Korea, the highest ratio (almost four) arises after heavy rains because of the weak restorative capacity of river systems to heavy rains. The study introduces the

community resilience cost index (CRCI), obtained by adding recovery costs and losses and dividing the resultant sum by the magnitude of exposure levels to quantify national and regional resilience. Results show that the recovery cost is an essential component for assessing

resilience. In particular, the high ratio of recovery costs to losses owing to heavy rains changes the priorities determined by losses only. The key contribution of this work is that the ratios between losses and recovery costs can estimate the recovery costs based on losses given the high correlation. The study ascertains the most vulnerable system and explains why this is so through analyzing the recovery costs. The importance of recovery costs in quantitative resilience assessments is exemplified. Last, the CRCI is transferrable to other countries to assess their resilience and to establish their priorities and vulnerabilities. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Lee McCabe O.; Semon N.L.; Lating J.M.; Everly G.S., Jr.; Perry C.J.; Moore S.S.; Mosley A.M.; Thompson C.B.; Links J.M.Lee McCabe, O. (6603422598); Semon, Natalie L. (29167552500); Lating, Jeffrey M. (6603039698); Everly, George S. (35606472200); Perry, Charlene J. (57209523978); Moore, Suzanne Straub (55609401800); Mosley, Adrian M. (7004001823); Thompson, Carol B. (34769145200); Links, Jonathan M. (7005093392)An academic-government-faith partnership to build disaster mental health preparedness and community resilience2014 Objectives. Faculty and affiliates of the Johns Hopkins Preparedness and Emergency Response

Research Center partnered with local health departments and faith-based organizations to develop a dual-intervention model of capacity- building for public mental health preparedness and community resilience. Project objectives included (1) determining the feasibility of the tri- partite collaborative concept; (2) designing, delivering, and evaluating psychological first aid (PFA) training and guided preparedness planning (GPP); and (3) documenting preliminary evidence of the sustainability and impact of the model. Methods. We evaluated intervention effectiveness by analyzing pre- and post-training changes in participant responses on knowledge-acquisition tests administered to three urban and four rural community cohorts.

Changes in percent of correct items and mean total correct items were evaluated. Criteria for model sustainability and impact were, respectively, observations of nonacademic partners engaging in efforts to advance post-project preparedness alliances, and project-attributable changes in preparedness-related practices of local or state governments. Results. The majority (11 of 14) test items addressing technical or practical PFA content showed significant

improvement; we observed comparable testing results for GPP training. Government and faith partners developed ideas and tools for sustaining preparedness activities, and numerous project-driven changes in local and state government policies were documented. Conclusions.

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Huss E.; Nuttman-Shwartze O.; Altman A.Huss, Ephrat (23035116600); Nuttman-Shwartze, Orit (54894398300); Altman, Avital (36655360000)The role of collective symbols as enhancing resilience in children's art2012

This paper contributes to understanding the experience of forced relocation for children, and offers a new reading of their art, adding concepts of resilience to art analyses, and also contextualizing drawing assessment within a cultural perspective. Forced relocation of people from their homes due to changes in borders, war or natural disasters has been recognized in the literature as a stressor which has affected communities throughout the world. However, the responses of latency-aged children to these stressors have not been sufficiently addressed. In an attempt to fill that gap, this article presents a phenomenological and diagnostic analysis of drawings made by Israeli children aged 7-9 who were evacuated from localities in the Gaza strip area. The drawings indicate that the experience of forced relocation remained a significant one for the children, even 2 years after the event. The children's drawings reveal the difficulties they experienced, as well as the coping strategies that they used to work through the experience and adjust to the situation. The children included numerous ideological statements in their

drawings, which evidently reflect an attempt to understand the meaning of the relocation, and emphasize their group affiliation. As a result, this paper demonstrates that it is important to include the components of ideology, community, and family in evaluations of children's art work in order to evaluate children's constructive coping. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

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Ford J.D.; Zavaleta-Cortijo C.; Ainembabazi T.; Anza-Ramirez C.; Arotoma-Rojas I.; Bezerra J.; Chicmana-Zapata V.; Galappaththi E.K.; Hangula M.; Kazaana C.; Lwasa S.; Namanya D.; Nkwinti N.; Nuwagira R.; Okware S.; Osipova M.; Pickering K.; Singh C.; Berrang-Ford L.; Hyams K.; Miranda J.J.; Naylor A.; New M.; van Bavel B.; Angula M.; Arvind J.; Akugre F.A.; Bazaz A.; Coggins S.; Crowley F.; Dharmasiri I.P.; Fernandez-de-Larrinoa Y.; George B.; Harper S.; Jones B.; Jones G.; Jones K.; Kaur H.; Krishnakumar J.; Kunamwene I.; Mangalasseri A.; Mcguire C.; Mensah A.; Nkalubo J.; Pearce T.; Perera C.D.; Poonacha Kodira P.; Scanlon H.; Togarepi C.; Varghese A.; Wright C.Ford, James D (8928726900); Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol (57894675200); Ainembabazi, Triphini (57916076100); Anza-Ramirez, Cecilia (36182860400); Arotoma-Rojas, Ingrid (57218670240); Bezerra, Joana (57192702702); Chicmana-Zapata, Victoria (57917025500); Galappaththi, Eranga K (56554182300); Hangula, Martha (57916645500); Kazaana, Christopher (57916832200); Lwasa, Shuaib (25623779800); Namanya, Didacus (56256451500); Nkwinti, Nosipho (57917025600); Nuwagira, Richard (57916452100); Okware, Samuel (56554041000); Osipova, Maria (57916833200); Pickering, Kerrie (57916833300); Singh, Chandni (57190961240); Berrang-Ford, Lea (8533046500); Hyams, Keith (37048836800); Miranda, J Jaime (24465295500); Naylor, Angus (57202385653); New, Mark (7102739935); van Bavel, Bianca (56311921900); Angula, Margaret (57151233400); Arvind, Jasmithaa (57221687259); Akugre, Francis Awaafo (57221535414); Bazaz, Amir (57188872375); Coggins, Shaugn (57217146458); Crowley, Frances (57208128448); Dharmasiri, Indunil P. (57916646500); Fernandez-deInteractions between climate and COVID-192022 In this Personal View, we explain the ways that climatic risks affect the transmission,

perception, response, and lived experience of COVID-19. First, temperature, wind, and humidity influence the transmission of COVID-19 in ways not fully understood, although non-climatic factors appear more important than climatic factors in explaining disease transmission.

Second, climatic extremes coinciding with COVID-19 have affected disease exposure, increased susceptibility of people to COVID-19, compromised emergency responses, and reduced health system resilience to multiple stresses. Third, long-term climate change and prepandemic vulnerabilities have increased COVID-19 risk for some populations (eg, marginalised communities). The ways climate and COVID-19 interact vary considerably between and within populations and regions, and are affected by dynamic and complex interactions with underlying socioeconomic, political, demographic, and cultural conditions.

These conditions can lead to vulnerability, resilience, transformation, or collapse of health systems, communities, and livelihoods throughout varying timescales. It is important that COVID-19 response and recovery measures consider climatic risks, particularly in locations that are susceptible to climate extremes, through integrated planning that includes public health, disaster preparedness, emergency management, sustainable development, and humanitarian response. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license

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Haque M.M.; Islam S.; Sikder M.B.; Islam M.S.Haque, Md Munjurul (57470209600); Islam, Sabina (57196023148); Sikder, Md Bahuddin (57210316333); Islam, Md Saiful (57258231500)Community flood resilience assessment in Jamuna floodplain: A case study in Jamalpur District Bangladesh2022 Flooding is a recurrent event in Bangladesh, and it causes loss to life and properties. In flood risk management, the assessment of community resilience is standard practice. This study aims to assess the community flood resilience of some selected Upazilas of Jamalpur District in Bangladesh. Appropriate indicators were selected to determine flood resilience through an extensive literature review. The indicators were provided with a weight based on the expert's judgment. A structured questionnaire, consisting of appropriate questions, was prepared to collect data for all indicators. A total of 400 households were surveyed from five flood-affected Upazilas, including Dewanganj, Islampur, Madarganj, Melandaha, and Sharishabari to collect primary data. Resilience index is an analytical tool representing a numeric score ranging from 0 to 1 for each variable. The value obtained from the field survey had been divided by the weighted value of that particular variable to calculate the variable resilience index (VRI). Then, by

averaging the VRI values, composite resilience index (CRI) values were calculated. The calculated CRI values are 0.30, 0.37, 0.36, 0.36, and 0.38 out of 1 in Dewanganj, Islampur, Madarganj, Melandaha, and Sharishabari Upazila, respectively, which suggest low community resilience to flooding. This study recommends enhancing the social, economic, institutional, and physical components, which can be executed through community awareness and disaster preparedness programs, to help communities strengthen resilience and cope with floods. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

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Milanez B.; Ali S.H.; Puppim de Oliveira J.A.Milanez, Bruno (25642872400); Ali, Saleem H. (11439396200); Puppim de Oliveira, Jose Antonio (6507996386)Mapping industrial disaster recovery: Lessons from mining dam failures in Brazil2021

Industrial disasters are a test of human and ecological resilience and offer a complex set of choices for restorative activity after their occurrence. Unlike natural calamities, industrial disasters have greater human agency associated with their prevention and remediation. In this paper, we analyze two major disasters that occurred within a period of five years in Brazil involving similar mine tailings dams, particularly the role of participatory processes in shaping reparation. We examine the lessons from the divergent compensation mechanisms instituted afterwards and the reasons for community dissatisfaction. Our analysis reveals that ex post efforts at community participation in disaster recovery have gaps in participation. We identified some specific aspects to explain the gaps in participatory processes: power relations, role of the public sector, the timing of the process, and access to information and representation. There is danger of these recovery processes getting “lost in participation” and delivering suboptimal outcomes. There is a major trust deficit between industry and communities legacies in Latin America, further exacerbating the challenge. We conclude with global lessons from this case that can be incorporated into international processes such as creation of a new global institute and certification body on mining waste facilities, as recommended by the Global Tailings Review, which was initiated as a result of these disasters. © 2021

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Wang K.; Lam N.S.N.; Zou L.; Mihunov V.Wang, Kejin (57215028202); Lam, Nina S. N. (7101750709); Zou, Lei (56797356100); Mihunov, Volodymyr (57189579109)Twitter use in hurricane isaac and its implications for disaster resilience2021 Disaster resilience is the capacity of a community to “bounce back” from disastrous events.

Most studies rely on traditional data such as census data to study community resilience. With increasing use of social media, new data sources such as Twitter could be utilized to monitor human response during different phases of disasters to better understand resilience. An

important research question is: Does Twitter use correlate with disaster resilience? Specifically, will communities with more disaster-related Twitter uses be more resilient to disasters,

presumably because they have better situational awareness? The underlying issue is that if there are social and geographical disparities in Twitter use, how will such disparities affect communities’ resilience to disasters? This study examines the relationship between Twitter use and community resilience during Hurricane Isaac, which hit Louisiana and Mississippi in August 2012. First, we applied the resilience inference measurement (RIM) model to calculate the resilience indices of 146 affected counties. Second, we analyzed Twitter use and their sentiment patterns through the three phases of Hurricane Isaac- preparedness, response, and recovery.

Third, we correlated Twitter use density and sentiment scores with the resilience scores and major social-environmental variables to test whether significant geographical and social disparities in Twitter use existed through the three phases of disaster management. Significant positive correlations were found between Twitter use density and resilience indicators,

confirming that communities with higher resilience capacity, which are characterized by better social-environmental conditions, tend to have higher Twitter use. These results imply that Twitter use during disasters could be improved to increase the resilience of affected

communities. On the other hand, no significant correlations were found between sentiment scores and resilience indicators, suggesting that further research on sentiment analysis may be needed. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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Nespeca V.; Comes T.; Meesters K.; Brazier F.Nespeca, V. (57205595172); Comes, T. (36998241600); Meesters, K. (56193264200); Brazier, F. (7004291844)Towards coordinated self-organization: An actor-centered framework for the design of disaster management information systems2020 Traditionally, disaster management information systems have been designed to facilitate

communication and coordination along stable hierarchical lines and roles. However, to support coordination in disaster response, disaster management information systems need to cater for the emerging roles, responsibilities and information needs of the actors, often referred to as self- organization. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a framework for disaster

management information systems that embraces an actor-centered perspective to explicitly support coordination and self-organization. The framework is designed and validated to (i) analyze the current practice of disaster information management, including the way changes occur through self-organization, and (ii) study how to design disaster management information systems that support coordination and self-organization within the current practice. A case study in Jakarta is used to modify and validate the framework, and to illustrate its potential to capture self-organization in practice. The analysis showed that analyzing the actors’ activities through the framework can provide insights on the way self-organization occurs. Moreover, networking, preparedness and centralization were found to be key elements in the design of disaster management information systems with an actor-centered perspective. © 2020 The Authors

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Aghababaei M.; Koliou M.; Watson M.; Xiao Y.Aghababaei, Mohammad (55014515200); Koliou, Maria (56628395100); Watson, Maria (57205562834); Xiao, Yu (35173868900)Quantifying post-disaster business recovery through Bayesian methods2021 Business recovery after a disaster plays an important role in the socioeconomic recovery of a community. This study focuses on the development of a probabilistic modelling approach for quantifying and predicting business recovery through Bayesian linear regression. The proposed modelling approach consists of three steps including data collection, development of model forms, and model selection through rigorous evaluation and elimination steps. Four attributes, namely business cease operation days, revenue recovery, customer retention, and employee retention, which describe the post-disaster recovery state of a business, are considered. One of the main contributions of this study is incorporating the interplay between household and businesses in a community in developing predictive business recovery models. Towards that direction, different methods to account for the effect of household recovery into the customer retention rate of a business are investigated and proposed. As an application, the proposed modelling approach is applied on the results of a longitudinal field study at the community of Lumberton, NC, which was heavily impacted by the 2016 Hurricane Matthew, focusing on business recovery. The predictive models proposed in this study may be further applicable in risk-based resilience assessment of communities following disastrous events. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

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Khoza S.; de Beer L.T.; van Niekerk D.; Nemakonde L.Khoza, Sizwile (57208108016); de Beer, Leon Tielman (55427352300); van Niekerk, Dewald (6603368214); Nemakonde, Livhuwani (57194212940)A gender-differentiated analysis of climate-smart agriculture adoption by smallholder farmers: application of the extended technology acceptance model2021 The low adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies by farmers in developing

regions where agrarian livelihoods are threatened by climate-related disasters remains a concerning enigma. Adoption patterns are not commensurate with merits of CSA on food security and climate resilience and attention to gender in relation to behavioral and attitudinal patterns in CSA adoption remains scarce. An exploratory-sequential mixed methods study was conducted, using a socio-psychological theoretical lens to test the applicability of the extended technology acceptance model in predicting CSA adoption among at-risk smallholder farming communities in Malawi and Zambia. Spearman’s rho correlation results show that relationship strengths between socio-psychological factors—perceptions on ease of use, usefulness and climate risk—differed between men and women householdheads. Results also show that social processes are central in influencing women’s decision-making on adoption. For practitioners and policy-makers, these findings reflect a critical need for gender-specific behavioral change communication strategies and inclusive participatory engagement. This will promote dialogue with diverse groups of smallholder-farmers aimed at changing negative, and leveraging on positive, behavior and attitudes toward new CSA technologies. CSA technology development for smallholder-farmers needs to appreciate the role of socio-psychological factors in adoption decisions. Further scientific research is required to establish causality between related socio- psychological factors. © 2020 Asian Institute of Technology.

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Poudel S.; Funakawa S.; Shinjo H.; Mishra B.Poudel, Shobha (57194052333); Funakawa, Shinya (7004077598); Shinjo, Hitoshi (6701332921); Mishra, Bhogendra (55647165933)Understanding households’ livelihood vulnerability to climate change in the Lamjung district of Nepal2020 Based on spatial variation and time, climate change has various levels of impacts on different communities and sometime with the state of development as well. The rural mountainous households that depend on natural resources for subsistence livelihoods and agriculture are particularly vulnerable with changing climate. Livelihood vulnerability assessment at local level is imperative to formulate appropriate adaptation policy and programs to address their

livelihood challenges. This paper explored two vulnerability assessment indices, livelihood vulnerability index and IPCC vulnerability index by surveying 150 households from three village development committees (VDCs) in Lamjung district, Nepal. Data related to climate variables, natural disasters, water and food security, health, socio-demographics, livelihood strategies, and social network were collected and combined into indices. Both indices differed based on well-being status, gender of the household head and location across the households of three VDCs. The analysis was based on indices constructed from selected indicators measuring exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Results indicated that very poor and poor

households, and female-headed households were more vulnerable than medium, well-off and male-headed households. The availability of livelihood diversified strategies, education, establishment of early warning system to climate extreme will help to reduce vulnerability to climate change in the study areas. The findings help in designing priority areas of intervention for adaptation plan to reduce vulnerability and enhance the resilience of the mountainous

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He X.; Cha E.J.He, Xian (56927124300); Cha, Eun Jeong (54965109000)Modeling the damage and recovery of interdependent civil infrastructure network using Dynamic Integrated Network model2020 In a modern society, civil infrastructure facilities in different systems depend upon each other for product input and/or information sharing. Thus, understanding such dependencies and properly modeling them is essential to assess the performance of the civil infrastructure systems during and following a disruptive event, which lays the foundation of assessing the community resilience. This paper introduces the Dynamic Integrated Network model which is developed to assess the damage and recovery of the network of all considered systems following a disaster by considering the facility-level dependencies. A hypothetical study region consisting of electric power, potable water and cellular systems under a scenario hurricane is used to demonstrate the proposed model. A comparative study is performed with the case when inter-system dependency is ignored. This study confirms the importance of incorporating the inter-system dependencies to improve the estimation on the recovery process. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

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Koliou M.; Van De Lindt J.W.Koliou, Maria (56628395100); Van De Lindt, John W. (6701580121)Development of Building Restoration Functions for Use in Community Recovery Planning to Tornadoes2020

Postdisaster community scale recovery and resilience assessments have gained interest in the United States and around the world following natural and human-made disasters. Tornadoes are one of the most devastating natural disasters that occur in the United States every year with an annual average of more than 1,200 causing an impactful number of deaths as well as economic losses. The postdisaster recovery planning and process of communities can be enhanced by the use of risk-informed decision-making tools accounting for postdisaster vulnerability and

restoration assessment in terms of repair time (functionality) and repair cost (economic losses).

In this study, a methodology to probabilistically quantify building functionality through the development of functionality fragilities for use within broader community modeling is

introduced. It is important when performing community resilience assessment studies to break down the components making up a community into their most fundamental components. Thus, it is proposed to generate stand-alone functionality fragilities (e.g., for different building types) and thereby not limit the process for optimizing risk-informed decision making, which may include options such as changes in permitting time, or removal of construction constraints. The proposed functionality methodology is composed of four steps while integrating concepts of performance based engineering, where functionality analyses are first performed for each major component in the building including both structural and nonstructural components

(subassembly level) and then the results are combined in the form of statistical distributions to quantify the building (system level) functionality. The methodology is illustrated for a suite of 19 building types ranging from residential, schools, and hospitals, representing the building stock in the US communities needed to model a community that is heavily impacted by an extreme wind event (i.e., tornado). The post-tornado building direct economic losses are also

probabilistically assessed for the 19 building archetypes. Repair times (functionality) and repair cost distribution curves summarized in this study may be further used in risk-informed decision making for investigation of policy implications, the effect of retrofit programs, and other changes to building codes. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.

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Hou C.; Wu H.Hou, Chaoping (57193876603); Wu, Haorui (56870551900)Rescuer, decision maker, and breadwinner: Women's predominant leadership across the post-Wenchuan earthquake efforts in rural areas, Sichuan, China2020 Community engagement in disaster risk reduction activities assists women to discover and build

their capacity for leadership before, during, and after disaster. In the study of the entire process after an extreme event, previous research has been scarce in the examination of women of different ages’ capacities of engagement, leadership, and resilience. Developed during 10 years of ongoing research after the Wenchuan earthquake, this paper employs qualitative research methodology that scrutinizes women's leadership at different stages of their lifespans during all the post-disaster stages (emergency rescue, short-term reconstruction, and long-term recovery and mitigation) that took place after the Wenchuan earthquake, in the rural areas of Sichuan Province, China. This paper discovers that (1) during the emergency rescue stage, women became rescuers augmenting and supporting the urgent response; (2) during the short-term reconstruction stage, women served as decision makers guiding the reconstruction of housing and communities; and (3) during the long-term recovery and mitigation stage, many women took on the role of breadwinner, managing the family livelihood and long-term development. From the perspective of built environment, this paper argues that women's leadership in managing

existing and obtaining new resources (internal and external), in parallel effort alongside the official missions, not only strengthened the men's dominant aftermath efforts, but also promoted gender equity engagement in post-disaster reconstruction and recovery as well as powerfully advanced resilience capacity at individual, family, and community levels. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

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Kumar D.; Kumar Bhattacharjya R.Kumar, Dilip (57199657706); Kumar Bhattacharjya, Rajib (6506455011)Study of Integrated Social Vulnerability Index SoVIint of Hilly Region of Uttarakhand, India2020

The hilly regions of India have suffered many disasters, both natural and anthropogenic. In the hilly state like Uttarakhand, the hazards like flash flood, forest fires, and landslide affect the community at the large scale. These hazards cause severe physical injuries, loss of life, and at large scale property damage. To understand the impact of such natural hazards, we need to examine vulnerability of the society, so that we can define vulnerability as the status of a

community to prevent, mitigate, prepare for or respond to a natural and a man-made hazard. The absence of coping strategies, which is also known as resilience, has altered the vulnerability of a community. Thus, vulnerability index of a community has to be calculated considering physical, social, economic and environmental factors associated with the community. This research paper tries to find out an integrated social vulnerability factor. The proposed integrated social vulnerability factor is determined by considering various factors, such as physical, social, economic, and environmental. All these factors increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Poverty, occupation, child population, literacy rate, disability,

marginalization, and inequities in wealth distribution of a society or community will also change the social vulnerability. Proposed Integrated social vulnerability index for the hilly terrain of Uttarakhand incorporated local technical knowledge insight and skills, so that local people and local administration are able to identify problems and can offer a solution to resist future emergencies i.e. the proposed social vulnerability indicator will support state, local, and traditional disaster management officials to determine areas of the most sensitive populations and better mitigation operation can be performed in case of disaster. © 2019 Dilip Kumar et al., published by Sciendo.

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Cui K.; Han Z.Cui, Ke (56978773200); Han, Ziqiang (57192248578)Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the 10-Item Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measurement in a Community-Based Sample in Southwest China2019 Community resilience has received growing attention in disaster risk management policies and

practices, especially in China. However, few applicable instruments are available as a baseline for profiling and estimating a community’s resiliency in the face of disasters. The purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapt and validate the original version of the 10-Item Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measurement (CCRAM-10) in China. Our study further investigates if and to what extent community members translate their participation in disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities into perceived community resilience. A Chinese version of CCRAM-10 was generated and applied to 369 participants from a rural and an urban community in southwest China affected by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Internal consistency reliability and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the assessment instrument’s

applicability. The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit Assessment Survey was used to establish the convergent validity for the Chinese version of CCRAM-10. Multiple linear

regression models were used to explore the correlations between respondents’ participation in activities and their perception of community resilience, while controlling for basic socio- demographic variables. Analysis results demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85) and satisfactory convergent validity for the Chinese version of the CCRAM-10. Construct validity was also confirmed (χ2/df = 2.161; CFI = 0.977; GFI = 0.971; NFI = 0.958; RMSEA = 0.056; SRMR = 0.030). The regression analysis results indicated that

respondents’ participation in DRR activities was positively correlated with their perception of community resilience. This study contributes to the wider collection of disaster studies by providing a tested tool for assessing community resilience in the context of China. Community workers and practice researchers may be interested in applying CCRAM-10 to evaluate the effect of specific DRR programmatic activities for improving community resilience. © 2019, The Author(s).

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Taeby M.; Zhang L.Taeby, Mahdy (57203552372); Zhang, Lu (57196125249)Exploring Stakeholder Views on Disaster Resilience Practices of Residential Communities in South Florida2019

Disaster resilience is a shared responsibility among all stakeholders. There is sorely a need to engage multiple stakeholders in collaboratively creating and facilitating the disaster resilience of residential communities. However, different stakeholders could have different priorities and make different decisions on implementing the resilience practices; such differences are affected by stakeholder views on the importance and current implementation conditions of the resilience practices. Without identifying and integrating multistakeholder views, disaster resilience decisions could become ineffective, time-consuming, costly, and conflict-prone. To address the gap, this paper focuses on identifying the disaster resilience practices in residential communities and analyzing stakeholder views on the importance and implementation of these practices in South Florida. The disaster resilience practices are identified from (1) the domain literature, (2) documents on resilient community planning, and (3) systematic interactions with stakeholders through in-depth surveys and interviews. The paper discusses the survey design, implementation, and results. Overall, the results show that, on average, the identified resilience practices are highly important, and they are moderately implemented. The results also show that, for a considerable number of resilience practices, there is a significant difference in the ranks of importance and implementation of these practices between different stakeholders. In addition, stakeholder views on the importance and implementation of the resilience practices are affected by factors such as stakeholders' ages, regions, types of dwellings in which they live, and the occurrence of the disaster. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by providing both theoretical and empirical knowledge on the importance and implementation of community disaster resilience practices from the stakeholders' perspectives; it could improve human-centered decision-making by integrating multistakeholder views into community resilience planning toward more robust, adaptive, and recoverable residential communities. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.

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Généreux M.; Schluter P.J.; Takahashi S.; Usami S.; Mashino S.; Kayano R.; Kim Y.Généreux, Mélissa (57203011821); Schluter, Philip J. (35553616700); Takahashi, Sho (7407711904); Usami, Shiori (57208630859); Mashino, Sonoe (57206557028); Kayano, Ryoma (57194681979); Kim, Yoshiharu (16744225500)Psychosocial management before, during, and after emergencies and disasters—results from the Kobe expert meeting2019 Emergencies and disasters typically affect entire communities, cause substantial losses and

disruption, and result in a significant and persistent mental health burden. There is currently a paucity of evidence on safe and effective individual-and community-level strategies for improving mental health before, during, and after such events. In October 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) Centre for Health Development (WHO Kobe Centre) convened a meeting bringing together leading Asia Pacific and international disaster research experts. The expert meeting identified key research needs in five major areas, one being “Psychosocial management before, during, and after emergencies and disasters”. Experts for this research area identified critical gaps in observational research (i.e., the monitoring of long-term

psychological consequences) and interventional research (i.e., the development and evaluation of individual-and community-level interventions). Three key research issues were identified.

First, experts underscored the need for a standardized and psychometrically robust instrument that classified the mental health/psychosocial risk of people within both a clinical and

community setting. Then, the need for a standardization of methods for prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment for affected people was highlighted. Finally, experts called for a better identification of before, during, and after emergency or disaster assets associated with greater community resilience. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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Fleeger J.W.; Riggio M.R.; Mendelssohn I.A.; Lin Q.; Deis D.R.; Johnson D.S.; Carman K.R.; Graham S.A.; Zengel S.; Hou A.Fleeger, J.W. (7003706503); Riggio, M.R. (56888555300); Mendelssohn, I.A. (7006869741); Lin, Q. (7401703791); Deis, D.R. (6701620019); Johnson, D.S. (56128827600); Carman, K.R. (7003368589); Graham, S.A. (55434392600); Zengel, S. (6602267856); Hou, A. (57205977816)What Promotes the Recovery of Salt Marsh Infauna After Oil Spills?2019 Many factors influence the rate at which biotic communities recover from environmental

disasters, and a thorough understanding of these factors is needed to formulate effective mitigation strategies. The importance of foundation species, soil environmental quality, and benthic microalgae to the long-term recovery of the salt marsh infaunal community following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill was examined in northern Barataria Bay, LA, from 2011 to 2016. The community of 12 abundant taxa of meiofauna and juvenile macroinfauna began to rebound from oiling in < 2 years, but did not fully recover after 6.5 years. The pace and intensity of recovery of nematodes, copepods, most polychaetes, tanaids, juvenile bivalves, and amphipods were significantly and positively related to the recovery of Spartina alterniflora and benthic microalgae. However, total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations remained elevated over time, and live belowground plant biomass, bulk density, dead aboveground plant biomass, and live aboveground biomass of Juncus roemerianus were not resilient, indicating that soil quality at oiled sites was insufficient to foster the recovery of the infaunal community as a whole. Recovery of the kinorhynch Echinoderes coulli, the polychaete Manayunkia aestuarina, ostracods, and juvenile gastropods was suppressed in association with these factors.

Foundation species enhance salt marsh infaunal recovery by modifying habitat in the short term and improving soil quality over the longer term. Therefore, efforts to enhance the recovery of foundation species (e.g., by plantings) should benefit the recovery of microalgal primary producers and benthic consumers after oiling in salt marshes. © 2018, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation.

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Frigerio S.; Schenato L.; Bossi G.; Mantovani M.; Marcato G.; Pasuto A.Frigerio, Simone (23003879300); Schenato, Luca (55877297826); Bossi, Giulia (55256385200); Mantovani, Matteo (12239087500); Marcato, Gianluca (12239297500); Pasuto, Alessandro (6701661125)Hands-on experience of crowdsourcing for flood risks. An android mobile application tested in Frederikssund, Denmark2018 There is evidence that the toll of death and destruction caused by natural hazards is rising. This

is often ascribed to the impact of climate change that resulted in an increased frequency of extreme meteorological events. As a consequence, it is realistic to expect that the casualties and damages caused by floods will increase in the near future. Advanced weather forecast is a fundamental tool to predict the occurrence of floods and structural mitigation measures are crucial for flood protection. However, these strategies should be associate with tools to promote and increase natural-disaster awareness and nonstructural mitigation measures in the exposed population. To bridge this gap, we coupled innovative, ICT-based technologies with

crowdsourcing. The idea is to exploit geospatial data gathered by citizens and volunteers with their own devices such as mobile phones to provide authorities with relevant information in case of flood emergencies. This paper describes the design and testing of an Android application named MAppERS (Mobile Applications for Emergency Response and Support), thought to enhance active participation and response of the population in territorial and flood-risk mitigation in Frederikssund, Denmark. The results of the piloting fully validate MAppERS as an effective tool to support the decision-making process during a crisis and to improve the awareness of the community and their disaster resilience. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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Francis T.R.; Wilkinson S.; Mannakkara S.; Chang-Richards A.Francis, Tinu Rose (57202679220); Wilkinson, Suzanne (7202333251); Mannakkara, Sandeeka (55675196000); Chang-Richards, Alice (57220031954)Post-disaster reconstruction in Christchurch: a “build back better” perspective2018 Purpose: The 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes were one of the most devastating events in

New Zealand’s history. Due to the large scale of disruption and losses, the central government created a separate body, the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA), to manage and oversee recovery activities. Working with local authorities and stakeholders, CERA plays a major role in driving the recovery in Christchurch. This paper aims to analyse CERA’s decision-making process and the effects of some of its critical decisions on the recovery outcomes. The paper takes a “build back better” (BBB) perspective to understand the decisions taken and processes used. Design/methodology/approach: The case study adopted a mixed-methods research design (Creswell, 2013) and was conducted by reviewing official CERA documents and

publications related to its recovery assessments and by conducting interviews with key officials from CERA. Collecting data from both qualitative and quantitative data sources enabled the process of triangulation. Findings: Lessons learned from the Canterbury experience in terms of recovery best practices are reported. CERA’s recovery policy aimed to give confidence to the community and renew and revitalise the damaged city. Compared with the BBB theory, the community-driven recovery strategy and the multi-stakeholder approach worked well. Other critical decisions aligned with the BBB theory include land zoning, empowering community and integration with existing developmental plans. Originality/value: BBB can be used as a tool for the implementation of recovery and restoration measures following a large disaster. However, a set of practical indicators to measure the level of BBB is needed. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.

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Tidball K.G.; Metcalf S.; Bain M.; Elmqvist T.Tidball, Keith G. (35293704700); Metcalf, Sara (13408202900); Bain, Mark (7006174674); Elmqvist, Thomas (6701768312)Community-led reforestation: cultivating the potential of virtuous cycles to confer resilience in disaster disrupted social–ecological systems2018 Human relationships with trees can result in widespread citizen-led reforestation projects that

catalyze social–biological-reinforcing feedback loops and set in motion virtuous cycles that restore perturbed social–ecological systems. These virtuous cycles confer resilience in such systems that counterbalance the tendency for vicious cycles to be triggered by destructive behavior and neglect. Given this argument, we ask: how do we cultivate the potential for virtuous cycles to confer resilience in social–ecological systems? To answer this question, we review feedback mechanisms and identify virtuous cycles catalyzed via ecological restoration to highlight their importance to the resilience of social–ecological systems. We then conceptualize these cycles with a causal map (also known as a causal loop diagram) illustrating an example where restoration activities and civic ecology practices contributed to feedbacks and virtuous cycles. Following from this example, we discuss approaches for recognizing and investing in virtuous cycles that accompany social–ecological systems and outline approaches for managing such cycles. © 2017, Springer Japan KK.

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Cai Y. Cai, Yanjun (57194207657)Bonding, bridging, and linking: photovoice for resilience through social capital2017

Recognizing the social factors of resilience research, an increasing number of scholars have begun to investigate how social capital plays a role in achieving community resilience. These studies typically apply structured interviews and quantitative analyses to situate social capital in disaster management. However, such approaches often fail to present the grounded lens of disadvantaged populations. Through visual narratives, unstructured observations, and semi- structured interviews, this research illuminates how disadvantaged populations bond, bridge, and link social capital to prepare, respond, adapt, and rebuild facing ongoing disasters. In this research, I examine different types of social capital in three disadvantaged communities of metropolitan Manila and Cebu. The majority of disadvantage participants were female;

participants from one of the involved communities were mostly deaf. This research applies a mixed-method qualitative analysis with an emphasis on the photovoice approach. The

photovoice approach integrated with social media demonstrates an engaging local lens seldom revealed by other methods. It presents how social capital is generated and leveraged beyond the geographical boundaries and possibly the power structure. This project is perhaps the first photovoice research to visualize social capital for resilience studies. It explores social capital in disaster settings under the context of less-developed countries that have been rarely discussed in the current literature. The empirical guidance of utilizing social capital for resilience building, especially the forms of bridging and linking, fills one of the major knowledge gaps in the field.

Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

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Goda K.; De Risi R.Goda, Katsuichiro (12759820500); De Risi, Raffaele (23026567500)Probabilistic tsunami loss estimation methodology: Stochastic earthquake scenario approach2017

This study develops a probabilistic tsunami loss estimation methodology for enhancing community resilience against tsunami disasters. The method is based on novel stochastic earthquake source modeling and state-of-the-art tsunami fragility modeling. It facilitates the quantitative evaluation of tsunami loss for coastal community by accounting for uncertainties of earthquake occurrence and rupture characteristics. A case study is set up to illustrate an application of the developed method to the Sendai Plain area by focusing on possible tsunami events in the Tohoku region of Japan. The quantitative tsunami hazard as well as risk

Clarke H.E.; Mayer B.Clarke, Hannah E. (57194300540); Mayer, Brian (7202569473)Community Recovery Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Toward a Theory of Cultural Resilience2017

Culture plays an important role in communities’ abilities to adapt to environmental change and crises. The emerging field of resilience thinking has made several efforts to better integrate social and cultural factors into the systems-level approach to understanding social–ecological resilience. However, attempts to integrate culture into structural models often fail to account for the agentic processes that influence recovery at the individual and community levels,

overshadowing the potential for agency and variation in community response. Using empirical data on the 2010 BP oil spill’s impact on a small, natural-resource-dependent community, we propose an alternative approach emphasizing culture’s ability to operate as a resource that contributes to social, or community, resilience. We refer to this more explicit articulation of culture’s role in resilience as cultural resilience. Our findings reveal that not all cultural

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Toner E.S.; McGinty M.; Schoch-Spana M.; Rose D.A.; Watson M.; Echols E.; Carbone E.G.Toner, Eric S. (12783192800); McGinty, Meghan (55263302300); Schoch-Spana, Monica (6602404046); Rose, Dale A. (55785730800); Watson, Matthew (56277139700); Echols, Erin (57193198414); Carbone, Eric G. (7005541117)A Community Checklist for Health Sector Resilience Informed by Hurricane Sandy2017 This is a checklist of actions for healthcare, public health, nongovernmental organizations, and

private entities to use to strengthen the resilience of their community's health sector to disasters. It is informed by the experience of Hurricane Sandy in New York and New Jersey and analyzed in the context of findings from other recent natural disasters in the United States. The health sector is defined very broadly, including-in addition to hospitals, emergency medical services (EMS), and public health agencies-healthcare providers, outpatient clinics, long-Term care facilities, home health providers, behavioral health providers, and correctional health services. It also includes community-based organizations that support these entities and represent patients. We define health sector resilience very broadly, including all factors that preserve public health and healthcare delivery under extreme stress and contribute to the rapid restoration of normal or improved health sector functioning after a disaster. We present the key findings organized into 8 themes. We then describe a conceptual map of health sector resilience that ties these themes together. Lastly, we provide a series of recommended actions for

improving health sector resilience at the local level. The recommended actions emphasize those items that individuals who experienced Hurricane Sandy deemed to be most important.

The recommendations are presented as a checklist that can be used by a variety of interested parties who have some role to play in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery in their own communities. Following a general checklist are supplemental checklists that apply to specific parts of the larger health sector. © Copyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2017.

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Singh-Peterson L.; Underhill S.J.R.Singh-Peterson, Lila (53364461500); Underhill, Steven J. R. (7003950346)A multi-scalar, mixed methods framework for assessing rural communities’ capacity for resilience, adaptation, and transformation2017 Resilience as a concept is often applied to address disaster risks and impacts. Metrics

developed to measure the resilience of a community are often not applicable to other

communities. In order for metrics to have utility and provide meaningful information to decision- makers, they need to be embedded within local contexts, be integrated across spatial scales, and address the community’s capacity for adaptation and transformation, in addition to coping.

To this end, we present an innovative framework to assess subtle variations in levels of community resilience at the household, community, and regional scale. Using a case study approach, we demonstrate how local actors can apply the framework to derive an applicable suite of locally relevant indicators. The main limitation in applying this, and other participatory methods, relates to difficulties in obtaining a representative level of participatory engagement, restricting the credibility of results and success of subsequent strategies. © 2016 Community Development Society.

Singh P.K.; Chudasama H.Singh, Pramod K (58267036500); Chudasama, Harpalsinh (57191852979)Pathways for drought resilient livelihoods based on people’s perception2017

Drought is among the most dreaded threats as far as natural disasters are concerned wielding, as it does, a significant impact on ecosystems, people’s livelihoods, and the socio-economic development of a country. A significantly large geographic area of India happens to be drought prone. In order to understand people’s response to the impacts of drought and their coping strategies, it is crucial to understand their perceptions. Studies investigating community perceptions relevant to drought impacts and concomitant adaptive behaviours are rare in India.

This paper documents communities’ perceptions of impacts of drought on their livelihood assets and adaptation practices. It does this with the help of the fuzzy cognitive mapping approach in the Mahabubnagar district of India’s Telangana state. In order to develop pathways for drought resilient livelihoods we ran simulations for future drought scenarios with various bundles of adaptation strategies enabling us to evaluate their effectiveness in providing resilience against drought. The study also tested the suitability of various activation rules and transformation functions, used for running simulations. Incorporating stakeholders’

perceptions, knowledge and beliefs about impacts of droughts, and engaging them in the process of developing drought resilient livelihoods is expected to fine-tune the drought related policy-making. © 2016, The Author(s).

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Gawith D.; Daigneault A.; Brown P.Gawith, David (57224257745); Daigneault, Adam (12767813000); Brown, Pike (55454901600)Does community resilience mitigate loss and damage from climaterelated disasters? Evidence based on survey data2016 Policy-makers view community resilience as fundamental to mitigating loss and damage from climate-related disasters. Although energy has been devoted to defining resilience, less effort has been devoted to analysing the effects of resilience on loss and damage, which is critical in places with limited capacity for adaptation. We use survey data to develop a composite index of community resilience in Fiji and then evaluate the extent to which community resilience

mitigates loss and damage. We find that community resilience is negatively correlated with damages over which human intervention may be effective, but not with damages over which intervention is less effective, suggesting that community resilience may limit impacts. We further find that this result holds for a cyclone (about which communities had substantial advance warning) but not for river flooding (for which communities had little advanced warning), suggesting that early warning is necessary for community resilience to become responsive. © 2016 University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Darychuk A.; Jackson S.Darychuk, Anthea (55926384700); Jackson, Suzanne (7402694850)Understanding Community Resilience Through the Accounts of Women Living in West Bank Refugee Camps2015

Throughout the West Bank, 19 camps are home to more than 200,000 Palestinians, more than half of whom are female. The Israeli occupation and attendant poverty cause communities inside West Bank camps to live under stress and violence particularly limiting to women.

Although often portrayed as “helpless victims of war,” little research has been done to explore how women understand their contributions to the resilience of refugee communities. Female refugees were interviewed about their household roles and community participation. This inquiry shows how female refugees navigate the impacts of gender on community resilience. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.

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Orhan E. Orhan, Ezgi (56215681100)Building community resilience: Business preparedness lessons in the case of Adapazari, Turkey2016

The lack of attention paid to businesses in disaster management systems from the standpoint of state policies hampers efforts to build community resilience. This paper examines, therefore, the extent of business preparedness for disasters. Empirical research was conducted in Adapazari, Turkey, 13 years after the I˙zmit earthquake, which struck the northwest of the country on 17 August 1999, claiming the lives of some 17,000 people. For the study, 232 firms were selected to inquire about their preparedness before and after the event. It is hypothesised that business preparedness is influenced by the following set of variables: business size;

business sector business age financial condition prior to the disaster; occupancy tenure; market range education level; and previous disaster experience. In line with the findings of the research, a policy framework is constructed to rationalise the allocation of resources for building

Wyte-Lake T.; Claver M.; Dalton S.; Dobalian A.Wyte-Lake, Tamar (55681008100); Claver, Maria (35483313100); Dalton, Sarah (57533688900); Dobalian, Aram (6602777670)Disaster Planning for Home Health Patients and Providers: A Literature Review of Best Practices2015 Individuals receiving care in the home are vulnerable during disasters due to high rates of chronic disease, cognitive impairment, functional limitations, and physical disabilities as well as dependence on life-saving treatments and equipment. Increasing disaster preparedness among home health care recipients decreases the likelihood of adverse health outcomes and lessens the burden on community hospitals and emergency responders. A literature review examined existing home health organization policies and procedures, lessons learned in the field, and expert recommendations for improving home-based patient disaster preparedness.

This review addressed preparedness on three levels: organization, provider, and patient. The results (1) indicate gaps between established and recommended tools and policies and adopted policies, and (2) demonstrate marked differences in approaches to evaluation,

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Singh-Peterson L.; Lawrence G.Singh-Peterson, Lila (53364461500); Lawrence, Geoffrey (7202287787)Insights into community vulnerability and resilience following natural disasters: perspectives with food retailers in Northern NSW, Australia2015 The resilience of Australia's food-supply chain following natural disasters has been brought into

question, following the significant flooding and cyclone events of 2010/2011. How this

manifests at the community level, in both rural and urban locations, has been examined through the lens of large and small food retailers in northern NSW. These interviews reveal the fragility of both the long and short supply chain where transport systems are compromised. Self-imposed standards severely restricted the ability of supermarkets to acquire fresh food, in the face of transport disruptions. Similarly, the precarious position of rural food retailers, exposed to continual fuel and electricity price increases, is compounded by the impact of extreme weather events. The insights captured through this study suggest interception points, or policy entry points, to address the resilience of the food-supply chain. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

James H.; Paton D.James, Helen (7202731269); Paton, Douglas (7103157913)Social capital and the cultural contexts of disaster recovery outcomes in myanmar and taiwan2015

Social capital and leadership are critical in mobilizing collective actions to promote community and individual recovery after a natural disaster. Transformation to a better situation post- disaster, not just returning to a previous state, reflects the growing emphasis on disaster as a catalyst for change. To facilitate transformative change, the development focus at the core of this approach emphasizes empowerment through local governments and domestic civil society organizations working in the ‘bottom up’ participatory mode to enhance the resilience of vulnerable population groups. Poverty reduction and disaster risk reduction are interlinked.

However, the research literature on disasters pays least attention to socially created

vulnerabilities. They are ignored because of the difficulty in developing agreement on theory, and prioritizing issues quantifying them. This article investigates the impact of the cultural contexts in Myanmar and Taiwan on disaster recovery and reconstruction plans for specific disaster events in which vulnerable population groups respond to different risk governance frameworks and suggests a foundation for developing a cross-cultural, all-hazards approach to

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Akhter S.; Sarkar R.; Dutta M.; Khanom R.; Akter N.; Chowdhury M.R.; Sultan M.Akhter, SyedaRezwana (56735759600); Sarkar, RatanKumar (56735610400); Dutta, Mitul (57216681025); Khanom, Roxana (56736809600); Akter, Nasima (57512515800); Chowdhury, Md. Raihan (57210753696); Sultan, Mainus (56735728900)Issues with families and children in a disaster context: A qualitative perspective from rural Bangladesh2015 Natural disasters such as floods and cyclones have repeatedly devastated lives and destroyed

the belongings of people. This is especially so for children and their families in Bangladesh. This study analyzed the specific aspects of vulnerability of children (birth to eight years) and their families in natural disasters and their resilience and preparedness in natural disaster contexts.

Qualitative field data suggest that, when faced with extreme natural forces, people suffered but coped with their changed situation. The data showed that families, who sometimes lost

everything, had their way of living drastically changed. They had to live a life that was not

preferable or emotionally acceptable to them. Women and children are affected most during any disastrous situation. Throughout this study it was evident that trauma brought fear and

disturbance, which made children feel anxious, even after the cessation of the disaster. Both physical and mental illness appeared in specific cases. It was also