ACSM's Introduction to Exercise Science

ACSM's Introduction to Exercise Science provides an overview of the components important to developing a solid understanding and appreciation of all aspects of exercise science. We hope this book provides students with valuable insights as they explore the wonderful world of exercise science.

Exercise and Sport Nutrition 182 History of Nutrition 185

Exercise and Sport Psychology 218 History of Exercise and Sports Psychology 221

Motor Behavior 250

Clinical and Sport Biomechanics 286 History of Biomechanics 288

Equipment and Assessment in Exercise Science 317 Pretesting Guidelines and Procedures 318

Careers and Professional Issues in Exercise Science 357 Certifi cation, Licensure, and Registration 359

Exercise Science in the Twenty-First Century 390 Exercise Science and Health 391

Explain the importance of exercise science as it relates to improving our understanding of physical activity, exercise, sport and athletic performance. Experts in the field of exercise science play an important role in promoting individual and population health, physical activity and exercise, and contribute to successful performance in sports and athletic competitions.

FIGURE 1.1 ▼ Common causes of mortality in the United States for the year 2005 (24).

WHAT IS EXERCISE SCIENCE?

It is clear, however, that areas of study in exercise science are moving further. Many of the early pioneers and leaders in the disciplines and fields of study of exercise science were in fact physical educators.

FIGURE 1.7 ▼ Relationships of the disciplines, subdisciplines, and specialty areas of exercise science.

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF EXERCISE SCIENCE

One of the leading pioneers in the study of physical activity was Dudley Allen Sargent. One could say that Sargent was the first personal trainer of the twentieth century.

FIGURE 1.8 ▼ Diskobolos—more com- com-monly known as Discus Thrower. (From the Esquiline Hill; former collection Massimo-Lancellotti.)

EXERCISE SCIENCE AND THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE

Copies of these positions can be found on the ACSM web page at www.acsm.org. In 1996, the ACSM partnered with the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) to offer the first Advanced Team Physician Course.

Table 1.2 Positions Stands from the American College of Sports Medicine

ACADEMIC PREPARATION IN EXERCISE SCIENCE

Students must have 1 year of the following courses: biological sciences, general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics (with a laboratory component for each). Each of the areas of study in exercise science can be offered as graduate programs at many colleges and universities.

FIGURE 1.13 ▼ Athletic trainers work with individuals injured during exercise, sport, or athletic competitions.

RESEARCH IN EXERCISE SCIENCE

Descriptive research

Experimental research

In the early 1970s, I completed two master's degrees at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst: one in exercise science and the other in history. With a strong scientific and clinical foundation, ACSM has continued to be the most respected authority in exercise science.

SUMMARY

Give examples of how each system in the body can affect physical activity and exercise. A systems approach to the study of exercise science allows students to understand how the body's various systems respond to acute and chronic stimuli and conditions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Various components of the nervous system can play an important role in sports and athletic performance. Parasympathetic The part of the autonomic nervous system that works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system.

FIGURE 2.1 ▼ Systems of the body. (Adapted from Sherwood L. Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The main components of the muscular system are individual muscle fibers (ie, muscle cells). An increase in muscle size can occur as a result of an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers (called muscle fiber hypertrophy) or growth in individual muscle fibers (called muscle fiber hyperplasia).

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The interaction between physical activity, training, nutrition and aging has significant consequences for the health of the skeletal system. Delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's working tissues and removes waste products.

Table 2.4 Functions of the Muscular System and their Relationship to Physical Activity, Exercise, Sport, and Athletic Performance

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Physical activity and exercise improve heart muscle function and improve blood flow to the heart and other tissues of the body. Atherosclerosis A disease process in which cholesterol and blood lipids accumulate in the arteries, causing narrowing of the vascular opening.

FIGURE 2.6 ▼ How the buildup of plaque can cause a decrease in the lumen of the artery is shown

PULMONARY SYSTEM

Most of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the respiratory unit (39,99). Disease conditions of the pulmonary system play an important role in the performance of physical activity and physical exercises by individuals.

FIGURE 2.7 ▼ Primary components of the pulmonary system.

URINARY SYSTEM

The primary components of the urinary system are the kidneys, renal artery and vein, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. Electrolytes The anions and cations that are distributed in the body's fluid spaces. The reduction of the sodium concentration in the blood results in a reduction of the total blood volume and decreases the resistance of the body's blood vessels.

FIGURE 2.8 ▼ Primary components of the urinary system. (From Premkumar K.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

One of the biggest contributors to the causative process of colorectal cancer is dietary fat. Distribution of macronutrients in the body Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are essential for the optimal functioning of the body during and after movement. Distribution of micronutrients in the body Vitamins and minerals are essential for the optimal functioning of the body during and after movement.

FIGURE 2.9 ▼ Primary components of the digestive system. Reprinted with permis- permis-sion from Cohen BJ, Wood DL

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Coaches and athletes have long been interested in using exogenous hormone supplementation to enhance various types of sports and athletic performance. Helps regulate lean and skeletal mass in the body. Glucagon Promotes nutrient retention. Issues surrounding effective drug testing include using equipment that is sensitive enough to detect drug metabolites in the blood or urine, identifying the different metabolites associated with synthetic anabolic steroids, and ensuring that effective drug testing is a deterrent to anabolic steroids and other anabolic substances. use by athletes (55).

Table 2.10 Endocrine Glands and Selected Secreted Hormones (99)

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Although much of the evidence is anecdotal, the few attempts to quantify disease rates tend to support higher disease incidence among certain groups of athletes (85). Moderate intensity exercise has been shown to produce a much smaller change in the cellular components of the immune system. Short periods of intense training can cause a temporary impairment of the immune response and repeated strenuous training, and the stress of top-level competition can have a more serious effect on immune function.

Table 2.12 Components of Innate and Acquired Immunity (98)

ENERGY SYSTEMS

Describe some of the important areas of research in exercise physiology. Exercise physiology is the study of the functional and physiological responses and adaptations that occur during and after physical activity and exercise. Exercise physiology Study of the functional responses and adaptations that occur during and after physical activity and exercise.

Table 2.14 illustrates the pathways for energy production in the body.

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Paradoxically, the closing of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in 1947 was instrumental in facilitating the establishment of other exercise physiology laboratories throughout the United States. The further development of exercise physiology happened in response to a number of social, political and professional factors. Since the establishment of the ACSM, numerous organizations have sprung up to provide support to other professionals with an interest in exercise physiology.

Table 3.1 Some Significant Historic Events in the Development of Exercise Physiology

THE BASIS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

The term chronic adaptations to physical activity and exercise refers to the adaptations that occur in body systems with repeated regular physical activity and exercise. Chronic adaptations Changes in body systems that occur in response to repeated regular physical activity and exercise. Much of the knowledge base in the study of exercise physiology and exercise science in general is the result of research and observation of the acute responses and chronic adaptations of body systems to physical activity and exercise.

AREAS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

The second factor that directly influences the shift in substrate use is an increase in the concentration of the hormone epinephrine. During prolonged physical activity or exertion, there is a gradual increase in the use of fat as an energy substrate. When an individual performs physical activity or exercise in hot and/or humid conditions, there is increased activity in the body's systems that control temperature regulation.

FIGURE 3.2 ▼ Effect of exercise intensity on substrate utiliza-tion and the crossover point (Source: Powers SK, Howley ET

OTHER AREAS OF STUDY

Bruce Gladden, PhD, FACSM, professor of exercise physiology in the Department of Kinesiology at Auburn University. How was the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory important in the development of exercise physiology as a scientific discipline? Physical activity in the treatment of overweight and obesity in adulthood: current evidence and research issues.

HISTORY OF CLINICAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Heberden and William Stokes (1804–78) are credited with being the first physicians to recommend the use of physical activity and exercise to promote recovery from heart disease (41,43). The use of physical activity and exercise to promote recovery in patients with lung disease is credited to Alvin L. Recommendations for the appropriate amount of physical activity and exercise have helped set the standards for the use of exercise as an aid to treatment of sick persons (35).

Table 4.1 Important Publications in Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Physical activity and exercise stress the body's systems and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and abnormal cardiovascular and pulmonary events. An individual's functional capacity is strongly influenced by the state of health and the level of fitness of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems. Stress testing results, clinical assessments and individual goals should be used to develop an exercise program (5).

Table 4.2 Significant Events in the Historic Development of Clinical Exercise Physiology

SPECIFIC DISEASE CONDITIONS

Cardiac output The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles of the heart per minute. Depression of diastolic function is characterized by an increased resistance to filling the ventricles. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States.

Table 4.5 Potential Benefits of Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Conditions (4)

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF ATHLETIC TRAINING AND SPORTS MEDICINE

The re-emergence of the NATA was the result of the development of regional athletic trainers' associations within various collegiate athletic conferences. A summary of some of the key historical events in the development of athletic training is presented in Table 5.1. 1956 First publication of the Journal of Athletic Training 1969 Development of certification program for athletic trainers.

Table 5.1 Key Historic Events in Athletic Training

PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY AREAS OF ATHLETIC TRAINING PROFESSIONALS

During a more formal observation of the injured area, the athletic trainer looks for any deformities, changes in skin color, and/or. After completing the injury evaluation, the athletic trainer must decide on a course of action. Athletic trainers must maintain current and accurate records as part of the comprehensive athletic training program.

FIGURE 5.5 ▼ Evaluation of an acute injury by an athletic trainer.

SPORTS MEDICINE

Arthroscopic surgery is used to evaluate and treat many orthopedic conditions such as torn fluid cartilage, torn surface cartilage, and ACL in the knee. Damage to the ulnar collateral ligament usually occurs in response to the stress of the throwing motion. The implantation of the cells is a surgical intervention in which the patient's joints are exposed by the orthopedic surgeon.

Table 5.8 Team Physician Consensus Statements

CURRENT ISSUES IN ATHLETIC TRAINING AND SPORTS MEDICINE

Absorption of the ACL at the joint can lead to its rupture or tear (59). As part of the primary care sports medicine team, athletic trainers are often the first. How the development of the NATA certification program has improved the athletic training profession.

FIGURE 5.11 ▼ Example of how a concussion of the brain occurs.

HISTORY OF NUTRITION

These experiments formed the basis for future work in the areas of energy intake and expenditure. In the early twentieth century, several laboratories were established to improve the understanding of nutrition. One of the most important long-term epidemiological studies of diet and health is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

FIGURE 6.3 ▼ A human calorimeter.