Maija-Leena Huotari suomen kielen, Informaatiotutkimuksen ja puheterapian laitos, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu, Suomi. Pa¨ivi Rasinkangas suomen kielen laitos, Informaatiotutkimuksen ja puheterapian laitos, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu, Suomi.
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
As pointed out by Ilkka Ma¨kinen in her article in this volume, it is no coincidence that the conference series ’’Conceptions of Library and Information Science’’ and ’’Information Seeking in Context’’. Furthermore, in the Finnish LIS literature there has been a systematic criticism of existing models for information search and information behaviour.
NOTE
The models of information seeking and behavior used by LIS researchers prioritize either the individual (or individual minds) or the social context. Finnish LIS researchers tended to emphasize the fundamental sociality of human thought and action; and they argue that the dualism between the individual and the social is an artificial one whose origin and authority must be criticized and challenged.
The meaning-making theory: Reviewing the interests of a user-centered approach to information seeking and use. Information processing and management. Context as category: Possibilities for ethnographic analysis in library and information science research. The New Review of Information Behavior Research, 2(November), 105-118.
MOTIVES FOR SHARING
SOCIAL NETWORKS AS INFORMATION SOURCES
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
GROUP BEHAVIOUR ATTRIBUTES AND MOTIVES FOR SHARING
Wilson (Wilson, 2000) connects contextual variables in addition to individual variables that influence the use of information. He refers to O'Reilly (O'Reilly, 1982), who believes that the use of information resources by organizational decision makers does not depend only on the source and quality of information, but is a mixture of contextual and individual causes.
SOCIAL NAVIGATION
The communicative (or cognitive) dimension is a visible condition necessary for the formation and use of social capital. Trust is the primary relational characteristic of social capital in Coleman's model (Coleman, 1988) and is also the most studied concept of social capital (Portes, 1998).
SOCIAL CAPITAL IN ORGANISATIONS
Communication is the mechanism by which the available stock of social capital can be accessed and expended to further organizational goals and objectives (Hazleton & . Kennan, 2000). From this description of social capital and its dimensions, it is clear that there is much consensus in the literature on the motives of information sharing in organizations.
FINDINGS IN TWO FINNISH ORGANISATIONS
The company was established at the beginning of the 20th century and has operated as a group of various insurance services since 2001. The claims unit is located in the company's life insurance department and has around 30 employees.
THE CLAIMS HANDLERS
These different views of the customer orientation are then always discussed in the claims handling meetings. However, older members of the group are slightly more likely to influence decisions in the organization.
BIOTECHNOLOGY EXPERTS
The demand for high quality is underlined and ''the products must be based on research facts - there is no room for error'' (Communication). Information from the external networks is communicated through the common projects and team efforts shared by the experts within the company.
DISCUSSION
In the biotechnology company, information is a personal asset that is provided to the group or to specific members of the group. The experts and their coordinator are bound together by an immediate goal: to create innovative products to support the business, and they work within tight time constraints.
CONCLUSIONS
There are five common motives for the two cases, but they have different preferences in the two groups (Table 11). Motives to share, however, are associated with many more factors than have been analyzed in this article.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks.Academy of Management Journal. Explaining knowledge sharing in organizations using the dimensions of social capital.Journal of Information Science.
DISCIPLINARY SOCIALIZATION
LEARNING TO EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF
SCHOLARLY LITERATURE
MF guidelines within HE are typically based on information literacy standards that list performance indicators and indicative outcomes. Johnston and Webber (2003) argue that IL standards are limited in their view of information literacy as an acquired personal attribute of individuals.
RESEARCH AIMS AND QUESTIONS
Cheuk (2002) similarly argues that information literacy needs context and topic-specific content to be meaningfully discussed. The summary compares the hypotheses with the results achieved and the chapter ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for information literacy efforts.
ACADEMIC CULTURES
What differences exist in approaches to the evaluation of the quality of literature between scientific disciplines. For the purposes of this study, Becher's ideas about ''disciplinary socialization'' are especially relevant.
THE STUDY
Becher and Kogan (1992) make some assumptions about differences in the nature of the education within the four disciplinary categories described in table 1. In the soft applied field, the teaching is practice-oriented, and the aim is to develop professional competences for future working life. .
TEACHING OF EVALUATION CRITERIA
As expressed by a member of the physics education faculty: "The scientific experiment is the question asked of nature and, through the experiment, nature gives an answer." In the first stage, the role of textbooks is to transmit "dogma", a language to talk about literature.
ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESES
The fact that social policy and social work as fields are linked to the development of professional practice within the human relations and service professions emerged in the case study as important to the orientation of teaching, but that teaching was also oriented towards the development of skills for enhancing practice through research. . This was manifested in emphasizing the difference between professional and scientific literature and defining the former as the object of analysis.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Students are expected to construct their own programs of study and formulate individual interpretations and conceptions of the issues involved. Faculty and student informants in the literature emphasized the holistic, personal, and value-laden nature of knowledge within the field, and the nature of research findings as interpretations that result in understanding.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS FOR INFORMATION LITERACY EFFORTS
Offering courses in information retrieval and library research skills as independent units of study provides fewer opportunities for collaboration between faculty and information experts located in the library. Our findings would recommend a reverse kind of integration: of information systems and recycling expertise aspects integrated within disciplinary curricula and courses.
NOTES
How researchers mobilize information in journal articles. Information processing and management Information literacy in the workplace: issues, best practices and challenges. Disciplinary Differences and Student Information Seeking Behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
NEW PREMISES OF PUBLIC
LIBRARY STRATEGIES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
This article focuses on the changing role of public libraries, with a specific focus on the demands posed by globalization and the development of the information society. Discussions about the changing role of public libraries usually reflect the social and economic changes taking place at the local, national and global levels.
GLOBALIZATION AS A FACTOR OF CHANGE
What do the changes associated with globalization mean for public libraries and the conditions for their operation? Since globalization processes include economic, cultural, social and political aspects, it is likely to affect public libraries in different ways.
NEW ROLE FOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES: FINNISH AND BRITISH EXPERIENCES
Seen from a historical perspective, this equalization policy in the field of public libraries was an integral part of the development of the welfare society. In the early years, digital libraries were often contrasted sharply with traditional libraries to emphasize the revolutionary features of the former.
DESIGNING ADJUSTMENT STRATEGIES FOR LIBRARIES
2pictures is the basic institution of the public library as a mediator in the global-local dialectic. The internet revolution challenged this development and contributed significantly to a rethinking of the social role of the public library.
CONCLUSION
The central issues of information literacy and self-realization are in the cultural mission of public libraries. Libraries, learning and information in the next decade. http://www.culture.gov.uk (accessed 4 January 2005).
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY’S INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
To improve overall performance, we need to understand how the library's IC is integrated with the university's IC. In this article, we focus on the university library's IC in improving the university's IC.
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
We will look at the components of the library IC and suggest that some kind of professional understanding and knowledge can be used to integrate the library IC with the university IC. We argue that the university library IC, including key components, could improve the university IC.
LIBRARY’S HUMAN CAPITAL IN ENHANCING THE UNIVERSITY’S INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
Understanding and knowledge of university processes and the role of the library in these processes. In addition, they must be able to integrate their own knowledge into the HC of the university.
LIBRARY’S STRUCTURAL CAPITAL IN ENHANCING THE UNIVERSITY’S INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
University libraries have traditionally played an important role as part of the university's information system and information resources. This suggests that the library itself can be understood as a part of the KS of the whole university.
LIBRARY’S RELATIONAL CAPITAL IN ENHANCING THE UNIVERSITY’S INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
In this article, our aim was to increase the understanding of how the intellectual capital of the university library constitutes a part of the intellectual capital of the university. Additionally, we discussed what kind of professional understanding and knowledge is needed in libraries as a catalyst to help integrate the intellectual capital of the library with that of the university.
FROM THE RHETORIC OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT TO
These instruments can also be found in the descriptions of quality management in the Finnish public sector published by the Ministry of Finance (Sorri-Teir, Pallas, & Westerlund, 1998, p. 8). Clients have become more quality conscious, and they want to participate in the development of the information services within the campus.
FINNISH HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES AND HOW THEY IMPACT ON THE UNIVERSITY OF KUOPIO
One of the incentives for these systems, especially for the evaluation process, was the decision of the member states of the European Union to create the European Higher Education Area, a process that began in Bologna in the summer of 1999. To achieve the goals set out in the Communication of the Conference of Ministers Responsible for higher education in Berlin on September 19 in Finland, evaluations or audits of universities and polytechnics will be carried out.
MANAGING LIBRARY’S PROCESSES AND CREATING TEAMS TO IMPLEMENT THE POLICY
Strategic competencies: The availability of skills, talent and knowledge to carry out the activities required by the strategy. Strategic information: Availability of the information systems and knowledge applications and infrastructure needed to support the strategy.
THE CASE OF THE KUOPIO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
The aim of quality library work is to improve the quality of services provided. Quality work began in early 2003 with the renovation of the library's website.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Beyond measuring service quality: Learning from the voices of customers, staff, processes and the organization. Library trends. From the print world to the digital environment: The role of repository libraries in a changing environment. Library management.
OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING AS A DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC WAY OF
THE CASE OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN FINLAND
On December 13, 20045, Stevan Harnad wrote on the American Scientist open access forum posting list that only 15%. In the discussion part of the paper, we try to identify incentives for open access publishing among medical researchers.
OPEN ACCESS IN FINLAND
In this article, we start by outlining the requirements for Finnish open access publishing with regard to scientific articles. We then focus on e-publishing, in particular the open access publishing of scientific articles in open access journals or as secondary publication on the web.
FIELD DIFFERENCES IN SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNICATION AND PUBLISHING PATTERNS
One of the findings was that open access is not a well-understood concept among researchers in general. Research on authors' attitudes towards open access publishing has also been conducted by Swan and Brown (2004) and Schroter, Tite and Smith (2005).
OPEN ACCESS INITIATIVES FOR MEDICINE
The scientific field's communication patterns and the field's willingness to introduce new techniques early. BMC allows new customers to join at a fairly low institutional rate, but after a certain time the fee will be based on the amount of articles actually published in BMC.
THE CASE STUDY ON FINNISH BIOMEDICAL OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING – NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH
The second is Public Library of Science (PLoS), a non-profit organization consisting of an independent group of researchers committed to providing free access to biomedical literature.9 Both of these publishers allow free access, but in every case, authors are charged for the publication of their articles.
INSTITUTE AND UNIVERSITY OF OULU
In the case of Oulu, the articles represent a single department of biochemistry and molecular biology. Google Scholar is popular among researchers who want to gather information about a researcher through his/her website and find references directly from the web using a general search engine.
RESULTS
The status or ranking that researchers have within the research community will continue to be based on their capacity to publish in the "right". Therefore, it will be interesting to see if open access journals can gain the kind of reputation that will place them in the ranks of "fair" journals.
USE OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN
PARLIAMENTARY DISCUSSION
Our aim is to give an overall description of discursive information use during parliamentary debates and to focus in more detail on some illustrative cases. The seventh and final section offers conclusions and suggests some ways to deepen the study of discursive information use in parliamentary contexts.
THE CONSTRUCTIONIST RESEARCH APPROACH
In the third section, we briefly discuss the characteristics that must be taken into account when studying discursive information use. Therefore, the constructionist researcher focuses on the social practices and resources used to maintain the conception of the world's stability and permanence.
INFORMATION USE AS DISCURSIVE ACTION
The cognitive authority of the source of information can not only be supported rhetorically, but also challenged in conversational situations. Instead, it may attempt to undermine the cognitive authority of the source or sources of information that were mentioned in the opponent's speech.
COGNITIVE AUTHORITIES AND INFORMATION USE IN THE FINNISH PARLIAMENT
Most of the examples are taken from debates during plenary sessions in the Finnish Parliament. Thompson, the most quoted historian of the 20th century and a leading peace activist in Europe in the 1980s.
SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION AS A COGNITIVE AUTHORITY AND AS A SOURCE OF
In the words of UNESCO, "peace begins in the minds of men" and in the words of Gandhi, "there is no way to peace, peace is the way." Security and defense policy is thus deeply rooted in culture, in people's mental images and in historical memory.
EVIDENCE IN PARLIAMENTARY DISCUSSION
In such situations, the findings are seen as a political commentary rather than an objective description of society: "such arguments are always used by feminist researchers" or "wasn't the researcher's name on the list of conservatives in the last election". ?''. The MP also points out that the statistics used in the government bill are "inappropriate": current statistical methods do not reveal the real duration of studies in different disciplines.
INSTRUMENTAL AND CONCEPTUAL USES OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
This article is a preliminary characterization of the roles and functions of social science information in parliamentary discussion. Above we have shown that social science research information is used during the plenary sessions of the Finnish Parliament in colorful and diverse ways.
FROM MARGINAL TO
EXCELLENCE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH
IN INFORMATION
STUDIES IN FINLAND
Ragnar Audunson (2005) concluded that ``compared to the research output and citations, the Finnish LIS community must be one of the world's most efficient''. What follows is more of a preliminary analysis of the initial stages of development than a complete history of LIS research in Finland.
THE CHAIR IN LIS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE 1971
During the 1970s and 1980s, much energy was spent discussing the dual nature of the fields of library science and information science. The juxtaposition of Western and socialist concepts of science added an additional nuance to the discussion.
BEGINNINGS OF RESEARCH
Information science in the Soviet Union, on the other hand, was kept relatively free of party politics. Library and information science in the East was as institution-centered as in the West or more so (Ma¨kinen, 2002).
THE NEW CONCEPTION OF LIS
It is clear that Ja¨rvelin and Vakkari did not withdraw their ideas. Jarvelin and Vakkari's conception of the nature of LIS has not gone unchallenged in Finland.
INTERNATIONALIZATION
She herself participated in the work of the Library Theory and Research Section of IFLA, where her successor Pertti Vakkari was also active. Repo (Ja¨rvelin & Repo a, 1984b), one of the pioneers of information science research in Finland, who did not allow himself to be tied to a permanent position in the academic world (except for the honorary title of "docent" at the department of Tampere).
SETTING THE PRIORITY AREAS
The current research groups in the priority areas are FIRE (the Finnish Information Retrieval Expert Group), REGIM (the Research Group on Information Management) and REGIS (the Research Group on Information Retrieval), and the newest one among the research groups, IRiX (the Research Group on Information Retrieval in Context) . However, the priority areas and research groups are not a monolithic structure that automatically produces results.
CONFERENCES AS BRANDS
Bibliometric analysis of the production of alkaline pulp.] Unpublished licentiate thesis, University of Tampere, Tampere. The first academic year, 1971-72, at the Department of Library and Information Science at the University of Tampere].
THE RESEARCH PROCESSES OF HUMANITIES SCHOLARS
Perhaps the best-known theoretical model of scientists' information seeking and search patterns is David Ellis' (1993) behavioral framework, further developed by Tom Wilson (1999) into a phase process version (Figure 1). To understand the information needs and information-seeking habits of humanities scholars, it is crucial to understand the nature of research processes within diverse humanities fields.
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND AIMS
Broadly speaking, one can distinguish two types of sources or variants of the fascist perspective in qualitative data. The factual perspective plays the main role in the qualitative content analysis of the interview data.
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
These two types of sources can be equated with two methods used to examine and increase the reliability of the information from the interviews. Here the metaphors used shed light on the distinctive and salient features of the research processes.
FINDINGS
One of the research processes of art historians was significantly different from other types. Some types (bee and fly) were not typical of representatives of a certain discipline, but some were strongly associated with disciplines (sphinx moth, moth, spider, mockingbird and mole).
