1 A bibliometric-based evaluation on the use of agri-food waste and byproducts as a self- 2 sufficient fish feed materials for strengthening sustainable aquaculture
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4 Adhita Sri Prabakusuma#1,2*, Budi Wardono#3, Mochammad Fahlevi4, Armen Zulham3, Mas 5 Tri Djoko Sunarno5, Mat Syukur3, Mohammed Aljuaid6, Sebastian Saniuk7, Tenny Apriliani8, 6 Radityo Pramoda8
7 1Vocational School of Foodservice Industry, Food Science and Biotechnology Research Group, 8 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
9 2College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, 10 China
11 3Research Center for Cooperative, Corporation, and People’s Economy, National Research and 12 Innovation Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
13 4Management Department, BINUS Online Learning, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 14 11530, Indonesia
15 5Research Center for Fishery, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16912, 16 Indonesia
17 6Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration, King Saud 18 University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
19 7Department of Engineering Management and Logistic Systems, Faculty of Economics and 20 Management, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra 65-417, Poland
21 8Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation 22 Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
23 #Adhita Sri Prabakusuma and Budi Wardono have contributed equally to this work.
24 *Corresponding author: Dr. agr. Adhita Sri Prabakusuma 25 e-mail: adhita.sriprabakusuma@tp.uad.ac.id
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26 Abstract
27 The agri-food industry worldwide generates a large volume of waste annually, which causes 28 both environmental and economic problems. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the 29 use of agri-food waste and byproducts to produce alternative, self-sufficient fish feed. This 30 review aimed to analyze the intellectual structure of the research on the use of agri-food waste 31 and byproducts as self-sufficient fish feed materials, based on 922 Scopus-indexed core 32 collection documents from 252 journals written by 4,420 authors from 73 countries with an 33 annual growth rate of 18.65% over the last four years (2019–2022). The review implemented a 34 knowledge domain visualization approach using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny in the 35 Bibliometrix R-package to investigate the basic scientometric profile of the selected fields, 36 including the main relevant journals, influential authors, representative references, the number 37 of potential collaborative networks among institutions and countries, emerging research trends, 38 and the knowledge structure. It has been highlighted that the utilization of agri-food waste and 39 byproducts has beneficial effects on sustainable aquaculture and the blue economy, particularly 40 in the production of self-sufficient fish feed. Those two materials can be processed further as 41 potential ingredients with high nutritive value in the formulation of dietary supplementation for 42 supporting the healthy growth of fish reared under controlled experimental treatments. This 43 bibliometric study gives a full picture of the publications that can be used to look at the 44 intellectual domain and landscape of research on self-sufficient fish feed. It also shows how 45 interest in this research topic and similar ones is growing.
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47 Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, VOSViewer, Bibliometrix, agri-food waste and byproducts, 48 self-sufficient fish feed
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50 1. Introduction
51 Across the world, the importance of fish and fisheries in achieving global food security 52 has been recognized, particularly in their critical roles in the supply and in providing the demand 53 for protein consumption by humans 1,2. Fisheries and marine economic activities have emerged 54 as key drivers of the global economy 3–5. Consumption of fish and fish byproducts worldwide 55 has increased significantly in recent decades, as has the high volume of international trade, 56 especially now that the pandemic phase of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) appears to be 57 coming to an end in most countries 2,6–8. Annual fish consumption grew by at least 20.2 kg 58 globally from the average per capita and provided more than 20% of the animal protein intake 59 of more than 8 billion people 2. Fish is also expected to be a critical food resource to increase 60 the health quality of billions of people in both developing and developed countries because of 61 its unique nutritional and functional properties 9–13.
62 Fish-related activities in the blue economic system, including fisheries and aquaculture, 63 processing, trading, and feed formulation and production, contribute significantly to the income 64 and thus indirect food security of more than 10% of the world’s population, primarily in 65 emerging and developing economies 11,13. Moreover, the elimination of poverty (Sustainable 66 Development Goal, SDG1), the eradication of hunger (SDG2), and the reduction of inequalities 67 within and between countries will all be mainly attributable to the blue economy, which has as 68 its central theme the sustainable and high-quality development of the fishery and marine 69 economy (SDG10) 14. Recently, the scientific research and development of fish resources in 70 order to achieve a sustainable blue economy have captured the world’s attention. In aquaculture, 71 nutrition is a critical input because formulated fish feed accounts for the single largest cost and 72 is responsible for roughly half of the variable production expense 15. In recent years, research 73 on fish nutrition has widely advanced with the development of innovative and balanced 74 commercial diets to promote the optimum growth and health of fish
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16. The recent development75 of new species-specific fish feed formulations based on a nutrigenomics approach supports the 76 aquaculture industrial expansion to meet rising demand for high-quality, healthier, affordable, 77 and safe fish products. Technically, complete fish diets include all the main nutrients that fish 78 need to grow and stay healthy, including protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fats 17.
79 The majority of fish farmers use complete fish diets, which typically contain the following 80 nutrients in varying percentage ranges: protein (18–50%), carbohydrate (15–20%), ash (+8.5%), 81 phosphorus (+1.5%), lipids (10–25%), water (+10%), and trace amounts of additional vitamins 82 and minerals 15. Protein, as the most important, expensive, and irreplaceable nutrient in fish 83 feed, requires accurate determination in the supplementation of the fish diet based on each 84 species and life stage cultured 16,18. For example, the feed protein content of shrimp, catfish, 85 and tilapia accounts for nearly 30–35%, 28–32%, and 35–40%, respectively 15,19. The 86 nutritional content of fish feed varies depending on the species and life stage of the fish cultured 87 20. When fish are reared in high-density indoor pound systems or confined in particular cages 88 and are unable to forage freely on natural foods, such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, annelids, 89 worms, insects, and algae, as a consequence, a complete diet must be provided. Due to the high 90 expense of imported fish meals and oils used in commercial feeds, it is presumed that using 91 them in the diets of farmed fish is an unsustainable practice 18.
92 Approximately 87% of the total global fish production was used for human consumption, 93 and the remaining 13% was used to make non-food products, primarily fishmeal and oil 21. 94 Those two fish byproducts are the most nutrient-dense and readily digested feed components 95 for farmed fish, and the aquaculture industry continues to use about 70% of the world’s fishmeal 96 and oil production as feed 22. By-catch of fish and shellfish, as well as fish harvesting rejects, 97 can be converted into fish meal for farmed fish feed, which is accomplished by thoroughly 98 homogenizing the waste materials, pressing continuously to expel liquid, and then milling and 99 drying the residue to obtain a dark brown powder. Fish oil, a byproduct of the production of
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100 fishmeal, is produced by pressing and milling the solids from previous fishmeal production, 101 then homogenizing and centrifuging the liquid to fully separate the oil from the aqueous phase 102 23. To make aquaculture more sustainable, the use of alternative ingredients from agri-food 103 waste and byproducts that are locally available should be considered in the production of fish 104 feed 24,25. The natural wastes and byproducts from the agricultural materials (cereal powders, 105 cassava flour, groundnuts, and wheat bran), food, livestock, marine, and fishery industries (e.g., 106 dairy products, eggs, slaughterhouses, fish processing plants, bakeries, and others) have the 107 potential to be processed further to make balanced nutritive raw materials and supplements for 108 formulating feed for farmed fish 24,26.
109 During the last four years, from 2019 to 2022, research hotspots of self-sufficient fisheries 110 related to sustainable development and the blue economy were analyzed using knowledge 111 domain visualization (KDV) or scientography through the approach of bibliometrics from the 112 publicly available Scopus core database 27,28. The reason for choosing that time period is 113 because there will be a significant amount of publication after the COVID-19 pandemic has 114 passed. The findings summarize the global research growth and trend of self-sufficient fish feed 115 produced from agri-food waste and byproducts, which may inspire new scientific ideas for 116 future work in planning, illuminating, and developing next innovative related studies. Thus, the 117 aim of this study was to look into the growth, trends, patterns of author productivity, thematic 118 evolution, and influential keywords of scientific literature in the aforementioned research field.
119 It will provide researchers with a credible resource that can assist in the understanding of the 120 current self-sufficient fish feed research focus in aquaculture fields and other primary 121 scientometric information. To date, there have been very few scientometric studies in this 122 research field to date, making this study necessary.
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125 2. Materials and Methods
126 In this study, by focusing exclusively on analyzing the intellectual structure of the recent 127 publications on the use of agri-food waste and byproducts to produce self-sufficient fish feed, 128 the knowledge domain under the represented area was enriched and examined. More 129 specifically, according to the KDV methodology described elsewhere by Mostafa (2020) and 130 Sancho (2020), this work led to the answers to the following research questions (RQ):
131 RQ-1: How has the research on self-sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste 132 and byproducts evolved during the last four years?
133 RQ-2: What kind of potential collaborative partnership emerges among countries, 134 authors, and institutions in the research field?
135 RQ-3: Which articles and authors are the most influential in the research field?
136 RQ-4: What are the main countries or regions where research on self-sufficient fish feed 137 produced from agri-food waste and byproducts is taking place?
138 RQ-5: What are the main research topics and focuses emerging from the field?
139 RQ-6: What are the current emerging thematic trends and updates in research on self- 140 sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts?
141 To answer those six research questions, a KDV based on bibliometric analysis was 142 performed 28. Bibliometric analysis is an approach aimed at visualizing and summarizing the 143 present state of the art of an emerging or existing research topic 29–31. The data used for 144 bibliometric analysis were retrieved from a single scientific search engine, Scopus. The 145 following keyword search string was formulated in the search engine: (TITLE-ABS-KEY("fish 146 feed") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("agri-food waste") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("agri-food 147 byproducts") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("sustainable aquaculture")) AND (LIMIT-
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148 TO(PUBYEAR, 2022) OR LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR, 2021) OR LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR, 2020) 149 OR LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR, 2019)) AND (LIMIT-TO(DOCTYPE, "ar") OR LIMIT- 150 TO(DOCTYPE, "re")) AND (LIMIT-TO(SUBJAREA, "AGRI")) AND ( LIMIT- 151 TO(LANGUAGE, "English")), which was inputted in order to exclude publications that does 152 not meet the criteria. Comprehensively, a total of 922 valid sample documents, including 153 research and the full-text data of articles and reviews in the online version and articles in press 154 categories from 2019–2022, were retrieved from the Scopus database (accessed on December 155 1, 2022).
156 Technically, a set of title, abstract, and keywords of each selected publication were 157 completely downloaded in comma-separated values (.csv) file format and subjected to the 158 VOSViewer co-occurrence mapping (network, overlay, and density visualization) with the 159 association strength method, which also shows the publication time from 2019–2022 as an 160 important complementary factor. VOSviewer version 1.6.14 is a software tool for analyzing an 161 extensive data volume of bibliometric networks, creating maps based on the data networks of 162 the literatures, and exploring and visualizing graphical analysis (network visualization, overlay 163 visualization, and density visualization) on these created maps 29,30,32,33. A co-occurrence map 164 was used to semantically represent the network containing among the verified selected 165 keywords of the numerous papers. For the bibliometric analysis, all the terms in the search 166 string demonstrated in the above-mentioned sections were considered substantial units of 167 analysis. However, some slight adjustments were implemented accordingly. Herein we 168 obtained 5 clusters with 430 items, 18,678 links, and 35,861 total link strengths, with the 169 aquaculture item in cluster 1 as the strongest item, having 387 links with other relevant items, 170 234 occurrences, and 1,741 total link strengths. Then, the data were further analyzed and 171 interpreted with the Biblioshiny tool in the R package, which can be accessed freely at 172 https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/. The bibliometrix software, written in the R language for
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173 scientific computation, provides a set of tools for quantitative research approaches in 174 scientometrics and bibliometrics, including substantial existence, effective statistical 175 algorithms, integrated data visualization tools, and access to high-quality numerical routine 176 analyses 34.
177
178 3. Results and Discussion
179 3.1. Scientific production, productive authors, and geographical analysis
180 To obtain an appropriate answer to the RQ-1, we followed Liang et al. (2022) by 181 collecting and tracing the evolution of the research literature on self-sufficient fish feed 182 produced from agri-food waste and byproducts that evolved during the last four years 29. Fig. 1 183 depicts the annual scientific production of self-sufficient fish feed. The graph depicts an 184 exponential annual growth rate of 18.65% among 252 identified journals, with the significant 185 increase happening year by year from 2019 to 2022, where the scientific publication in 2019 186 was 176 documents and increased to 294 documents until December 2022. The literature seems 187 abundant, with an average of 15, 17, 21, and 27 documents from 2019 to 2022, respectively.
188 Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has been identified as the major cause of the weakening of 189 annual scientific production during 2019–2020, particularly publications related to the themes 190 of fisheries and aquaculture 35. Restrictions on the movement and research activities of scientists 191 and the cancellation of research funding caused scientific production to stagnate during the 192 pandemic situation 36. Different research projects perform admirably in specific contexts, such 193 as the development of vaccines, medicines, and medical supplies and equipment, but perform 194 poorly in others, with fisheries and aquaculture being no exception 37. After the pandemic 195 situation declined, research focused on fisheries and fish feed topics increased significantly, as 196 evidenced by an increase in scientific publications from 2021 to 2022
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38. That increase is likely197 also supported by the demand to consume animal-based protein, vitamin D, vitamin E, and 198 other functional nutrients from bioactive compounds derived from fishery products to maintain 199 the quality of human health and the immune system so as to avoid pathogenic infection 36,39–41.
200 Furthermore, the overall development of the scientific literature on self-sufficient fish 201 feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts is also witnessed in the increasing number 202 of authors (Table 1), productive journals (Table 2), countries involved (Fig. 2), citations per 203 article (Fig. 3), and sources used (Fig. 4). The change in dominance among authors over time 204 in the production of publications was analyzed using an author’s dominance map and depicted 205 in Fig. 4. It can be seen that Dawood M. A. O., from the Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, 206 Kagoshima University, Japan, and the Department of Aquaculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 207 Egypt, is the most productive author within the field, with 19 total publications and 695 global 208 citations from 2019 to 2022 (Fig. 5). Varying circle sizes with dark blue gradations demonstrate 209 which authors are most influential and productive within the field, both in terms of total article 210 number and citations. While Hoseinifar S. H., the second-most influential author with 399 211 citations, has only 9 documents. In this context, more citations indicate more adaptability, 212 impact value, and a higher intensity of knowledge flow from the publication 42.
213 In scientometrics studies using a bibliometric approach, the technical factors of 214 concentration, evenness, stability, and consistency in the context of the author's productivity in 215 the field are essential to increasing their scientific performance and dominance over time 27,28. 216 In order to empirically measure those scientific productivity factors and its frequency 217 distribution, Lotka’s law and Maximum Principle of Shannon’s entropy statistical models are 218 feasible and appropriate to be implemented. In particular, Lotka’s law has been used 219 successfully in previous studies on marine, fisheries, and aquaculture, such as research progress 220 on aquaculture 43, oyster 44, seafood quality 45, marine plastic pollution 5, Sri Lankan aquatic 221 science
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46, and coastal governance 47.222 According to Lotka’s law, the number of authors contributing n scientific contributions 223 is roughly equal to those creating 1/n2 of those creating a single scientific contribution, and the 224 number of authors Y(x) indicated in percentage, each with a total of x documents written, is 225 inversely comparable to x, which is the scientific productivity of each author individualy 45,46. 226 In this research, a total of 922 valid documents written by 4,420 authors and co-authors from 227 73 countries were collected, where every article’s author was provided one credit to weigh their 228 performance and productivity. It is observed that the majority (3,860 authors; 87.3%) shared 229 only one article; therefore, these existing data do not fit with Lotka’s law (Fig. 6). Based on a 230 formal Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, the research on self-sufficient fish feed 231 produced from agri-food waste and byproducts during 2019–2022 does not follow the given 232 distribution (p-value = 0.1243) with a goodness of fit of 0.5556 at a significance level of 0.05, 233 where there is no significant difference between the observed and theoretical distributions. We 234 used Lotka’s law to determine the authorship concentration of the field because it has been 235 commonly used in identical scientometric studies 27,28,45. The majority of authors observed in 236 this study do not concentrate totally in this research field, which can be seen from the large tail 237 of single-article authors, as depicted in Fig. 6.
238 Recently, geographic analysis has been widely implemented in the numerous literatures 239 of scientometric studies. In this research, geographic visualization and analysis are performed 240 using the Biblioshiny tool in the Bibliometrix R package to create a world map of collaboration 241 and country-level scientific production for the research on self-sufficient fish feed produced 242 from agri-food waste and byproducts. It is also usually used to find where an occurrence 243 happens and how it directly impacts the related fields 48. Using a bibliographic world map, it is 244 possible to provide a scientific landscape based on intellectual information and visualize the 245 geographic location of authors, networks to their research collaborators, and the original version 246 of their published articles
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49,50. As an example, geographic visualization was successfully used247 in research to map the global network of fisheries science collaborations 51. The geographic 248 map of the scientific landscape of the research on self-sufficient fish feed produced from agri- 249 food waste and byproducts, is depicted in Fig. 7. The total number of citations is presented in 250 proportional dark blue gradient colors, and the strength of publication collaborations is 251 demonstrated in a red line with different width variations. It can be seen that Spain and Portugal 252 have the strongest publication cooperation (12 collaborations), followed by Egypt and Saudi 253 Arabia (9 collaborations), Egypt and Germany, Malaysia and Bangladesh, and the USA and 254 Canada, with 8 collaborations, respectively.
255 Among countries that produced scientific publications in the field of self-sufficient fish 256 feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts, China is the most productive country with 257 93 valid documents, followed by India, Brazil, Indonesia, and Egypt with 64, 48, 45, and 42 258 valid documents, respectively. Herein we found 5 countries from 5 different continents with 259 high citation numbers; those are China, Egypt, Italy, the USA, and Australia, with total citations 260 of 781, 733, 424, 399, and 321 citations, respectively. These findings also aided the researchers 261 in answering RQ-4. Indeed, China, which ranks as the world’s biggest fishing country either as 262 the producer or consumer of fish and fish byproducts, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the 263 total marine catch worldwide (more than 85% is caught domestically), has a strong interest in 264 improving their research in all aspects of the aquaculture industries 52,53. It is important to note 265 that Indonesia, as the biggest maritime country in the Southeast Asia region, has made big 266 strides in expanding its marine and aquaculture businesses, education, innovation, research, and 267 development. Indonesian government helps different groups work together to improve the 268 quality of their science and technology. This is why they are seen as the most productive country 269 in the field in the Southeast Asia region, with a large number of publications 54–56.
270 Citations in scientific publications are used for different purposes of research assessment, 271 particularly in measuring research performance, scientific quality, impact, or influence
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57,58.272 The performance of research and academic institutions worldwide to produce scientific 273 publications regularly, the impact of published documents, collaboration between institutions, 274 and the evaluation of influential articles in a field can be evaluated using citation metrics 59,60. 275 It is also important to highlight that we looked at the total number of article citations and not 276 just the number of articles that were published, which is mainly because citations can be a great 277 indicator of how active and productive a research field is.
278
279 3.2. Research collaboration network analysis
280 3.2.1. Collaboration networks
281 To answer RQ-2, Figure 8 shows a network map of the people who worked together or 282 shared co-authorship on the research on self-sufficient fish feed made from agri-food waste and 283 byproducts. The co-authorship network based on country location of authors analyzed by the 284 Walktrap clustering algorithm comprises 3 clusters, with the USA having the strongest 285 betweenness (28.694) among relevant countries with a closeness and page rank of 0.029 and 286 0.068, respectively (Fig. 8 (a)). Various informative findings can be potentially interpreted from 287 the observed graph, such as that it can be seen that Dawood, M. A. O. in cluster 7, Yang, J. in 288 cluster 1, and van Doan H. in cluster 7, with PageRanks of 0.0732, 0.0666, and 0.0605, 289 respectively, were regarded as the top 3 most influential authors in this scientific field. Those 290 authors have the biggest node size in the co-authorship collaboration network, which means 291 that they have strong contributions, high citation numbers, and extensive interconnection with 292 other authors in the field. In the evolution of academic research, the role of influential authors 293 is powerful to shape and define the interaction network, the change of scientific perspective, 294 and the flow of intellectual information worldwide 61,62. The influential authors with high 295 citation numbers indicate that they have a significant impact on the academic research field,
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296 calculated based on the amount at which their relevant peers cite their scholarly article 63. 297 Nowadays, authors as professional researchers, particularly in aquaculture sciences, perform 298 their scientific work in a complex dimension that includes contacting various research sponsors, 299 collaborators, publishers, institutions, industries, and other colleagues, as well as registering 300 and commercializing their patents, copyrights, inventions, and innovations 64–67.
301 Online publication of journal articles has made it possible to easily track citations and 302 interactive features, such as the number of article downloads, which has resulted in the creation 303 of a new set of indices that can be used to assess and value the relative value of contributions 304 made by various researchers, journals, and articles 68–70. Indicators of researcher performance 305 and dominance in a field concentrate on one or a combination of four essential aspects that 306 include the value of the topics, the quantity of researcher outputs, the number of connections, 307 and the scientific impact of the publications or authors on society 71. Research collaboration is 308 required to maintain sustainability, reduce costs, and address complex scientific issues in 309 research works that otherwise cannot be solved or addressed by individual researchers 310 72,73. From Fig. 8 (a) and (b), it can be seen that there were some strong connections between 311 some nodes and other nodes, indicating that the countries or authors in the environment of 312 global co-authorship collaboration deal with and discuss common research topics, interests, 313 works, and agendas. In bibliometric studies, the similarity connection refers to the network of 314 underlying disciplinary or thematic research and is known as homophily 27,28,74.
315 According to the analysis of the global co-authorship collaboration network based on 316 authors’ contributions to answer RQ-3, the strongest closeness was found in cluster 4, where 317 Dawod M. A. O. was observed with the highest closeness, followed by van Doan H., Hoseinifar 318 S. H., Sewilam H., and Rahman M. M., with the closeness values of 0.25, 0.20, 0.17, 0.17, and 319 0.14, respectively, demonstrating a possible homophily factor. While responding to RQ-4, 320 China was determined to be the most powerful country in the world within the field with the
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321 strongest collaboration network, primarily with France (7 connections), the United States (7 322 connections), and Norway (5 connections). Besides, China also built collaboration networks 323 with 5 connections to Norway and the UK and 3 connections to Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, 324 India, and Malaysia, as can be seen in Fig. 8 (a). Future researchers can create new ideas by 325 producing new research articles that link unconnected clusters. Those new articles have 326 potential as scholarly bridges, as they can provide links between the disconnected clusters 327 shown in Fig. 8(b). Authors connecting those separate clusters can receive citations from other 328 authors in both clusters, and they can play an essential role in bridging nodes in the network.
329 As such, the authors can be assigned as the intermediary collaborators that connect multiple 330 clusters in the global collaboration network.
331 Food waste is a serious global sustainability problem with negative effects on 332 environmental, economic, and social aspects that needs effective collaborations and 333 interventions from various stakeholders to ensure the best possible use of the available food 334 resources and to support global food security. Collaborative research on the barriers and 335 opportunities for reducing and preventing agri-food waste, including the production of self- 336 sufficient fish feed, is essential to facilitating the massive exchange of new ideas and best 337 practices by bringing the development and implementation of innovation and technology that 338 can be a more appropriate solution to alleviating the problem of shrinkage, food loss, and waste.
339
340 3.2.2. Co-occurrence network and keywords analysis
341 The co-occurrence network analysis of the terms in the publication of self-sufficient fish 342 feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts, which was obtained from the Scopus 343 database, is widely used in bibliometrics studies to determine the potential relationship between 344 two bibliographic items that present in the same research field. The co-occurrence network
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345 matrix is commonly used to analyze text that incorporates a specific graphic visualization of 346 potential relationships between authors, affiliations, countries, concepts, or other relevant 347 entities available in the metadata 75. The items of the matrix consist of row and column headings, 348 and the intersection of those indicates the existing co-occurrence network 76. In this study, a 349 specific filtering procedure of the co-occurrence network matrix has been used to eliminate 350 items with a low frequency due to their low occurrence and representativeness, making the 351 results more interpretable. Co-occurrence network analysis concentrates on evaluating and 352 interpreting counts of co-occurring terms within a domain of a unit collection 76,77.
353 Herein, the co-occurrence network was analyzed using the LinLog/modularity 354 normalization tool in the VosViewer, with random starts at 1, the minimum number of term 355 occurrences set to 5, the iterations maximum set to 1,000, the initial step size of 1.00, the step 356 size reduction of 0.75, the step size convergence of 0.001, and the random seed of 0. It was 357 found that 408 items met the standard of the specified threshold, 5 main clusters, 17,596 links, 358 and 38,677 total link strength, with the item of aquaculture in cluster 1 having the largest links 359 (365), total link strength (1,818), and occurrences (234) (Fig. 9). An agglomerative bottom-up 360 hierarchical clustering approach was used in the computation of LinLog/modularity 361 normalization to construct the clusters and a co-occurrence matrix based on selected terms 362 extracted from the titles of the publications with an occurrence of ≥2 adjusted from the initial 363 input setting in the clustering stage 30,78,79. The most relevant items had previously been 364 modified to limit the appropriate items contextualized to the research field.
365 According to Fig. 9, in cluster 1, there were dominant items with strong occurrence and 366 total link strength, which include fish, sustainability, growth, protein, fish feed, and sustainable 367 aquaculture, while in cluster 2, we can see that article, nonhuman, growth rate, and fish meal 368 were the dominant items. Besides, the most dominant items that influence other items within 369 the investigated research field in clusters 3, 4, and 4 were controlled study (56 occurrences),
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370 animal (90 occurrences), and growth performance (34 occurrences), respectively. Besides 371 having many links to the other related items, those identified items also have the potential to 372 shape the orientation and perspective of some research topics and lead to the emergence of 373 further novelties in various research topics. Furthermore, these dominant items can be selected 374 as potential indicators for new topics, priorities, and trends in the research of self-sufficient fish 375 feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts since wide nodes close to the center of the 376 co-occurrence network or research hotspot indicate the important research trends 28,30.
377 To determine the emerging contents of the scientific publications to answer RQ-5, 378 keyword analysis extracted from the abstract can be performed generally to form a word cloud 379 or tag cloud for characterizing the main conceptual level of abstraction, screening the thematic 380 trends in a specific research field, and identifying the recent research progress in a particular 381 topic 80. Fig. 10 depicts a word cloud of the keywords in the scholarly publication of self- 382 sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts available in the abstract. The 383 words constituting the visual graph of the word cloud show the occurrence frequency of a 384 specific word written in an article, where the larger the word in the graph, the higher the 385 frequency in observed documents, and vice versa. It can be seen that the most repetitive 386 keywords with high frequency were aquaculture (166 times), fish (117 times), growth (73 387 times), protein (69 times), sustainability (63 times), controlled study (56 times), gene 388 expression (56 times), animal food (53 times), metabolism (51 times), antioxidant (46 times), 389 enzyme activity (45 times), animal feed (43 times), growth rate (42 times), and animal 390 experiment (39 times) (Table S1, Fig. 10).
391 The keyword evolution trends and occurrences can highlight recent updates in global 392 research topic development and reveal patterns of scientific production 81. A future research or 393 literature gap is required to define specific convergences and divergences, diverse directions, 394 and construct a universal paradigm of the future of a research field. For these purposes, co-
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395 occurrence and word cloud analysis can be performed accordingly 82. Fig. 11 indicates article 396 keywords that have experienced fluctuating changes in frequency during 2019–2022, 397 specifying potential keywords and the body of knowledge in the research of self-sufficient fish 398 feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts, which can be identified from the growth 399 of topics that emerge in a particular period, show their progress in importance, and then 400 disappear 83. According to the answer to RQ-5, some topics, such as aquaculture and sustainable 401 aquaculture, fish feed with agri-food waste, rainbow trout species, the development of a circular 402 economy, probiotic application, and cell signaling cytokines and peptides, are likely considered 403 major research hotspots in self-sufficient fish feed research (Fig. 11).
404
405 3.3. Intellectual landscape
406 3.3.1. Thematic evolution
407 In this thematic evolution analysis to answer RQ-6, a two-plot Sankey diagram was used 408 to visualize a multifaceted flow, trend, and connection among article keywords to other 409 keywords, from inward flows presented in 2019–2021 to outward flows in 2022. Fig. 12 shows 410 a Sankey diagram of the keyword article in the publication of self-sufficient fish feed produced 411 from agri-food waste and byproducts in which the keywords were extracted from the collection 412 with the maximum degree of precision. It can be seen that the width of the boxes for aquaculture, 413 growth, polyphenols, food security, and growth rate were the five main keywords with the 414 highest occurrence that were used intensively by several authors in their publications during the 415 period of 2019–2021, indicating that those keywords covered several themes within the 416 research field of self-sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts. The 417 indices of inclusion and stability of aquaculture (with the domain of words such as aquaculture, 418 fish feed, sustainability, tilapia, fish, aquaponics, fish farming, fish meal, and toxicity) to
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419 integrated multi-tropical aquaculture (IMTA) and feed were the same (1.00 and 0.02), while 420 the occurrence of aquaculture in IMTA (10) was higher than aquaculture in feed (3). The 421 inclusion index of the growth in gene expression (0.50; 6 occurrences) and growth rate for 422 Cyprinus carpio (1.00; 3 occurrences) from 2019–2020 to 2022 was the highest compared to 423 other connections, while food security and polyphenols were the same and did not change (1.00;
424 7 occurrences) (Table S2, Fig. 12). This is also indicated by the divergence of the keywords’
425 channels and growth used by the authors to share their research findings in various online 426 publications, where the word aquaculture included Aeromonas hydrophila, agri-food waste, 427 aquaculture, feed conversion ratio (FCR), bioactive compounds, circular economy, feed, IMTA, 428 integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, Oreochromis niloticus, and sustainable aquaculture.
429
430 3.3.2. Conceptual structure
431 In Fig. 13, a factorial analysis as a statistical approach was applied to specify joint 432 keywords in response to concealed (unnoticed) keywords and answer RQ-5 and RQ-6 as well.
433 In this factorial analysis, several parameters for performing multiple correspondence analysis 434 (MCA) were applied, including automatic clustering, a maximum number of terms set at 50, 435 and the scope of analysis being the keywords plus the publication data records. The variability 436 among the corresponding keywords with a lower number of unconsidered keywords was 437 identified and reduced in order to minimize independent latent keywords in the publication data 438 records. Due to its ability to identify a smaller number of underlying variables in an extensive 439 number of observed variables, the factorial analysis was applied to specify the latent keywords 440 or factors that cause a commonality in the publication data records. Through factorial analysis, 441 two main clusters of 45 observed keywords in dimension 1 (88.33%) and dimension 2 (4.78%) 442 were clearly elucidated (Fig. 13). The cluster in blue represented more specific keywords (28 443 keywords), with boundary keyword points including amino acid, growth rate, enzyme activity,
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444 Oncorhyncus mykiss, gene expression, cichlid, growth, antioxidant, sustainable development, 445 aquaculture production, fish culture, aquaculture system, and concentration/composition. While 446 other clusters in red included common keywords (17 keywords), boundary keyword points 447 included animal experiment, animal tissue, fish disease, priority journal, veterinary medicine, 448 animal feed, genetics, diet, and immune response (Table S3, Fig. 13).
449
450 4. Conclusion
451 By analyzing all recent scholarly documents about self-sufficient fish feed produced from 452 agri-food waste and byproducts indexed in Scopus since 2019–2022, this article summarizes 453 the first detailed and comprehensive KDV analysis of the scientific field using a bibliometric 454 approach. The massive volume of data helped us identify the most influential scholars, core 455 journals, major trends, and hotspot topics in this interdisciplinary research field. Besides, it 456 allows us to understand that novelty, timeliness, and consistency in publication are the most 457 essential factors in the development of this research field. The number of publications on self- 458 sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts has become more popular 459 and grown significantly in the last four years, following the increase in interest among various 460 entities in fish feed production, including the fishery and marine industries, government, and 461 academia, as well as the development of innovative technologies for producing fish feed. There 462 are the top 5 most productive countries, including China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, and Egypt, 463 in which China has the highest citation numbers, indicating that those countries have prioritized 464 research on the self-sufficient fish feed produced from agri-food waste and byproducts in an 465 important position to support the implementation of sustainable development. Regarding the 466 distribution of publications across countries, the journal of aquaculture, aquaculture research, 467 and reviews in aquaculture are the main sources for relevant research in the field.
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468 Some relevant popular topics emerge annually in the context of the trend development of 469 research hotspots, such as sustainable aquaculture, agri-food waste, rainbow trout species, 470 circular economy, probiotics, and cytokine peptides, indicating that the research field is rapidly 471 expanding, involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, and is attracting current global 472 interest. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the development dynamics in the field of 473 sustainable blue economy development and also provides reference materials for future 474 research. However, because the publication data for this present study were obtained solely 475 from the Scopus database, there is a potential lack of adequate literature inclusion. It would be 476 preferable if other researchers could consider elaborating relevant publication data from other 477 databases in future studies to improve understanding of the research on self-sufficient fish feed 478 produced from agri-food waste and byproducts in strengthening sustainable development.
479
480 Acknowledgement
481 We would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation to King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi 482 Arabia for funding this work through the Researcher Supporting Project (Grant No.
483 RSP2023R481). The authors also thank Mr. Dadan Permana, Dr. Jonny Walker Situmorang, 484 Mr. Sarman Paul Lumbantobing, and Ir. Moral Abadi Girsang from the Research Center for 485 Cooperative, Corporation, and People’s Economy for providing a valuable review and making 486 comments and suggestions for improving the manuscript.
487
488 Author Contributions
489 ASP, BW, MF, AZ, MTDS, and MS initiated the study; ASP, AZ, MTDS, MS, TA, and RP 490 collected the data; ASP and BW processed the data and performed analysis; ASP, BW, MF, 491 AZ, MTDS, MS, TA, and RP wrote the manuscript; ASP, BW, MF, AZ, MTDS, MS, MA, SS,
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492 TA, and RP revised the manuscript; BW, MF, MA, SS, TA, and RP provided financial 493 acquisition; ASP, BW, MF, AZ, MTDS, MS, MA, SS, TA, and RP prepared the final version 494 of the manuscript for publication. All of the authors listed in this article contributed significantly, 495 critically, and directly to the current work, and have agreed to the final version of the manuscript 496 for publication.
497
498 Conflicts of Interest
499 The authors declare that no conflict of interest, personal relationship, or competing financial 500 interest could influence the work presented in this article.
501
502 Funding
503 This study was financially supported by the National Research and Innovation Agency of 504 Indonesia under Grant No. B-4252/III.12/HK.00/11/2022.
505
506 Supplementary Data
507 Supplementary data to this article can be found online at 508 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21879066.v1
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