ALIMUDIN LAAPO
Science and innovative technologies for ensuring the long-term sustainability of fisheries towards Society 5.0
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
ON FISH AND FISHERIES SCIENCES
Indonesian Ichthyological Society
Hosted by
Supported by
13-14 July 2021
PROGRAM
BOOK With Abstract
AGENDA ... i
PARALLEL ORAL PRESENTATION ...iii
PARALLEL POSTER PRESENTATION ... xiv
ABSTRACT OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER ... xviii
ABSTRACT OF INVITED SPEAKERS ...xix
ORAL ABSTRACTS ... 1
POSTER ABSTRACTS ... 105
COMMITTEES ... 149
CONTENTS
xi SESSION II - Room 4
Moderator : Gede Surya Indrawan, M.Si & Muh. Azril, M.Sc PIC : Yenni Nuraeni, M.Sc
Time: 12.45-14.15 (GMT+7)
Code Name Tittle
FMG-09 Arief Wujdi Application of a bioeconomic model to the artisanal fisheries of bonito (Auxis spp.) in the Prigi Bay and surrounding waters
FMG-10 Triyanto Perspective plan for sustainable eel
management in Poso Waters, Central Sulawesi FMG-11 Masayu R. A Putri Tropical eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) stock
and distribution in Cikaso River, West Java FSE-01 Alimudin Laapo
Small scale fisheries business performance:
comparative analysis before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Tolitoli Regency, Indonesia
FEB-13 Ignatius Tri H. Population parameters of the yellow-edged Lyretail (Variola louti) in Sibolga Waters OFR-03 Adi Wijaya Environmental variability on the Sardinella
lemuru in Bali Strait using remote sensing data Time: 14.15-15.45 (GMT+7)
Code Name Tittle
OFR-04 I W.G Astawa K seagrass mapping and propeller scar detection using remote sensing drone at Tanjung Benoa, Bali
PHT-01 Ernawati Physical and chemical characterization of african catfish smoked sausage with differences in liquid smoke concentration and immersion time PHT-03 Hani Adytia
Pratiwi
Characteristics and optimization of gelatin from catfish skin and their utilization for hard capsules
PHT-05 Witya Hafifani
Effect of various hydrolysis time of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) head protein hydrolysate produced by papain on the antibacterial activities against histamine-producing bacteria PHT-06 Diah Sriwahyuni Application of response surface methodology for
optimization of gelatin extraction from catfish skin and its utilization as hard capsules FEB-14 Stephanie J.
Martinez dress to digress: morphological variation of gobies to marine lake environments
104 FSE-01
Small Scale Fisheries Business Performance: Comparative Analysis Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Tolitoli Regency,
Indonesia
Alimudin Laapo 1*, Dietriech G. Bengen2, Kamsina 3 Taryono Kodiran2, Dafina Howara1
1 Socio-economic of Agricultural Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
3 Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs of Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
*E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The incidence of the Covid-19 pandemic indirectly affects the decline in the activity of the processing industry and fish consumption by the community, and in the short term there is also a decline in fish prices. This study examines whether the decline in economic activity in the fisheries sector causes changes in the performance of small-scale fisheries, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The target of the research object is fishermen who use trolling line, hand line, and beach seine. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and comparative parametric and non-parametric tests. The results showed that there were no significant changes in fishing patterns, the number of fishing trips, and the availability of fishing facilities during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there has been a significant decline in prices and market affordability, as well as the economic contribution of small-scale fishing businesses from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, a policy to open up an export-oriented fish catch market and a wider market reach is required.
Keywords: Business performance; pandemic covied-19; small scale fisheries
Advisor
Chairman of the Indonesian Ichthyological Society
(MII) Steering Committee
Chairman of the Indonesian Ichthyological Society (MII)
Dean of the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University Head of the Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research & Human Resources, Ministry of
Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Director of the Biodiversitas Indonesia (BIONESIA) Director of the Postgraduate of Udayana University Dean of the Faculty Fisheries dan Marine Science, IPB University Director of the Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries, Ministry of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries
Organizing Committee
Chairman:
Charles P. H. Simanjuntak, Ph.D Vise Chairman:
Dr. Nyoman Dati Pertami Secretary:
Tuti Sumiati, S.Pi, M.Si & Ida Ayu Astarini, Ph.D Treasurer:
Dr. Syahroma Husni Nasution & Putu Dwi Cryselda Dewi
COMMITTEES
Promotion and Sponsorship Div.
Prof. Dr. Krismono Dr. Haryono
Prof. Dr. Sulistiono, M.Sc Dr. O. D. Subhakti Hasan Elok Faiqoh, M.Si
Dewa Ayu Angga Pebriani, M.P.
I Wayan Darya Kartika M.Si.
Ni Luh Putu Ria Puspita, M.Sc.
Dra. Lies Emmawati Hadie, MS M. Danie Al Malik, S. Si
Dr. Friesland Tuapetel
Dr. rer. nat. Henderite L. Ohee Dr. Jusmaldi
Event and Program Div.
Dr. Lenny S. Syafei
Dr. Emmanuel Manangkalangi Dr. Angela M. Lusiastuti Dr. Desy Sugiani
Andrianus Sembiring, S.Kel, M.Si Ni Putu Dian Pertiwi, S.Si, M.Si Yenni Nuraini, S.Pi, M.Sc.
Ina Restuwati, S.IP., M.Si.
Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, M. Sc.
Gde Raka Angga Kartika M.P.
Made Ayu Pratiwi M.Si.
I Ketut Wija Negara M.P I Made Rattika Wisnaya, S.T.
Eka Ari Sutrisnawati, S.Pi.
Dr. Sc. Widiastuti M.Si Ni Made Ernawati M.Si.
Ayu Putu Wiweka Krisna Dewi, MP.
Muhammad Azril, S.St.Pi., M.Sc
Public Relation Div.
Dr. Ahmad Zahid, S.Pi, M.Si
Enex Yuni Artiningsih, S.Kel Dr. Ima Yudha Perwira Gede Surya Indrawan, MSi.
Dr. Latifa Fekri Dr. Roza Elvyra, M.Si Dr. Indra Gumay Yudha
Documentation and Technology Div.
Alvi Nur Yudistira, S.Pi
Marthino Therik, S. Kom Robby Hamsun, S.St.Pi
I Kadek Denny Kurniawan, S. Kom I Nyoman Giri Putra M. Si.
I Gusti Ngurah Putra Dirgayusa, M.T.
I Wayan Restu, M.Si.
Gusti Ngurah Nyoman Sudarmika Secretariat
Prawira A. R. P. Tampubolon S.Pi, M.Si, M.F.Sc.
Ayu Putu Wiweka Krisna Dewi, MP.
Dr. Eng. I Dewa N. Nurweda Putra Ni Putu Putri Wijayanti, M. Pt Alfi Hermawati Waskita Sari M.P I Made Budi, S.Sos
Luh Novayanti, S.E
Ni Made Arie Kencana, S.E Ni Kadek Dewi Apriyanti, S.Kom I Nyoman Yoga Parawangsa, S.Pi., M.Si Sujono, S.Pi
Adinda Kurnia Putri, S.Pi, M.Si Faqih Baihaqi, S.Pi
Tri Prabowo, S.Pi
Shafira Bilqis Annida, S.Pi
Scientific Committee
Abstract Reviewer: Dr Eko Setyobudi Prof. Dr. Krismono
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Nuarsa Prof. Dr. IGB. Sila Dharma I Gede Hendrawan Ph.D
Dr. Pande Gde Sasmita Julyantoro Dr. I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang Abdul Rahman As-Syakur, M.Si Prof. Dr. Wudianto
Prof. Dr. Muh. Yusri Karim Prof. Dr. Nurjanah
Dr. Wayan Nurjaya Dr. Fedi Sondita Dr. Mala Nurilmala Dr. Ichsan Fauzi Dr. Taryono
Dr. Azam Bachur Zaidy Dr. Tatty Yuniarti Dra. Ani Leilani M.Si
Dr. Frensly Demianus Hukom Dr. Hagi Yulia Sugeha
Dr. Daniel Frikli Mokodongan Dr. Asriyana
Dr. Meria T. Gundo Dr. Yuanike
Dr. Melta Rini Fahmi Dr. Tran Trung Thanh
Dr. Muhammad Nur, S.Pi, M.Si
Editorial Boards: Prof. Dr. Endi S. Kartamihardja (editor-in-chief) Prof. Dr. Dr. habil. Sven M. Bergmann
Dr. Nicolas Hubert Dr. Allen Collins Dr. Hau Duc Tran Dr. Yumi Henmi Dr. Renan U. Bobiles Dr. S. M. Nurul Amin Prof. Dr. M. F. Rahardjo Prof. Dr. Ridwan Affandi Prof. Dr. Sulistiono Dr. Alimuddin Dr. Budy Wiryawan Dr. Luky Adrianto
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Arthana
Prof. Dr. Sharifuddin Bin Andy Omar Prof. Dr. Z. A Muchlisin
Prof. Dr. Teguh Peristiwady Prof. Dr. Usman Muhammad Tang Prof. Dr. Agus Nuryanto
Prof. Dr. Roni Bawole Dr. Kadarusman Dr. Djumanto Dr. Tedjo Sukmono Dr. Toni Ruchimat
Indonesian Ichthyological Society (Masyarakat Iktiologi Indonesia)
Widyasatwaloka, Div. of Zoology,
Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911
https://isffs-mii.org [email protected]
Small scale fisheries performance: comparative analysis before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Alimudin Laapo 1,*, Dietriech G. Bengen2, Kamsina 3, Taryono Kodiran2, Dafina Howara1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, 94117 Palu City, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, 16680 Bogor City, Indonesia
3 Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Central Sulawesi Province, 94116 Palu City, Indonesia
Abstract. The incidence of the Covid-19 pandemic indirectly affects the decline in the activity of the processing industry and fish consumption by the community. In the short term, there is also a decline in fish prices. This study examines whether the decline in economic activity in the fisheries sector causes changes in the performance of small-scale fisheries, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The target of the research object is fishers who use trolling lines, handline, and beach seine. The analytical method used is Exponential Comparison Method. The results showed that capture fisheries belonging to SSF, which had high performance before covid-19, were fishing gear, and the lowest performance was Surrounding net. On the other hand, the surrounding net has a higher performance during the pandemic than the other three fishing gears, and the lowest is Trolling lines. However, there has been a significant decline in prices and market affordability, the economic contribution of small-scale fishing businesses from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, a policy to open up an export-oriented fish catch market and a wider market reach is required.
1 Introduction
Since the coronavirus outbreak (covid-19) in early 2020 in Indonesia, it has had a significant adverse impact on the increasing incidence of sick people, the number of deaths, and the limitation of all activities of daily life. The Indonesian government issued a policy of modifying the regional quarantine to become a large-scale social distancing that is localized according to the severity of each province, district, or city to cope with the spread of COVID- 19 and its impacts [1]. This policy is based on Law Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine, whose implementation of these regulations is Government Regulation Number 21 of 2020 concerning Large-Scale Social Distancing and Presidential Decree on Health Emergencies [2]. Policy implementation at the provincial level was carried out by issuing the
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 322, 05001 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132205001 ISFFS 2021
Central Sulawesi governor's circular no. 443/141/DIS-KES dated 16 March 2020, regarding the Prevention and Anticipation of the Spread of COVID-19 in Central Sulawesi. The result of implementing the policies of the central and local governments is a decline in economic activity in both the production and distribution systems of goods. The next impact is the disruption of the level of demand and consumption of goods and services. One of the sectors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is the fisheries sector, both in the upstream sub-system, production sub-system, and downstream sub-system. Worries about the impact of the pandemic because fishery activities such as fish landing activities in port areas and processing industries can pose a risk of virus transmission [3].
The form of social restriction policies such as restrictions on public transportation activities and urging offices of both the central government and the private sector to work from home has caused the production capacity of the fish processing industry to decrease half of its initial capacity. The fish processing industry is generally intended in the form of the fish freezing industry [4,5]. The same thing also happened to a cold storage company in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, which has its head office and market center on Java Island and exports to Japan to limit fish demand from Tolitoli of the dismissal of several factory employees. This employee restriction follows government regulations which urge employees to work half of the total so that the company's management reduces the processing capacity of fishery products to half the initial capacity.
The decrease in the production capacity of the fish processing industry causes the demand for fish from the islands of Java and Kalimantan to decrease the number of traders and the purchasing capacity of fish from fishers. Various restrictions have been taken, such as the target market for fishery commodities, which are only around the local markets of Tolitoli City and Palu City, fish freezing companies in Bitung City (only skipjack tuna), as well as limiting the number of fish shipments to Surabaya and Jakarta. This effort is executed so that fisheries businesses in the Tolitoli area of Central Sulawesi, including cold storage companies, do not experience large losses. The decline in demand for fish commodities and fishing activities by fishers, including small-scale fishery businesses, are still running normally. This means that fishery production in the production centers remains constant, especially if the weather and climate are friendly. As a result, overproduction occurs, which causes the price of fish at the local level of Tolitoli to decrease or become low. The decline in fish prices began in May 2020 from an average price of IDR 24,944.44 in February to IDR 18,721.74. Even though it increased slightly to IDR 23,454.21 in the middle of the year, it continued to experience a decrease in the average price of fish until November, reaching IDR 18,202.38 [6].
The decline in fish prices was felt by small-scale fishing (SSF) businesses, the income of fishers, and fishers’ households livelihoods [7]. This is based on the low catch of SSF fishers compared to capture fisheries businesses with large fishing capacities such as purse seine, pole-line, and bagan fishing gear. SSF, according to [8], is a fishery effort, which is managed at the household level so that the number of fishing personnel is limited, catching fish without or with fishing vessels under 5 GT, using fishing gear that is operated only by human power.
The low price of fish received by small-scale fishers and the relatively low catch are feared to impact the declining performance of fishery businesses. The decline in the performance of fishers classified as SSF also multiplies the decline in business income from selling inputs and traders collecting fishery products. The decline in fishers's income and the business of trading fishery inputs and products locally can reduce the economy of Tolitoli Regency.
Tolitoli's economic growth rate in 2019 was 4.79 percent, decreasing to -3.31 percent.
Specifically, the agriculture and fisheries sector experienced a decline in growth rate from 3.47 percent in 2019 to -0.49 percent in 2020 [9].
Several studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fisheries are mainly related to fishing activities, traders, the price of fish received [10], and the vulnerability of
2
E3S Web of Conferences 322, 05001 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132205001 ISFFS 2021
Central Sulawesi governor's circular no. 443/141/DIS-KES dated 16 March 2020, regarding the Prevention and Anticipation of the Spread of COVID-19 in Central Sulawesi. The result of implementing the policies of the central and local governments is a decline in economic activity in both the production and distribution systems of goods. The next impact is the disruption of the level of demand and consumption of goods and services. One of the sectors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is the fisheries sector, both in the upstream sub-system, production sub-system, and downstream sub-system. Worries about the impact of the pandemic because fishery activities such as fish landing activities in port areas and processing industries can pose a risk of virus transmission [3].
The form of social restriction policies such as restrictions on public transportation activities and urging offices of both the central government and the private sector to work from home has caused the production capacity of the fish processing industry to decrease half of its initial capacity. The fish processing industry is generally intended in the form of the fish freezing industry [4,5]. The same thing also happened to a cold storage company in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, which has its head office and market center on Java Island and exports to Japan to limit fish demand from Tolitoli of the dismissal of several factory employees. This employee restriction follows government regulations which urge employees to work half of the total so that the company's management reduces the processing capacity of fishery products to half the initial capacity.
The decrease in the production capacity of the fish processing industry causes the demand for fish from the islands of Java and Kalimantan to decrease the number of traders and the purchasing capacity of fish from fishers. Various restrictions have been taken, such as the target market for fishery commodities, which are only around the local markets of Tolitoli City and Palu City, fish freezing companies in Bitung City (only skipjack tuna), as well as limiting the number of fish shipments to Surabaya and Jakarta. This effort is executed so that fisheries businesses in the Tolitoli area of Central Sulawesi, including cold storage companies, do not experience large losses. The decline in demand for fish commodities and fishing activities by fishers, including small-scale fishery businesses, are still running normally. This means that fishery production in the production centers remains constant, especially if the weather and climate are friendly. As a result, overproduction occurs, which causes the price of fish at the local level of Tolitoli to decrease or become low. The decline in fish prices began in May 2020 from an average price of IDR 24,944.44 in February to IDR 18,721.74. Even though it increased slightly to IDR 23,454.21 in the middle of the year, it continued to experience a decrease in the average price of fish until November, reaching IDR 18,202.38 [6].
The decline in fish prices was felt by small-scale fishing (SSF) businesses, the income of fishers, and fishers’ households livelihoods [7]. This is based on the low catch of SSF fishers compared to capture fisheries businesses with large fishing capacities such as purse seine, pole-line, and bagan fishing gear. SSF, according to [8], is a fishery effort, which is managed at the household level so that the number of fishing personnel is limited, catching fish without or with fishing vessels under 5 GT, using fishing gear that is operated only by human power.
The low price of fish received by small-scale fishers and the relatively low catch are feared to impact the declining performance of fishery businesses. The decline in the performance of fishers classified as SSF also multiplies the decline in business income from selling inputs and traders collecting fishery products. The decline in fishers's income and the business of trading fishery inputs and products locally can reduce the economy of Tolitoli Regency.
Tolitoli's economic growth rate in 2019 was 4.79 percent, decreasing to -3.31 percent.
Specifically, the agriculture and fisheries sector experienced a decline in growth rate from 3.47 percent in 2019 to -0.49 percent in 2020 [9].
Several studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fisheries are mainly related to fishing activities, traders, the price of fish received [10], and the vulnerability of
small-scale fishing communities to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic [11]. In contrast to this study, which examines the performance of SSF in terms of several dimensions, such as technical, social, and economic dimensions. Based on these problems, the purpose of the research is to examine whether the decline in economic activity in the fisheries sector causes changes in the performance of small-scale fisheries, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province.
2 Method
The research study area was carried out in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, from November to December 2020. The selection of research locations was based on the consideration that villages and sub-districts were located in coastal areas and the main occupation of the community as fishers with the SSF category (7 sub-districts and 11 villages).
Types of fishing gear operated by fishers with SSF categories include Trolling lines, Hand lines, surrounding nets, and Set gillnets. The number of fisher respondents from the four fishing gears is 50 fishers consisting of 12 people from Trolling lines, 20 people from Hand lines, three people from the Surrounding net, and 15 people from set gillnets. Determination of respondents was carried out by purposive sampling by considering the representativeness of the population from the four groups of SSF lifting equipment.
The data type combines qualitative and quantitative data sourced directly from fishers, sellers of fishing facilities, and traders who collect fishery commodities. Types of quantitative data include the percentage of operating SSF fishing gear, the number of fishing trips, the price of fish, fishing facilities, and the income of fishers and traders. At the same time, qualitative data consists of fisher's perceptions of changes in fishing operations, market accessibility of fishery commodities, availability of fishing facilities, and marketing institutions.
The data collected were analyzed using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach with the specification of the analytical method, namely the Exponential Comparison Method [12]. The formulations used to measure the performance value of SSF before and during the covid-19 pandemic are:
= ∑ ( ) (1) Where RKij = the value of the existence of performance criteria j on fishing gear i;TKKj = importance weight of performance criteria j; TKKj value = 0 - 1; i = number of SSF (4 types of fishing gear); j = number of SSF performance criteria (4 criteria). The four SSF performance criteria to be analyzed are catch and fishing patterns (A), price and market accessibility (B), input availability (C), and economic contribution (D). Assessment of fishing gear performance criteria in the SSF category using the Likert scale measurement method from score 1 to 4, where 1 = poor, 2 = adequate, 3 = good, and 4 = very good. Criteria whose presence is high or good in the SSF will have a high score as well. Calculate the weight of the performance criteria for each SSF fisheries business using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, commonly called the pairwise comparison method. The AHP method procedure can be describe as follows [13] :
1. Assessment of the four performance criteria using [13] with a scale of 1 to 9, where a score of 1 = criterion A is as important as other criteria; score 3 = criterion A is slightly more important than the other criteria; score 5 = criterion A is more important than others;
score 7 = criterion A is more important than others, and a value of 9 = criterion A is more important than the others. Values 2, 4, 6, 8 are given when in doubt between two adjacent
3
E3S Web of Conferences 322, 05001 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132205001 ISFFS 2021
values. The comparison value of criteria A with other criteria is 1 (one) divided by the comparison value of other criteria with criteria A.
2. Determination of the weight of the criteria in the AHP method is done by determining the eigenvalues (eigenvectors). The determination procedure is [12]: a) make the results of pairwise comparisons for each performance criterion as a 4 x 4 matrix, then square the matrix, or multiply two matrices that have the same members, b) adding up the value of each line of performance criteria, then adding up the four criteria values, and c) determining the weight of the criteria by normalizing the value of each performance criterion, dividing each value of the total performance criteria. The value of the four performance criteria in more detail is present in Table 1.
Table 1. Procedure for weighting criteria using the AHP method performance SSF
criteria
SSF performance criteria
Value as a matrix Squaring the criterion value Total value
Weight criteria per
A B C D A B C D
A a1 a2 a3 a4 a12 a22 a32 a42 ai2 ai2/ij2
B b1 b2 b3 b4 b12 b22 b32 b42 bi2 bi2/ij2
C c1 c2 c3 c4 c12 c22 c32 c42 ci2 ci2/ij2
D d1 d2 d3 d4 d12 d22 d32 d42 di2 di2/ij2
Grand Total ij2 1,00
3 Results
Based on the fisheries regulations of the Republic of Indonesia, Small Scale Fisheries (SSF) are defined as people whose livelihood is fishing using traditional tools to meet the needs of daily life using fishing vessels with a maximum size of 5 (five) gross tons (GT). Fishermen classified as SSF are not subject to a business license and are free from taxes and are free to catch fish in all fisheries management within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the criteria and identification of types of fishing businesses in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, four types of fishing gear classified as SSF were obtained, namely Trolling lines, Hand lines, Surrounding nets, and Set gill nets. Furthermore, the identified SSF performance was measured based on four criteria for developing capture fisheries business during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the field data analysis of the four criteria are present in the following sub-chapters.
3.1 Performance of fishing pattern and catch
The assessment of the performance of SSF fishing patterns and fish catches has five sub- criteria, namely changes in the percentage of fishing gear operating, fishing time, number of fishing trips, distance to the fishing ground, and number of catches. The average score of the five sub-criteria is the value of the existence of performance from the performance criteria of fishing patterns and fish catches. The performance value of the performance criteria for fishing patterns and fish catches obtained from the analysis of the exponential comparison method is presented in figure 1.
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E3S Web of Conferences 322, 05001 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132205001 ISFFS 2021
values. The comparison value of criteria A with other criteria is 1 (one) divided by the comparison value of other criteria with criteria A.
2. Determination of the weight of the criteria in the AHP method is done by determining the eigenvalues (eigenvectors). The determination procedure is [12]: a) make the results of pairwise comparisons for each performance criterion as a 4 x 4 matrix, then square the matrix, or multiply two matrices that have the same members, b) adding up the value of each line of performance criteria, then adding up the four criteria values, and c) determining the weight of the criteria by normalizing the value of each performance criterion, dividing each value of the total performance criteria. The value of the four performance criteria in more detail is present in Table 1.
Table 1. Procedure for weighting criteria using the AHP method performance SSF
criteria
SSF performance criteria
Value as a matrix Squaring the criterion value Total value
Weight criteria per
A B C D A B C D
A a1 a2 a3 a4 a12 a22 a32 a42 ai2 ai2/ij2
B b1 b2 b3 b4 b12 b22 b32 b42 bi2 bi2/ij2
C c1 c2 c3 c4 c12 c22 c32 c42 ci2 ci2/ij2
D d1 d2 d3 d4 d12 d22 d32 d42 di2 di2/ij2
Grand Total ij2 1,00
3 Results
Based on the fisheries regulations of the Republic of Indonesia, Small Scale Fisheries (SSF) are defined as people whose livelihood is fishing using traditional tools to meet the needs of daily life using fishing vessels with a maximum size of 5 (five) gross tons (GT). Fishermen classified as SSF are not subject to a business license and are free from taxes and are free to catch fish in all fisheries management within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the criteria and identification of types of fishing businesses in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, four types of fishing gear classified as SSF were obtained, namely Trolling lines, Hand lines, Surrounding nets, and Set gill nets. Furthermore, the identified SSF performance was measured based on four criteria for developing capture fisheries business during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the field data analysis of the four criteria are present in the following sub-chapters.
3.1 Performance of fishing pattern and catch
The assessment of the performance of SSF fishing patterns and fish catches has five sub- criteria, namely changes in the percentage of fishing gear operating, fishing time, number of fishing trips, distance to the fishing ground, and number of catches. The average score of the five sub-criteria is the value of the existence of performance from the performance criteria of fishing patterns and fish catches. The performance value of the performance criteria for fishing patterns and fish catches obtained from the analysis of the exponential comparison method is presented in figure 1.
Fig. 1. SSF performance based on fishing pattern and catch criteria
Figure 1 shows that there was a decline in performance in the pandemic for Trolling lines and Surrounding nets in terms of catch and fishing patterns performance. The main causes of the decrease in the performance value of fishing patterns on the Trolling lines fishing gear are the number of fishing trips, fishing time, and catches while Surrounding nets. Only the number of fishing trips decreased. The results of the AHP weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.13 for the fishing pattern and catch criteria for SSF performance. This criterion has the lowest weight compared to the other three criteria, so that its influence on SSF performance during the pandemic is also quite low.
3.2 Performance of price and market accessibility
Assessment of fish price performance and accessibility or reach to the market of the SSF commodity has three sub-criteria: changes in fish prices, a number of fish traders, and reach to the market. The average score of the three sub-criteria is the value of performance from the criteria of fish price and reach to the market or final consumer. The exponential comparison method analysis results on the performance of the fish price criteria and reaches to the market or final consumer are present in figure 2.
Fig. 2. SSF performance based on price and market accessibility criteria
Figure 2 shows that in terms of fish prices and reach to the market/consumer. There is a decline in performance for all fishing gear classified as SSF. The results of the AHP
1.183 1.167
1.175 1.158
1.158
1.167 1.167 1.167
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding net Set gillnets
Performance of Fishing pattern and Catch during a pandemic Performance of Fishing pattern and Catch Before the Pandemic
1.950 1.870 1.786
1.870
1.604 1.604 1.698
1.698
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding net Set gillnets
Performance of Price and Market Accesibility Before the Pandemic Performance of Price and Market Accesibility during a pandemic
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weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.48 for the price and market accessibility criteria for SSF performance. This criterion has the highest weight compared to the criteria, which means it significantly influences the performance of SSF during the covid-19 pandemic.
3.3 Performance of input availability
The performance assessment for the criteria for the availability of SSF facilities (inputs) has three sub-criteria, namely changes in the availability of inputs, changes in input prices, and changes in the number of sellers of fishing facilities. The average score of the three sub- criteria is the value of performance from the criteria for the availability of production or fishing inputs. The results of the exponential comparison method analysis on the performance of the criteria for the availability of operational fishing inputs are present in figure 3.
Fig. 3. SSF performance based on input availability criteria
Figure 3 shows that only Handlines fishing gear has a declining performance in terms of the availability of fishing facilities. The availability of capture fisheries production inputs at affordable prices in the Tolitoli Regency during the pandemic is generally quite available such as fishing aids, bait, and ice cubes. The results of the AHP weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.25 (second highest after price and market accessibility criteria) for the input availability criteria for SSF performance.
3.4 Performance of economic contribution
Performance assessment for the fourth criterion, namely the economic contribution of SSF, has three sub-criteria: changes in fishers' income, income from sellers of fishing facilities, and income from fish traders. The average score of the three sub-criteria is the value of performance from the SSF economic contribution criteria. The exponential comparison method analysis results on the performance of the criteria for the economic contribution of fishery businesses in the Tolitoli Regency are present in figure 4.
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding net Set gillnets
1.393
1.424 1.359
1.359
1.393 1.359
1.359 1.359
Performance of Inputs Availability during a pandemic Performance of Inputs Availability Before the Pandemic
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weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.48 for the price and market accessibility criteria for SSF performance. This criterion has the highest weight compared to the criteria, which means it significantly influences the performance of SSF during the covid-19 pandemic.
3.3 Performance of input availability
The performance assessment for the criteria for the availability of SSF facilities (inputs) has three sub-criteria, namely changes in the availability of inputs, changes in input prices, and changes in the number of sellers of fishing facilities. The average score of the three sub- criteria is the value of performance from the criteria for the availability of production or fishing inputs. The results of the exponential comparison method analysis on the performance of the criteria for the availability of operational fishing inputs are present in figure 3.
Fig. 3. SSF performance based on input availability criteria
Figure 3 shows that only Handlines fishing gear has a declining performance in terms of the availability of fishing facilities. The availability of capture fisheries production inputs at affordable prices in the Tolitoli Regency during the pandemic is generally quite available such as fishing aids, bait, and ice cubes. The results of the AHP weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.25 (second highest after price and market accessibility criteria) for the input availability criteria for SSF performance.
3.4 Performance of economic contribution
Performance assessment for the fourth criterion, namely the economic contribution of SSF, has three sub-criteria: changes in fishers' income, income from sellers of fishing facilities, and income from fish traders. The average score of the three sub-criteria is the value of performance from the SSF economic contribution criteria. The exponential comparison method analysis results on the performance of the criteria for the economic contribution of fishery businesses in the Tolitoli Regency are present in figure 4.
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding net Set gillnets
1.393
1.424 1.359
1.359
1.393 1.359
1.359 1.359
Performance of Inputs Availability during a pandemic
Performance of Inputs Availability Before the Pandemic Fig. 4. SSF performance based on economic contribution criteria
Figure 4 shows three types of fishing businesses classified as SSF that experienced a decrease in income, namely Surrounding nets, Trolling lines, and set gillnets. The decrease in income contribution of both fishers and traders who support fishing activities is in the Trolling lines fishery business. Meanwhile, handlines did not experience a decline in the performance of its economic contribution, considering that this fishing gear still has a large market share in the local Tolitoli and Palu City areas, especially the food stall market segmentation. Despite the decline in the price of reef fish as the main type of catch for Hand lines fishers, the demand side is still quite large. The results of the AHP weighting analysis show an importance weight of 0.14 for the economic contribution criteria for SSF performance.
3.5 Total performance of SSF
The sum of the performance values of the four criteria in fisheries businesses in the Tolitoli Regency is the total performance value of each SSF both before and during the covid-19 pandemic in Tolitoli Regency. The complete analysis results are present in Figure 5.
Fig. 5. Total Performance Value of SSF before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Figure 5 shows that fishery businesses classified as SSF have the highest performance values before the covid-19 pandemic, in order are Trolling lines, Handlines, Set gillnets, and Surrounding nets. This is because the economic value of fish commodities is very high, and
1.050 1.100 1.150 1.200
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding net Set gillnets
1.195 1.144
1.180 1.163
1.100
1.144 1.123 1.100
Performance of Economic Contribution during a pandemic Performance of Economic Contribution Before the Pandemic
5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80
Trolling lines Handlines Surrounding
net Set gillnets
5.72 5.60
5.48 5.55
5.25 5.27 5.35 5.32
Total Performance of SSF Before the Pandemic Total Performance of SSF during a pandemic
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the marketing reach of fish catches of both fishing gear (Trolling line and Handlines) is generally an export commodity and has a fairly high demand. However, due to the pandemic, which caused a decrease in market demand, the performance of the two tools also experienced a very deep decline, especially Trolling lines.
4 Discussion
Based on the results, SSF fishers generally provide information that there is almost no change in fishing patterns directly caused by the pandemic. Fisher's activities such as fishing duration, fishing techniques, number of fishing fleet personnel, and interactions between fishers normally occur. However, along the way, due to the decline in fish prices, the number of fishing trips also decreased. Results of the research [14] indicated the covid pandemic's impact, which causes a decrease in fishing activity for the head of the family. In turn, it impacts a decrease in the family income so that other family members, such as mothers and children, have to do additional work as a form of family responsibility.
The biggest decline in performance was in the Trolling lines and Handlines fishing gear, which was caused by the drop in fish prices and market reach for the two fishing gears. The types of fish caught by Handlines are generally groups of reef fish such as grouper and snapper, with high economic value. They are fishery commodities with market reach outside Sulawesi and export to Hong Kong. Similarly, Trolling lines catch tuna and skipjack, which have quite high prices and marketing areas to Java and Japan. The decline in the price of tuna and reef fish reached more than 50.00 percent. The results of this study are in line with [15], which explains that there has been a 50 percent decline in fish prices in Thailand due to decreased demand for fish and restrictions on fish trade transportation.
Meanwhile, for fishing gear, Surrounding nets and set gillnets are generally of lower value, only reaching the local markets of Tolitoli and Palu City. However, as a result of competition for catches with modern fishing gear such as the Purse seine, which catches larger numbers of fish, the price of fish in the local market decreases. To increase SSF's resilience in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, [16] stated that it needed the ability to change strategies (including direct sales of seafood, switching species, and supplementing their income with government payments [17] that were more successful for local economic institutions and improve connectivity and important innovations with processing technology and commodity markets.
The problem of availability of inputs only occurs in fuel oil, especially gasoline, which is quite high, and its availability is sometimes limited. The reduced availability of inputs, especially in fuel oil (gasoline), caused the selling price to increase from IDR 7,800 - 10,000 per liter to IDR 17,000 per liter. Another reason for the increase in gasoline prices in line fishing is that generally, the fishers who operate the fishing gear are located in coastal (rural) areas far from the fuel oil sales center (fueling stations) in Tolitoli City and the poor condition of road infrastructure. To reduce and stabilize the price of fuel oil, a government program is needed related to road repairs and the establishment of fuel oil filling stations. On the other hand, the global slowdown from the economic recovery due to the pandemic should lead to a continued decline in the prices of goods, including the price of fishing equipment such as gasoline, ice cubes, other fishing aids, resulting in lower fishing operational costs. Globally, the COVID-19 crisis has reduced oil consumption worldwide by a large amount, thereby lowering global and local oil prices [18].
If it is specifically examined, the biggest change in fisher's income has decreased, namely in Surrounding nets fishers by 214 percent. It is necessary to diversify the livelihoods of family members of SSF fishers [19] to reduce dependence on fisheries and increase family income, improve the fishery commodity market chain and increase women's access to social security, health insurance, and social security [20]. Increasing the contribution of fisher's
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E3S Web of Conferences 322, 05001 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132205001 ISFFS 2021
the marketing reach of fish catches of both fishing gear (Trolling line and Handlines) is generally an export commodity and has a fairly high demand. However, due to the pandemic, which caused a decrease in market demand, the performance of the two tools also experienced a very deep decline, especially Trolling lines.
4 Discussion
Based on the results, SSF fishers generally provide information that there is almost no change in fishing patterns directly caused by the pandemic. Fisher's activities such as fishing duration, fishing techniques, number of fishing fleet personnel, and interactions between fishers normally occur. However, along the way, due to the decline in fish prices, the number of fishing trips also decreased. Results of the research [14] indicated the covid pandemic's impact, which causes a decrease in fishing activity for the head of the family. In turn, it impacts a decrease in the family income so that other family members, such as mothers and children, have to do additional work as a form of family responsibility.
The biggest decline in performance was in the Trolling lines and Handlines fishing gear, which was caused by the drop in fish prices and market reach for the two fishing gears. The types of fish caught by Handlines are generally groups of reef fish such as grouper and snapper, with high economic value. They are fishery commodities with market reach outside Sulawesi and export to Hong Kong. Similarly, Trolling lines catch tuna and skipjack, which have quite high prices and marketing areas to Java and Japan. The decline in the price of tuna and reef fish reached more than 50.00 percent. The results of this study are in line with [15], which explains that there has been a 50 percent decline in fish prices in Thailand due to decreased demand for fish and restrictions on fish trade transportation.
Meanwhile, for fishing gear, Surrounding nets and set gillnets are generally of lower value, only reaching the local markets of Tolitoli and Palu City. However, as a result of competition for catches with modern fishing gear such as the Purse seine, which catches larger numbers of fish, the price of fish in the local market decreases. To increase SSF's resilience in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, [16] stated that it needed the ability to change strategies (including direct sales of seafood, switching species, and supplementing their income with government payments [17] that were more successful for local economic institutions and improve connectivity and important innovations with processing technology and commodity markets.
The problem of availability of inputs only occurs in fuel oil, especially gasoline, which is quite high, and its availability is sometimes limited. The reduced availability of inputs, especially in fuel oil (gasoline), caused the selling price to increase from IDR 7,800 - 10,000 per liter to IDR 17,000 per liter. Another reason for the increase in gasoline prices in line fishing is that generally, the fishers who operate the fishing gear are located in coastal (rural) areas far from the fuel oil sales center (fueling stations) in Tolitoli City and the poor condition of road infrastructure. To reduce and stabilize the price of fuel oil, a government program is needed related to road repairs and the establishment of fuel oil filling stations. On the other hand, the global slowdown from the economic recovery due to the pandemic should lead to a continued decline in the prices of goods, including the price of fishing equipment such as gasoline, ice cubes, other fishing aids, resulting in lower fishing operational costs. Globally, the COVID-19 crisis has reduced oil consumption worldwide by a large amount, thereby lowering global and local oil prices [18].
If it is specifically examined, the biggest change in fisher's income has decreased, namely in Surrounding nets fishers by 214 percent. It is necessary to diversify the livelihoods of family members of SSF fishers [19] to reduce dependence on fisheries and increase family income, improve the fishery commodity market chain and increase women's access to social security, health insurance, and social security [20]. Increasing the contribution of fisher's
income can be done by increasing the role of fisher household members, especially women, to food and livelihood security [21] by increasing the added value and value chain of fishery commodities produced by fisher's household heads.
During the pandemic, the surrounding net has slightly better performance than the other three fishing gears. This is because the fish catch capacity of these tools is larger. Small pelagic fish generally have a selling price of a fish commodity is cheaper. Although there is a decline in public income in general, the community can still spend their money to fulfill the consumption of fish produced by a Surrounding net. Improvements are needed in marketing and supply chain management through collaboration with companies and the government to improve the performance of Trolling lines and Handlines [22]. In addition, effective coordination, planning, and implementation in the short and medium-term between stakeholders such as the government, development organizations, NGOs, donor agencies, the private sector, and researchers are needed to accelerate the economic recovery of SSF, coastal fishing communities, and other civil society due to the impact of the COVID-19 [23].
5 Conclusion
Based on the performance of four criteria and MCDM analysis, this study concludes that the four capture fisheries businesses classified as SSF had decreased performance, especially trolling lines and hand lines, which before the pandemic had the highest performance value.
The type of SSF that has the highest performance during the COVID-19 pandemic is the surrounding net, and the lowest is trolling lines. The implication of this research is, to increase the resilience of hand line and trolling lines fisheries from the impact of the pandemic, it is necessary to increase market reach, especially to Java and exports, livelihood diversification, and government involvement in providing social and health insurance for fishers.
6 Acknowledgement
Many thanks to the Conservation Strategy Fund (CSF) for providing research funding and all enumerators and field guides who assisted in data collection.
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