Standley, of the Field Museum in Chicago (now that city's Museum of Natural History), identified a large. Kroeber, of the University of California, lent their interest and stimulation to the project; Mrs.
NOMINAL NOTE
Ehoda Adamson, of Los Angeles, contributed film and camera, thus taking many of the accompanying photographs. Spicer, of the University of Arizona, recently advised on revising the manuscript for publication; Mary Gentry, my wife, helped with the manuscript and faithfully accompanied me on long journeys through the uncomfortable wilderness.
PEOPLES OF THE EIO MAYO AND WARIHIO DISTRIBUTION
The Warihios are still given to short local migrations, as was proved by groups in the great stony country of Arroyo Guajaray. Compared to the rather slender Mayo, the Warihios are short, with the levator muscles of the thighs strongly developed.
HABITAT
ARROYOS
WARIHIO OF SONORA- CHIHUAHUA — GENTRY 79 yaqui (Monfanoarosei) ; batamote (Baccharis glufinosa) ; jeco {Hym-
CANYON FEATURES
HILLS
CLIFFS
SIERRA FEATURES
They are uniformly covered with subtropical forest of short trees, whose sloping leagues in "las aguas" are seas of steaming green. Most of it falls in two seasons; the winter rains, "las equipatas", and the summer rains, "las aguas". Normally, these are many things that start in the second part of June and last until the first part of September.
PLANTS UTILIZED
The dry seasons are two: that of spring—^March, April, May, and June, and that of autumn—October, November, and possibly half of December. The spring drought is worse and as it progresses, the sun grows in intensity week by week; the ground shrinks, cracks,.
CULTIVATED PLANTS
They do poorly in the lowland forests of warm, humid barrancas, perhaps because the right varieties are not available to the residents. They are often plucked and eaten before they are ripe, so voracious is the native taste for fresh fruit in early summer.
WARIHIO OF SONORA-CHIHUAHUA — GENTRY 87
The seeds when mixed with a little saliva are placed in the eye to . objects removed. It is reported that a large patch grew in the orchard of El Limon until a few years ago, when the cattle ran out.
WILD PLANTS ROOT AND HERBAGE FOODS
It is important but irregular food of Warihio and was probably more important in premaize times. Pahna (ta'ku) (Erythea aculeata Brge.).—The soft white vascular tissue in the center of young growing palms is eaten at any time, either raw or roasted in the coals.
FRUITS
Pitaya dulce (meweri, mewele) (Lemaireocereus thurderi (Engelm.) B. and R.)—This is the OrganPipecactus sodear to the palate of the Sonoran Indians and the Mexican rancheros. Sapuche (Randia laevigata Standley).— A small, localized, irregularly scattered tree or shrub along the lower borders of the Oak Forest. Tomatillo (pasagi) {Saraca jaltomata Schlecht).— Low, heavy, herbaceous shrub in moist soil in the higher elevations.
Uvalama (huhuwali) (Vitex mollis HBK.)-Muka kaaniyoon fi gammoojjii tulluu qabu, keessumaa saavaanaa keessatti.
CONSTRUCTION AND FUEL
The seeds of the related Yucca arizonica McKelvey contain up to 30 percent oil and more than 10 percent protein and are undoubtedly nutritious. Otate (pakwi,pakuwe') (Arundinaria longifoliaFourn.). - The bamboo of the Rio Mayo country, growing in the moist, shady canyons of the barrancas. Palo chino {PithecelloMnm mexicanum-Rose). A mesquite-like tree of the lowlands, used for poles, general construction, and as fuel.
Sabino, cedro (galaana>^oli) {Taaksoodiyeemmukroonaatamii Kudhan.). - Bosonni mukkeen kanaa gaariin kaaniyoon baha laga Cedros fi dons baay’ee faca’an laga olka’aa Rio Mayo keessatti argamu.
MEDICINAL AND MISCELLANEOUS USES
Cometon del monte (wahtauwi) (Solanum verhascifolium L.).— A large-leaved, spreading shrub common in the warm, moist bottoms of barrancas canyons. Palo mulato (Bursera grandifolia (Schl.) Engl.).—The pale greenish bark of this common tree is boiled and drunk chiefly as an antipyretic. Toloachi (tecuyawi) (Daturawrightii Kegel).—The leaves are smeared with animal fat or some other available ointment and applied as poultices to pains, bruises and wounds.
Yerba de flecha (Sapium appendiculatum (M. A.) Pax and Hoffm.).-The . the bark of this tree is used by the Indians to stun fish for gathering.
USE OF ANIMALS
Similar uses and properties have been reported by the natives for Sehastiana pringlei Wats., known as Brincador, source of "jumping beans" in the curio trade.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
When visitors arrive, they immediately drive him away from the house with sticks and stones because they say he is "muybravo". All the while scowling around the bushes that grow around their house, reminiscing about what the beginning stages of early dog domestication were probably like.
WILD ANIMALS AND METHODS OF CAPTURE
It is timed so that the insertion of the cervid's paw will release the tree and yank the animal into the air, where it is held until the arrival of the hunter. Juan Campa observed that a deer shot through the shoulder was immediately taken, but. if shot in the stomach would run a^Yay and escape. In the lowland district of San Bernardo and Chorijoate, the bow was about 1 meter long and made of the treekowusamo {Goursetiaglandulosa); the arrow shaft, from carrizo (Arundo donax), or better from taiyecholi {Agave sp.); the point was of brasil wood {Haematoxylon hrasiletto)^ or still better of batayaki {Montanoarosei), because it was supposed to have poison.
Because this was in his memory, the use of the bow, at least as a playful survival, persisted until very recently.
DIVISION OF LABOE
Luciano reported the bow made of the famous palomoro {Moru^ . sp). rosei), because it was poisonous. Also, Bartolo Hernandez indicated that he fought with Indian allies from the vicinity of Macoyahui and Conicari during the revolution in 1914.
SHELTER
Eminence provides protection from flash floods in storms, and distance from water, protection from many pest insects, gnats and mosquitoes.
GRANARIES
In the Guasaremosthereisahouse (p. 37,h) the kitchen is used, the earthen floor of which has several round stone tops sticking out of the ground, while not 10 paces away is a clear space used for tuwuri dancing.
STORAGE CAVES
One structure is the high garden (pi.33, 5), formed in the same way with piles and supporting a little earth, where e.g. green onions and chillies can sprout.
SUBSTRUCTURES
FURNISHINGS AND TOOLS
Tapesti (a rack of small posts tied together with rawhide and placed across several small posts either on the ground or raised.
HANDIWOEK
POTTERY
Every now and then we dip the "hali" in water so that the surface of the growth remains moist and suitable for processing. The increasing weight of the clay pushes down on the plastic bottom until it flattens somewhat. During the potter's work, the bowl is turned and this is where the use of the lower wooden tray comes into play.
Having less stickiness than wet olla, it is easily returned to the soil, greatly increasing the ease of the whole process.
THE SMALL BOWL
WEAVING
WOODWORK
NS^esT*"^^^' WARIHIO OF SONORA-CEUHUAHUA — GENTRY 117 Then, by means of a hot pointed iron, holes are bored through the overlapping ends of the hoops. Finally, a piece of cowhide is cut to fit the top of the " banko" and rocker edge with Other wooden artifacts that they make are hay and ax handles, pack saddles, bowls from the giant roots of the wild fig trees, long-handled spoons, and "guacales." These latter are boxes of sticks, cut from guasima- the wood and lashed together into a rectangular shape a foot or so deep.
ROPE WORK
PETEOGLYPHS
Many of the dyes are very persistent and cannot be removed with soap and water or alcohol after these long centuries, as the substance has passed into the grain of the rock.
TKANSPOETATION
WARIHIO OF SONORA-CHIHUAHUA — GENTRY 119
DEESS AND OENAMENT
The Warihio girls would have played the same game in the land of Arroyo Guajaray and in San Bernardo, only instead of kicking the ball was thrown forward by long-handled "rackets" (ka'to').
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS MARRIAGE
THE SELYEME
He will be chosen from those who sing and know the Warihio songs best, especially if he also knows the religious recitations - he will probably be the son of the selyeme.
BIRTH
WARIHIO NAMES
The relative age of the persons at death may be estimated from the heap of stones which cover the tombs: those for children are small; those for adults, large. The cattle came to a large half-open cavity and devoured many burial baskets and trampled and broke the bones of the dead. Pedro, chief Warihio of Loreto, said that many Indians died and were thus buried during the time of the cholera.
However, it is still possible that they are the remains of early Wariliio converts from the Jesuits, whose influence became established in the early 18th century and stemmed from two crimes.
CEKEMONY
He shakes out and carries to the foot of the cross the petate on which he has reclined. At last they muster courage, and with tense right hands, come storming and stomping in to dance improperly in front of the singer. Their conversation is in Warihiotunge, while that of the men, perhaps because of the presence of the strangers, is partly in Spanish.
Selyeme takes another turn during the night, the one that would have been that of the third singer.
PASCOLA
One or two carry a "chairigora" on their ankles, a rattling rattle that punctuates the cadence of the dance. Late at night one of the young men sat by the side of the singer and gently tried to sing. Only the older men sing, and of course the songs are all in the Warihio language.
Alien, the closing ceremony of the tut wuri is over and most of the guests have left for home, many of them men.
THE CONCLUDING CEREMONY
The dance pascola, like the instruments, is probably a recent adoption of the Warihio from the Maya. It is very likely that Spanish would not be spoken at all if there were no Spanish-speaking people. Then, with the men on one side and the women on the other, the selyeme again stands in front of the cross facing east, makes gestures with the censer, and performs another invocation.
Then with a final gesture of the incense burner he says, "Adios, Tata Dios," and takes up the cross with its ornaments.
MYTHS
MYTH OF SAN JOSE (By Lusiano)
TALES OF HIS FATHERS
HISTORY OF TUWURI
SONGS OF JUAN CAMPA
SONG OF EMILIANO BOURBON
METAMORPHOSIS IN ANIMALS
THE CARBUNGO
THE STORY OF JUAN ANTONIO CHAPAPOA
He went up the Arroyo Guajaray, but also continued as far as Nuri. But one day a man from Nuri visited Juan Argiielles and saw this Indian working for Juan.
SOCIAL CUSTOMS, CEREMONIAL GEOUPS, AND EXTRANEOUS INFLUENCES
While the Spanish language has dominated and most Indians have learned simple usage of it, Mexicans in the area have adopted certain Warihio terms: 'batari'. There are some Mexicans who plant .. the cultivated sauwi {Panicmn sonorum), and weywi {Amaran-dus hyhridus) of the Warihio. The Mexicans are present, dancing and even singing in the Warihio tuwuris, while the Warihios in turn play the violin and harp of the Mexicans.
This exchange did much to change the Warihio pattern and, especially in the spiritual culture, the disintegration continues.
SUMMAKY AND CONCLUSIONS
The large grainless area surrounding them to the east, the redoubtable Tepehuans to the south, and the more probable absence of corn among the Warihio would argue, by their very isolation, for a pre-Hispanic Tarahumara without corn. Early cultural exchanges between Warihio-Tarahumare and Mayo-Yaqui are not clear. The more widespread adoption of the pascola dance of the lowlands and the deer among the Tarahumarethan among the Warihio is difficult to explain at first glance.
To the last man in Mexico we see traces of the cultural reverberations of the guns of Cortes.
REFEKENCES
This is true not only of Warihio, but also of all the hinterlands of the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa. Things are dragged inland one by one so the trucks can more efficiently contact the virgin resources. Minerals and Forests of the Barranca Region (Gentry, 1942. a, b) is one of the last great frontiers of Mexico. the field is not dulled by too much desk work, but by living a little with the great unwritten sourcebook.
