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Analysis of Effect Agricultural and Domestic Activities on Water Quality and Macrozoobenthos in River of Batu City, A Case Study in Sisir and
Pandanrejo Village
Cahyani
1*, Bagyo Yanuwiadi
2, Arief Rachmansyah
31Master Program of Environmental Resources Management and Development, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Brawijaya University, indonesia
3Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
Abstract
Batu city is located in East Java, the city has an important role in maintaining the quality of the river water. The city has developed into intensive agricultural and residential areas – services, which may reduce the water quality. This research was conducted in two areas with different dominating activities, in Sisir village (residential area) and in Pandanrejo village (agricultural area). The aims of this study are to analysis differences in water quality between the one in agricultural area and the one in residential area, and to analysis the water quality based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The water and macrozoobenthos samples were taken in upstream, midstream and downstream of the river. Water sample and macrozoobenthos sample were taken in different times. Calculate diversity of macrozoobenthos use Shannon-Wiener’s formula. The results showed that agricultural and domestic activities affect the concentration of chemical compounds in river. It concluded that chemical quality of the water in the agricultural activities and in the domestic activities showed the highest concentration of nitrate, and based on diversity of macrozoobenthos the quality of water in Sisir and Pandanrejo village are classified having moderate ecological pressure to high ecological pressure.
Keywords: Pollutant compound, Family abundance, Macrozoobenthos, Diversity index.
INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential resource for all living beings’ needs, it must be protected so that human and other creatures can use it well [1].
Water has many functions, in addition to general solvent, water is used by other organisms in chemical reactions for metabolism processes and for humans water has a function to survival [2].
Considering the importance of water resource for all living creatures, the existence of water must be protected [3]. One of the sources of water is rivers. River is a significant ecosystem for the life of living beings [4]. River is also one of the biggest water suppliers [5].
The quality of river water changes along with human activities [6]. River water contamination is caused by human activities along the flow area [7]. There are many human activities which degrade its quality. Human settlements also contribute to the inflow of organic matters into the river body [8].
Correspondence address:
Cahyani
Email : [email protected]
Address : Magister Program of Environmental Resources Management and Development, Post Graduate
School, University of Brawijaya
The quality of river water can be measured using several factors such as physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The chemical-physical parameter of water has a prominent role for the lives of water organisms. Macrozoobenthos is significant for water ecosystem since it indicates water pollution [9]. Abundance of macrozoobenthos and diversity of macrozoobenthos are determined by several factors such as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the water [10].
Batu city is one of the cities in East Java that developed into agricultural and residential areas.
The waste from the agricultural and domestic activities of this city affects the chemical physical quality of water. Agricultural and domestic activities are the anthropogenic sources of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate compounds.
The compounds come from human waste, soap, detergents, pesticides, fertilizers, food leftovers, and others. River has great benefits for the lives of humans and other living things, so this research needs to be done. The aims of this research are to analysis quality of water based on chemical parameters and diversity of macrozoobenthos in agricultural area and in residential area.
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MATERIAL AND METHOD
This research was conducted in Sisir village (residential area) and Pandanrejo village (agricultural area; in Kali Lanang). The sampling points on the watershed were selected through purposive sampling [11]. Consists of three sampling points in Sisir village (residential area) and three sampling points in Pandanrejo village (agricultural area).
The primary data was obtained by measuring the chemical quality of water and identifying macrozoobenthos. Water sample and macrozoobenthos sample were taken in different times. Analysis of water chemical parameters carried out in Environmental Laboratory Jasa Tirta I Malang, and analysis macrozoobenthos carried out in Ecology Laboratory of Brawijaya University.
Figure 1. Study Area
The analysis on macrozoobenthos diversity was performed using the following Shannon- Wiener formula [12]:
H’ = - Σ Pi ln Pi
Notes:
H’ :Shannon-wiener diversity index Pi : n/ N
The following is the criteria of macrozoobenthos diversity index that describes pollution severity [13]:
H’ < 1 :low diversity, high ecological pressure 1 < H’< 3 :moderate diversity, moderate
ecological pressure
H’ > 3 :high diversity, low ecological pressure
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Macrozoobenthos Diversity
This study finds various types of macrozoobenthos. In the Sisir village finds of Thiaridae, Hydropsychidae, Chironomidae, Baetidae, Planariidae, Trichoptera, Crustacea, Lymnaeidae, and Oligochaeta. And in the Pandanrejo village finds of Thiaridae, Hydropsychidae, Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Baetidae, Hemiptera, Odonata, Planariidae, and Oligochaeta. The following is the data of each macrozoobenthos.
Table 1. Macrozoobenthos Data in Sisir village Macrozoobenthos Amount of macrozoobenthos
PS. 1 PS. 2 PS. 3
Thiaridae 1 1 17
Hydropsychidae 95 27 15
Chironomidae 0 24 2
Baetidae 1 0 0
Planariidae 2 0 0
Trichoptera 4 0 0
Crustacea 2 2 1
Lymnaeidae 0 9 23
Oligochaeta 0 2 2
Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
Table 2. Macrozoobenthos Data in Pandanrejo village Macrozoobenthos Amount of macrozoobenthos
PS. 1 PS. 2 PS. 3
Thiaridae 4 0 9
Hydropsychidae 62 34 42
Tipulidae 1 0 9
Chironomidae 2 2 3
Baetidae 1 0 3
Hemiptera 0 19 1
Odonata 0 1 0
Planariidae 1 0 0
Oligochaeta 2 0 0
Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
The following is the calculations result of the three sampling points in Sisir village and Pandanrejo village of Batu city.
Table 3. Macrozoobenthos Density (Ind./m2) Density of
Macrozoobenthos
PS. 1 (Ind./m2)
PS. 2 (Ind./m2)
PS. 3 (Ind./m2) Sisir 294,6128 182,3793 168,3502 Pandanrejo 204,826 157,1268 187,991 Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
24 The results of the observations and
calculations show that the macrozoobenthos density of the Sisir village in the upstream (PS.1) is 294,6128 ind./m2, in the midstream (PS.2) is 182,3793 ind./m2, and in the downstream (PS.3) is 168,3502 ind./m2. The macrozoobenthos density of Pandanrejo village in the upstream (PS.1) is 204,826 ind/m2, in the midstream (PS.2) is 157,1268 ind./m2, and in the downstream (PS.3) is 187,991 ind./m2.
Table 4. Macrozoobenthos Diversity H’
Macrozoobenthos PS. 1 PS. 2 PS. 3 Sisir 0,454569 1,285026 1,366439 Pandanrejo 0,67128 0,860586 1,172994 Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
The results of the observations and calculations show that the macrozoobenthos diversity index of the Sisir village in the upstream (PS. 1) is 0,454569, H’ < 1: low diversity and high ecological pressure. The diversity index of the midstream (PS.2) is 1,285026, 1 < H’ < 3:
moderate diversity, moderate ecological pressure. The diversity index of the downstream (PS. 3) is 1,366439, 1 < H' < 3: moderate diversity and moderate ecological pressure. The macrozoobenthos diversity index of Pandanrejo village in the upstream (PS. 1) is 0,67128, H’ < 1:
low diversity, high ecological pressure. The diversity index in the midstream (PS. 2) is 0,860586, H’ < 1: low diversity, high ecological pressure. The diversity index in the downstream (PS. 3) is 1,172994, 1 < H’ < 3: moderate diversity, moderate ecological pressure.
Agricultural activities can be a source of anthropogenic nitrogen caused by use intensive of fertilizers, phosphorus is also widely used as fertilizer so has the potential to contribute concentration of phosphorus in the waters, besides that high concentration of ammonia can also be caused by run-off of agricultural fertilizers [14].
Chemical Parameters of River Water
The existence of water chemical parameters in the waters also affects other factors, such as life and diversity of macrozoobenthos. The following is the result of the water chemical parameters analysis.
Table 5. Water chemical parameter in Sisir village PS Water chemical parameter (mg/L)
Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia PO4 P2O4
PS 1 13,57 1,412 0,0730 0,7749 0,9540 PS 2 13,68 1,571 0,1321 0,7502 0,9702 PS 3 14,67 0,2006 0,2164 0,4067 0,5021 Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
PS. 1 PS. 2 PS. 3
nitrate nitrite ammonia PO4 P2O4
Figure 2. Chart on Water chemical parameter in Sisir village (PS: point of sampling)
The results of the analysis on water samples in Sisir village of Batu city show that the nitrate concentration is between 13,57 – 14,67 mg/L.
Sources of nitrate can come from household waste [15]. Nitrite concentrations is between 0,2006 – 1,571 mg/L. Ammonia concentration is between 0,0730 – 0,2164 mg/L, and PO4
concentration is between 0,4067 – 0,7749 mg/L.
The concentration of P2O4 is between 0,5021 – 0,9702 mg/L. The highest concentration of analysis in Sisir village is nitrate compound.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
PS. 1 PS. 2 PS. 3
nitrate nitrite ammonia PO4 P2O4
Figure 3. Chart on Water chemical parameter in Pandanrejo village (PS: point of sampling)
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Table 6. Water chemical parameter in Pandanrejo village PS Water chemical parameter (mg/L)
Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia PO4 P2O4
PS 1 14,84 0,0803 <0,0185 0,4056 0,4824 PS 2 14,45 0,1474 <0,0185 0,3732 0,4671 PS 3 13,69 1,225 <0,0185 0,7882 0,9864 Source: Result of Analysis 2019 (PS: point of sampling)
The results of the analysis on the water chemical parameters in Pandanrejo village of Batu city show that the nitrate concentration is between 13,69 – 14,84 mg/L. The nitrite concentration is between 0,0803 – 1,225 mg/L, the ammonia concentration in the three sampling points is <0,0185 mg/L, and the PO4
concentration is between 0,3732 – 0,7882 mg/L.
The high phosphate concentration in agricultural areas is usually caused by fertilizer usage [16].
P2O4 concentration is between 0,4671 – 0,9864 mg/L. In Pandanrejo village the highest concentration of chemical compound parameters is nitrate.
CONCLUSION
The concluded of the study that the highest concentration of chemical compounds in Sisir and Pandanrejo village is nitrate. The water quality based on diversity of macrozoobenthos in Sisir and Pandanrejo village are classified having moderate ecological pressure to high ecological pressure.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you for Assistant Ecology Laboratory of Brawijaya University for assist the process identification of macrozoobenthos.
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