JOURNAL OF MARINE RESOURCES AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE LIFE AND UTILIZATION
e-ISSN: 2722-0966 Vol. 4 Issue 2
Analysis of the level of community resilience to tidal flood disaster in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency, East Java
Lailatul Nikmah
Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Tidal floods are inundations of water on the coastal plain due to high tide. Tidal floods are caused by tidal phenomena and excessive sea water intrusion due to rain. The level of resilience of coastal communities needs to be studied in order to minimize the impact and obtain recommendations for increasing the resilience of coastal communities to the threat of disasters. The aim of this research is to determine the level of community resilience to tidal floods in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency, East Java. The level of community resilience to tidal floods was analyzed using the Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) method. The results of the level of community resilience in facing tidal floods in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency have a value of 3.96 in the high category.
Keywords: Coastal Community Resilience, resilience, tidal flood INTRODUCTION
Tidal floods are the occurrence of wterlogging water on the coastal plains caused during high tides. The tidal flood disaster is a threat that often occurs in coastal areas when the rainy season arrives, of course tidal floods have an impact on people's lives both from damage to infrastructure, regional facilities and the socio-economic aspects of the local community [1].
Tuban Regency is located on the North Coast of East Java. Tuban Regency consists of 20 sub-districts, which are further divided into 328 villages and sub- districts. Topographically, the land height of the Tuban district ranges from 5-182 meters above sea level [2]. As quoted from the online news site tribunnews.com on December 22, 2022, there was a quite severe tidal flood in the coastal area of Tuban Regency which had a direct impact on 5 sub-districts, one of which was Palang sub- district, to be precise, in the village of Karangagung, which resulted in damage 7 residents' houses and limiting community conditions such as local social and economic activities. The distance between the residents' settlements from the close coastline and the embankment in Karangagung Village makes the village area prone to flooding when the waves are high.
The level of vulnerability of communities in coastal areas is important to analyze and study in more depth. Not only vulnerability, the level of resilience is also important to analyze in order to provide sustainable coastal area planning solutions. Therefore, it is important to measure the level of resilience possessed by the community in dealing with tidal floods because the results obtained are expected to contribute to the pattern of disaster mitigation strategies and policies that will be used in the region [3,4]. Resilience contains the ability to develop strength to face and overcome all challenges,
threats, obstacles and disturbances that exist within the scope of an area [5]. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research on the level of community resilience in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency, East Java, with characteristics of the area and coastal communities.
METHODS Research Sites
The research area focuses on residential areas directly adjacent to the coast of Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency (Figure-1). The research uses a quantitative method which the results are described descriptively. The quantitative method is a research method with a research focus on numbers and then analyzed with the help of statistics.
Figure-1. Research sites:
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Nikmah, L. / Journal of Marine Resources & Coastal Management 4 (2): 07-10, August 2023
Analysis Method
The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, scoring and weighting, Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) analysis. The CCR Guide is an initiative of the United States - Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (US-IOTWS) program held by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and sponsored by the United States Agency International Development (USAID). The CCR guide was developed as a result of lessons and experience gained from the Indian Ocean following the 2004 tsunami, to address hazards that can occur in coastal areas and reduce risks for coastal communities who are vulnerable to tsunamis. The CCR method was developed by partnering institutions across the Indian Ocean region, which has begun to guide developments in the resilience of coastal communities in Asia that are most in need of tsunami resilience [6].
The data used is primary data and secondary data.
Primary data was obtained from interviews, distributing questionnaires, field observations and agency surveys. The data is in the form of databases such as population data, quality and quantity of environmental facilities and infrastructure, as well as the results of respondents' answers in assessing the level of resilience of coastal communities in facing the tidal flood disaster (including the point of view of the interviewees to issues related to the level of resilience of coastal communities in locus study), while secondary data is obtained from document review and literature surveys.
The CCR method reviews each element of resilience and the parties involved. The elements and indicators used in this resilience level research are shown in Table-1. The provisions for the score on the index are given in a range of values, as shown in Table-2.
Meanwhile, the average results of all scores in the aspects used and interpreted into community resilience with very high, high, moderate, low and very low level (Table-3).
Table-1. CCR Elements
Elements Indicators
Government The government programs The government working relationship
The government public services
Technical assistance provided by government
Society and Economy Social networks Livelihood
Fulfilling the needs of vulnerable communities Risk Knowledge Knowledge about tidal
flooding
Disaster risk information Community development Warning and evacuation Socialization
Social community Warning system
Disaster recovery Sanitation and community service
Pre-disaster planning Post-disaster organization Coordination between stakeholders
Table-2. Score each resilience indicator
Class Score
Strongly Disagree 1
Don't agree 2
Simply Agree 3
Agree 4
Strongly agree 5
Table-3. Community resilience level
Level Score Endurance Interpretation
4.20 – 5.00 Very high
3.40 – 4.19 High
2.60 – 3.39 Moderate
1.80 – 2.59 Low
1.00 – 1.79 Very low
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The data that has been obtained from the results of interviews, questionnaires, to documentation of the condition of the coastal area of Karangagung Village then processed to determine the resilience index value of each element used. The results of this assessment showed results in the form of a resilience diagram and resilience index for each element of resilience in the coastal communities of Karangagung Village (Figure-2).
Figure-2. Karangagung Village coastal community resilience diagram
Based on the Figure -2, it is known that the
“government” element is worth 3.91 included in the high category, the “society and economy” elements is worth 4.03 in the high category, the “risk knowledge” element is worth 3.98 included in the high category, the “warning and evacuation” elements are worth 3, 92 in the high category and the last element of “disaster recovery” is 3.94 which has a high value. The explanation regarding each element of community resilience in dealing with the existing tidal flood disaster will be explained as follows:
Government Element
The government facilitates and provides enabling conditions for coastal communities to withstand and avoid disasters, recover from disasters, and be able to adapt to changes that occur. The government provides direction and facilities so that the resilience of coastal communities can be developed and improved over time through various government, civil society and private sector interventions in the fields of community development, coastal management and disaster management. Appropriate leadership, systems and institutions are needed for communities to support actions that can increase the resilience of coastal communities in facing disasters [6].
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Nikmah, L. / Journal of Marine Resources & Coastal Management 4 (2): 07-10, August 2023 The analysis results showed that the people of
Karangagung Village have high resilience of
“government” element. The high level of community resilience in the “government” element in the coastal area Karangagung Village is due to the existence of programs implemented by the government in the context of reducing disaster risk. According to the statements of several respondents, when the tidal flood disaster occurred, the government took part in handling the tidal flood disaster, i.e. by evacuating residents' furniture and village public facilities.
In terms of public service indicators, Karangagung Village has public facilities such as water, electricity, transportation and security that are easily accessible to all levels of society. However, there are a number of problems that are still the respondents' hopes for immediate implementation in their residential areas, namely local respondents asking for hard protection such as dams, embankments and break waters that can protect their residential areas during extreme weather.
Society and Economy Elements
Social and economic life is an important element of resilience because there is a direct relationship between economic activities (markets and trade) and social life (culture, family, recreation). Changes in the local and regional economy such as new industries and jobs, or manufacturing technology have both positive and negative impacts on individuals and society on aspects of life expectancy, employment, well-being and quality of life.
Likewise, community culture, family structure, and gender roles influence economic activities. Social, cultural and economic aspects provide a conducive environment for the independence of a community [6].
The level of community resilience in the element of “society and economy” in Karangagung Village is included in the high category with a resilience index value obtained of 4.03. In general, the people in the Karangagung village area have a high social level, this can be proven by the mutual cooperation in building the village during post-disaster situations. This can be improved with a skills improvement program for the community, then creating a disaster alert group which is ready to be tasked with helping residents if a disaster occurs.
For economic indicators, the frequency of the long stay of the people in the region makes them adapt when they cannot go to sea, the people use their savings to meet their daily needs. Economic factors have a fairly high influence on the level of resilience possessed by the community. If prosperous economic conditions are able to support the resilience possessed by the community.
However, vice versa if the economic conditions are not good, the resulting impact is to worsen the level of resilience possessed by the community in dealing with natural disasters [7].
Risk Knowledge Element
Knowledge about risk is the basis for building a community that is resilient in facing disasters. Society cannot manage and increase resilience if it does not know what risks it will face. Comprehensive knowledge about the risks of the hazards they face allows communities to adapt to reduce the impact of disasters, and can easily
withstand the shocks of dangers that occur and recover more quickly after a disaster occurs. If society manages resilience without a comprehensive understanding of all the risks it faces, then there is a possibility that decisions taken regarding disaster management will result in negative impacts from disasters that will occur in the future [6].
The level of community resilience in the element of “risk knowledge” in Karangagung Village is included in the high category with a resilience index value obtained of 3.94. With the frequency of tidal floods that occur every year in Karangagung village, the community has a level of knowledge about tidal floods and the factors that can harm the community after tidal floods.
Warning and Evacuation Elements
Warning systems and evacuation procedures can provide communities with the opportunity to significantly reduce risks by taking quick and appropriate action to reduce the impact of disasters. An effective response to an impending hazard will be able to reduce the impact of the disaster by moving people from dangerous areas.
The warning and evacuation system consists of three important parts, namely the early warning system, evacuation plans, and providing information to the public effectively. In implementing resilience, it is hoped that coastal communities will have an early warning system that can provide information about potential dangers in a timely manner, implement evacuation plans effectively, and have a population that can respond quickly and appropriately based on the information provided [6].
The level of community resilience in the element of “warning and evacuation” in Karangagung Village is included in the high category with a resilience index value obtained of 3.92. In the village of Karangagung there is a socialization program in handling tidal floods. However, this socialization was not carried out thoroughly at all levels of society, only for people who live in areas that are directly adjacent to the coast.
Apart from that, there is government funding for evacuation systems such as vehicles to secure residents' lives, diesel equipment to remove puddles in residents' homes and accessibility that is easy for the evacuation team to reach. This can be improved by creating a mangrove planting program along the coast and campaigning to coastal communities regarding the prohibition of development in coastal borders as protected areas.
Disaster Recovery Element
Disaster recovery is an important element of CCR because it provides opportunities for communities to learn from experiences resulting from disasters and can take action to reduce risks. The period immediately after a disaster occurs provides many opportunities to implement strategies to reduce the impact of potential disasters. For the disaster recovery process to be successful in building community resilience, approaches must be implemented that include other important elements of CCR and fully integrate them into disaster management, community development, and coastal resource management. If efforts are focused on recovery activities that are not coordinated with these three aspects, the disaster recovery process can 9
Nikmah, L. / Journal of Marine Resources & Coastal Management 4 (2): 07-10, August 2023 result in a community that is more vulnerable and less
resilient than before [6].
The level of community resilience in the “disaster recovery” element in Karangagung Village is included in the high category with a resilience index value obtained of 3.91. The existence of technical assistance in temporary protection from tidal floods, namely in the form of sand embankments made by involving the community and BPBD Tuban district. In addition, there is coordination from the community and local government in dealing with tidal floods.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on CCR analysis, the level of community resilience in facing tidal floods in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency has an average value of 3.96 in the high category. However, further treatment is still needed in dealing with tidal floods in this area.
Therefore, several recommendations need to be proposed to reduce the level of vulnerability and increase community resilience in facing the threat of tidal flood disasters in Karangagung Village, Palang District, Tuban Regency, for example policies regarding land use and building structures, as well as post-disaster mechanisms, must be improved to increase resilience.
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