Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE) Vol. 6. No. 3 (2023)
e-ISSN:2621-606X Page: 1947-1961
ANALYSIS OF FISHERMEN’S UNWELFARE PROBLEMS IN THE CITY OF TANJUNGBALAI BASED ON THE MAQASHID SHARIA APPROACH (CASE
STUDY OF FISHERMEN IN TANJUNGBALAI)
Iman Purdani1
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia [email protected]
Imsar2
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia [email protected]
Rahmat Daim Harahap3
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia [email protected]
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1947
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the factors that cause fishermen’s welfare in the city of Tanjung Balai, as well as provide solutions that can be implemented by the government and society in improving the welfare of fishermen based on the Maqashid Sharia approach. This research was conducted through a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews and document studies. The results showed that the factors causing the welfare of fishermen in Tanjung Balai include the lack of government policy support in managing fishery resources, the low level of education and skills of fishermen, the problem of limited market access, and environmental conditions that are not conducive to the sustainability of fisheries. The Maqashid Sharia approach is used to analyze this problem by taking into account the objectives of Islamic Sharia. In the context of fishermen in Tanjung Balai, the Maqashid Sharia approach can provide holistic and sustainable solutions by taking into account the welfare of fishermen in the physical, social, economic, and spiritual aspects. This research shows that the welfare of fishermen in Tanjung Balai is a complex problem and requires a holistic and integrated solution. Therefore, efforts from the government and society are needed to improve the welfare of fishermen by taking into account the objectives of Maqashid Sharia. Implementation of this approach is expected to have a positive impact on the welfare of fishermen and society in general.
Keywords: Maqashid Sharia, Welfare, Fishermen
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1948 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of human life is to achieve prosperity, although everyone has a different definition of welfare. Most economists define social welfare as fulfilling the necessities of life in the world and everything that supports it. The welfare of the lower middle class can be represented by the level of community life. The level of life of the community is marked by the eradication of poverty, better health levels, higher educational attainment, and the level of community productivity (Rahma, 2022).
Conventional thinking about welfare is more aimed at meeting human needs in material terms, spiritual welfare gets attention with a smaller portion than material welfare.
Islam strongly encourages its people to fight for a prosperous life. Welfare in Islam is called Falah, Falah is interpreted as long-term welfare and happiness in the world and the hereafter, not only looking at material aspects but an emphasis on spiritual aspects (Yafiz, 2021). Allah himself has guaranteed the welfare of his creatures in QS. Hud verse 6:
اَم َو ْ ن ِم ْ ةَّبۤاَد ىِف ْ ِض رَ لْا َّْلِْا ىَلَع ِْٰللّا اَهُق ز ِر ُْمَل عَي َو اَه َّرَقَت سُم اَهَعَد وَت سُم َو ْ ۗ ْ لُك ْ يِف ْ بٰتِك
ْ ن يِبُّم
“And not a single creature moves (animate) on earth but all of them are guaranteed by Allah for their sustenance. He knows his residence and where it is kept. All (written) in a real Book (Lauh Mahfuzh).”
From the verse above, it is clear that Allah guarantees the welfare of His creatures, Allah has provided for all the needs of His creatures after there have been efforts to find, move, and work. To achieve Falah, Islamic economics has the concept of maslahah as a parameter. Maslahah is all forms of conditions, both material and non-material that can improve the position of humans as perfect beings. Therefore, if one of these needs is not met or fulfilled in an unbalanced way, then life welfare will not be achieved perfectly (Soemitra, 2022).
Various problems and studies place fishing communities synonymous with poverty and underdevelopment. Fisherman poverty is characterized by low and uncertain income, uninhabitable living conditions, slums, low health, and so on. Meanwhile, underdevelopment is characterized by a low level of education, limited skills, and so on (Fadlun, 2019).
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1949 A fishing community is a community living in a coastal area whose main livelihood is utilizing the Natural Resources (SDA) found in the ocean, whether in the form of fish, shrimp, seaweed, shellfish, coral reefs, and other marine wealth (Parenrengi, Satria Yunas,
& Nurul Hilmiyah, 2020). Therefore, the rate of increase in the number of fishermen in Indonesia is very rapid. This is because marine fisheries are a large resource. But there are also many obstacles experienced by fishermen so the catches they get are only a few. This condition causes fishermen to become poor (Andriani, 2021).
Improving people’s welfare is the essence of national development. The level of community welfare reflects the quality of life of a family. Families with a higher level of welfare mean that they have a better quality of life, so in the end the family is able to create better conditions to improve their welfare (Imani, 2019).
In the research conducted by Fajar Kristanto, the conclusion of this research is that the welfare of the fishermen in Puger Wetan village is not achieved in the Maqashid Sharia perspective of Asy-Syatibi, the welfare of fishermen is not yet optimal because there is one indicator of fulfilling the dharuriyyat aspect, namely wealth (maal) which has not been achieved due to damage to the existence of assets fisherman from Puger Wetan village (Kristanto & Achsania Hendratmi, 2019).
Whereas in the research conducted by Ayu Mentari which discussed about the government’s strategy in providing empowerment to fishing communities by providing assistance in the form of fishing gear and boats to fishermen, this strategy is very influential in increasing the catch of fishermen, so it really helps fishermen and can improve the welfare of fishermen in general. Internal obstacles are the lack of aid and budget, lack of human resources, and lack of supervision. External barriers, namely the lack of public awareness and lack of community participation (Mentari, 2019).
In the research conducted by Ayu Mentari, there is data on the welfare of fishermen for 2017-2018. From these data obtained the average annual income of fishermen, level of education, access to health services, and also climate change which affects the income of fishermen.
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1950 Table 1
Fishermen Welfare Data for 2015-2018
Year Average Income Percentage of Fishermen with Access to Education
Percentage of Fishermen with Access to Health Services
2015 50,000,000 75% 60%
2016 52,000,000 78% 65%
2017 55,000,000 80% 68%
2018 53,000,000 79% 66%
Source: Fishermen’s Welfare Statistical Data in Ayu Mentari’s Research (Mentari, 2019)
The table covers the period from 2015-2018. Average income gives an idea of the level of income earned by fishers in that time period. Where fishermen’s income tends to be low, shows the economic challenges faced by them in meeting their daily needs. At the level of education, it shows that 75-80% of fishermen in the research sample have access to educational services, such as schools or training programs. Meanwhile, access to health services shows that 60-68% of fishermen have access to health services, obtaining necessary medical care, such as health facilities or health insurance. These percentages provide an indication of the level of access to education and access to health among fishers each year.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that fishermen’s welfare still faces several challenges including low income, efforts to increase access to education and health services for fishermen. However, further steps are still needed to overcome the constraints and gaps that exist in the welfare of fishermen, including the income instability experienced by them. There needs to be further attention to developing policies and programs that focus on increasing fishermen’s income as well as increasing broader social access, including access to adequate health services.
From the results of pre-research conducted by previous researchers, there are still several coastal areas where the community and fishermen may not be prosperous. One of them is a fisherman in Tanjung Balai City. The city of Tanjung Balai is one of the cities in Asahan which has great potential in the field of fisheries and marine waters in the city of Tanjung Balai which has a high biodiversity of fish and marine biota, with this abundant potential, in fact, there is no professional management and it has an impact on national
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1951 development, the problem is because the capture fisheries sector in the city of Tanjung Balai is small and traditional fishermen.
One of the problems faced by fishermen in Tanjung Balai is the low level of education and skills that most fishermen have. This makes it difficult for them to get better jobs and have higher incomes. In addition, some fishermen also face problems in terms of health and access to adequate health services (Ahmad, 2020).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Maqashid Sharia Thoughts of Ibn Hasan
Maqashid Sharia is a very important concept in Islam because it shows the purpose and intention behind sharia laws. Ibn Hasan is one of the Muslim scholars who contributed to the understanding of Maqashid Sharia (Imsar, 2022). According to Ibn Hasan, Maqashid Sharia is maintaining the benefit (maslahah) of humans in this world and the hereafter. He argues that Sharia laws must fulfill three conditions, namely benefit, justice, and peace.
Benefit means that the law must be beneficial and not detrimental to the community, justice means that the law must be fair to all parties, and tranquility means that the law must create peace and stability in society (Harahap, 2022).
Ibn Hasan also divides Maqashid Sharia into five main categories, namely protecting religion, protecting the soul, protecting the mind, protecting offspring, and protecting property. Protecting religion means maintaining religious beliefs and practices, protecting the soul means maintaining physical and mental health, protecting the mind means maintaining intelligence and awareness, protecting offspring means protecting family and harmony in family relationships, and protecting property means protecting wealth and the economy (Kamila, 2023).
In Ibn Hasan’s view, Maqasid Sharia must be applied holistically and integrated, so that sharia laws can fulfill all categories of Maqasid Sharia and create balance and harmony in society. He also emphasized the importance of community involvement in decision- making and implementation of Sharia law, so that the policies adopted can meet the needs and aspirations of the community. Maqashid Sharia must be used as a basis for making Islamic legal decisions. This aims to ensure balance and harmony between legal provisions and the ultimate objectives of the law (Syahriza, 2023).
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1952 In dealing with contemporary problems, the concept of Maqashid Sharia is also very relevant and important. This is due to Ibn Hasan’s view that emphasizes the importance of the social context in the application of Islamic law. Therefore, Maqashid Sharia can assist in formulating Islamic views related to contemporary issues, such as human rights, gender equality, and democracy (Ahmad & Mohd Shukri Hanapi, 2018).
Maqashid Sharia refers to the purpose or intent of Islamic law or Sharia. In the Qur’an, it is explained in QS. Az-Zukhruf: 43
ْ يِذَّلاِبْ كِس مَت ساَف َْي ِح وُا َْك يَلِا َْكَّنِا ۗ ى ٰلَع ْ طا َر ِص ْ م يِقَت سُّم
“So, hold fast to the (religion) that has been revealed to you. Indeed, you are on the straight path.”
Some examples of Maqasid Sharia are maintaining security, maintaining religion, maintaining human honor and dignity, protecting public interests, and protecting the environment. These principles are used in understanding Islamic laws and determining how these laws can help achieve the main goals of Islamic law (Shahid, 2021).
By understanding Maqasid Sharia, one can develop a better understanding of Islamic law and use it to solve complex problems and decisions in the context of modern life. The concept of Maqasid Sharia also allows for a broader and contextual interpretation of Islamic law, so that Islamic law can adapt to changing times and an ever-changing society (Hasanah, 2019).
Welfare
Welfare in this modern concept has the definition of a person’s condition where there is no difficulty in meeting their basic needs, be it clothing, food, shelter, hygienic drinking water, and the opportunity to get an education and have an adequate profession or job so as to get quality of life and social status. the same as other residents (Kalsum, 2018).
Welfare is a condition of happiness, health and safety experienced by individuals, families, or society as a whole. Welfare can be seen from various aspects, such as physical health, survival, education, employment, psychological well-being, and so on (Haryanto, 2021).
According to Nursalam and Hidayat, welfare also includes happiness and life satisfaction based on the values and norms that apply in society. Therefore, welfare is not only seen from the material aspect but also involves social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions(Hidayat & Nursalam, 2021).
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1953 In Islam welfare is called Falah, namely a balanced prosperous life in the world and in the hereafter. “In a simple sense, Falah is glory and victory in life,” according to Anto in his research (Pusparini, 2018). Falah in the Qur’an is explained in QS. Al-Mu’minun verse 1:
ََحَلْفَاَْدَق ََن ْوُنِم ْؤُمْلا
“Truly successful are those who believe.”
Falah can be achieved if humans meet their needs in a balanced way. The fulfillment of needs in a balanced manner will have the impact of “all forms of conditions, both material and non-material, which are able to increase the position of humans as the most noble creatures” which is called maslahah (Widiastuti, 2018).
Islamic welfare is welfare that is comprehensive and balanced. both materially and non-materially, in this world and the hereafter. The concept of Islamic welfare is not only measured by the economic context but also includes moral, spiritual, and social values.
Prosperity (Falah) in Islam can be realized if maslahah is achieved (Darussalam, 2019).
RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses a qualitative method because it interprets, highlights, and explains a unique phenomenon. Qualitative research is research that emphasizes the in-depth understanding of a problem rather than looking at the problem for generalization research (Bi Rahmani, 2016). This research took the research location in the City of Tanjung Balai.
When the research was conducted in January 2023, it began with searching for the data until it was finished.
Sources of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The primary data used as the data source in this study were the results of interviews with a fisherman in Tanjung Balai and the staff of the Fisheries Service Office in the Tanjung Balai area.
Secondary data in this study came from books, research journals, internet browsing, data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and data from the Tanjung Balai City fisheries office, as well as data obtained from internet access.
The results of this study will be analyzed descriptively qualitatively, namely by describing, summarizing various conditions, various situations or various phenomena of social reality that exist in society which are the object of research and trying to draw that
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1954 reality to the surface as a feature, character, nature of models, signs or descriptions of certain conditions, situations or phenomena (Hartono, 2018).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study aims to analyze the problems faced by fishermen in Tanjung Balai City and how the Maqashid Sharia approach can help overcome these problems. Based on the results of field monitoring conducted by the author, he was able to interview Pak Amrin, one of the fishermen in Tanjung Balai as well as the first informant. From the results of these interviews it can be described the problem of inequality that occurs in fishermen in the City of Tanjung Balai from fishery production which of course greatly influences the economy of the fishermen. In this study, the authors obtained results regarding the government’s role in overcoming the problem of fishermen’s welfare. Staff of the Office of the Fisheries Service for the Tanjung Balai region, Mr. Firman as the second informant said that almost all fishermen in Tanjung Balai still cannot fulfill their family’s needs. The following is a description of the results of the interview.
Pak Amrin, one of the fishermen as well as the first informant, said that the number of catches that fishermen get every time they go to sea varies. The catch is influenced by weather factors which until now has also been the main complaint of fishermen. The average total catch of fish, usually once landed, can get 500 kg of fish. For a kilo of fish, it is usually priced at 4000-5000 rupiah. This catch is also not entirely privately owned by the fishermen. Usually, after the fish are landed, the crew members and loading and unloading workers immediately handle them to be marketed at the Fish Auction Place (TPI).
Previously, the catch had also been sorted based on type, quality and size. In addition, marketing is also carried out to companies that manage fish. From these results, I and the other fishermen still feel inadequate to meet our family’s economic needs. In addition, most of the ships we use to go to sea are rented. Every time we land and sell our catch, we share the wages we get directly with the fishermen who go to sea and also to the crew members who help market the fish at the auction, in addition to buying subsidized diesel fuel and paying for the rental of the boats used. So, from these catches, almost all fishermen still do not feel well-off.
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1955 Mr. Firman as a staff at the TanjungBalai Regional Fisheries Service Office also confirmed the results of interviews conducted by the author with these fishermen. “Which is the possible cause of the decline in fish catches caused by several factors, namely:
Overfishing (fishing in waters exceeding the rate of population recovery). The reduction in operating fishing vessels/boats was due to damage to the vessels, absence/lack of capital, and climate/weather factors. Destructive fishing (fishing activities that destroy habitat and fish life cycle) such as the use of prohibited fishing gear. Decrease in water quality due to environmental pollution. Illegal Fishing (fishing activities that do not comply with the regulations of a country/fishing by foreign vessels). Catches of fish that are not reported to the authorized fisheries management institution. In addition, there are also several things that cause a decrease in fish consumption in the community, usually due to increased fishing operational costs, difficulties in obtaining subsidized diesel fuel in unfavorable climatic conditions, reduced number of days at sea, decreased catch production so that the price of fishery products increases. This is what causes people’s purchasing power to decrease so many people are looking for alternative sources of protein other than fish. Not only the income of fishermen in the waters has decreased, but aquaculture production has also decreased due to the fluctuating price of fish feed so production costs are high. Natural factors such as floods that cause pond damage, submerged ponds, and drifting pet fish.
Decreased water quality. There are pests and fish diseases. And the conversion of fish farming land for other purposes.”
From the results of the interviews above, the authors can conclude that there is still a lack of welfare for fishermen when seen from the uncertainty of their catches. From these results they are also still not able to meet the economic needs of the family.
Table 2
Fishery Production According to Origin of Catch in Tanjung Balai City (Tons) 2018- 2022
Year Land
Sea Amount
Cultivation Public Waters
2018 305,3 19,2 40,673.00 40,997.50
2019 307,9 17,8 39,734.60 40060.30
2020 220 18,3 32,617.00 32,855.30
2021 225 12,7 32,930.47 33168.17
2022 110.99 15,3 28,327.53 28,453.82
Source: Tanjung Balai Regional Fisheries Service Office
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1956 It can be seen in the fishery production data by catch origin in Tanjung Balai City from 2018-2022 provided by the Tanjung Balai Regional Fisheries Service. During this period the production of aquaculture and public waters in the sea decreased every year. The result of the decrease in fish production affects the economic income of fishing communities and has an impact on the sustainability of marine resources in this region. As in 2018 the total number of fish caught in Tanjung Balai City carried out by fishermen reached 40,997.50 Tons. But in 2019-2022 the number of fish caught has decreased very drastically to reach 28,453.82 tons. The decline in fish catches is caused by changes in weather and climate, overfishing, pollution, environmental damage, environmental changes, and lack of management of fish resources.
Analysis of Fishermen’s Welfare Problems in the City of Tanjung Balai According to the Maqashid Sharia Approach (Case Study of Fishermen in Tanjung Balai) provides an overview of the economic conditions and welfare of fishermen in the City of Tanjung Balai and identifies the factors that cause their welfare. Based on this research, there are several results of the discussion which can be described as follows:
Factors Causing Fishermen’s Welfare
The following are several factors that cause fishermen’s welfare in the City of Tanjung Balai: a) Limited access to resources and equipment: Fishermen in Tanjung Balai City often experience difficulties in obtaining adequate access to marine resources and equipment such as boats, nets and other fishing gear. This can affect the productivity of their fishing business and make their income lower; b) Lack of a fair and transparent market: Fishermen in Tanjung Balai City often have difficulty selling their catch at a fair price due to the monopoly of the middlemen. This causes fishermen to be unable to determine the desired price and get a fair profit from their catch; c) Lack of access to education and training: Fishermen in Tanjung Balai City often lack access to education and training to improve their ability to run fishing businesses. This can affect the productivity of their fishing business, and limit their opportunities to upgrade their skills and knowledge; d) Risk of accidents at sea: Fishermen in Tanjung Balai City often experience the risk of accidents at sea when they are fishing. Erratic weather conditions and lack of safety in sailing can affect the safety and health of fishermen; e) Unsustainable practices:
Some fishermen in Tanjung Balai City sometimes use fishing techniques that damage the
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1957 marine environment and threaten the sustainability of marine resources. This can cause damage to the marine ecosystem and have an impact on the long-term income of fishermen;
f) Unstable economic conditions: Fishermen in Tanjung Balai City often experience economic instability, such as unpredictable fluctuations in fish prices, and a decrease in people’s purchasing power which affects the selling price of fish. This can affect the income and welfare of fishermen.
Implementation of the Maqashid Sharia Concept
Several steps that can be taken in implementing the concept of Maqashid Sharia to overcome the welfare of fishermen in the City of Tanjung Balai include: a) Encourage the government to provide access to adequate business capital, either through loans or assistance; b) Using modern and effective technology in the fishing business; c) Establish partnerships with various parties to reduce production costs; d) Increasing supervision and protection of fishermen by the authorities; e) Applying the principles of sustainable marine resource management
The Role of Society in the Implementation of the Maqasid Sharia Concept
The role of the community is also very important in implementing the concept of maqashid sharia to overcome fishermen’s welfare. Communities can play a role in: a) Form fishermen’s groups to strengthen their bargaining power; b) Help fishermen to introduce effective modern technology in fishing business.
The results of the study show that the main problems faced by fishermen in Tanjung Balai City are low income, unsupportive government policies, and lack of access to markets and appropriate technology. The Maqashid Sharia approach can help overcome this problem by emphasizing the principles of justice, balance and expediency. One of the recommendations produced is a more proactive policy from the government in providing support to fishermen, both in terms of access to markets and technology, as well as in providing training and education to improve fishermen's skills.
In addition, the Maqashid Sharia approach also emphasizes the importance of sustainability and environmental preservation as part of human welfare. Therefore, it is important for fishermen to pay attention to the impact of their activities on the environment and take steps to minimize this impact.
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1958 This research shows that the Maqashid Sharia approach can provide a comprehensive and holistic view of the problem of the welfare of fishermen in the City of Tanjung Balai, by emphasizing the principles of justice, balance and benefit as well as the importance of environmental preservation. The recommendations resulting from this research can be used as a reference for the government and society in an effort to improve the welfare of fishermen and environmental preservation.
The Government’s Solution to Overcoming Fishermen’s Welfare Problems
Based on the results of research conducted using the Maqashid Sharia approach to the problems of fishermen’s welfare in Tanjung Balai City, several solutions that can be carried out by the government to overcome this problem include:
Provide financial and technological support to fishermen to increase the productivity and quality of their catch. The government can provide capital assistance or business credit to fishermen to obtain more modern fishing gear and more efficient fish processing technology.
Encouraging the creation of a fair and competitive market for fishermen.
The government can provide support and facilities to fishermen in terms of promotion and marketing of fish products, as well as strengthening the role of Village-Owned Enterprises (Bumdes) in managing fish markets so that fishermen can obtain better prices.
Improving the quality of fishermen’s human resources through training and education. The government can provide training and education for fishermen in terms of business management, marketing, and the use of modern technology so that they can compete in an increasingly competitive market.
Develop and implement policies that are oriented towards maqashid sharia principles, such as policies that are oriented towards justice, benefit, and balance in the management of coastal and marine resources.
In implementing this solution, it is important for the government to carry out a careful study and hold consultations with fishermen and other stakeholders, in order to formulate an appropriate and effective solution.
Analysis of Fishermen’s Unwelfare ….. 1959 CONCLUSION
Regarding the welfare of fishermen in the City of Tanjung Balai, it can be concluded that there are several factors causing the decline in the welfare of fishermen, such as the lack of access to resources and equipment, the low quality and selling price of fish, and the lack of knowledge and skills in managing a fishing business. In addition, factors such as the low involvement of fishermen in local economic activities and the lack of access to education and training are also the cause of the fishermen’s welfare in the city.
To overcome these problems, the government can implement various solutions, such as increasing access to resources and equipment, building fair and transparent fish markets, providing education and training to fishermen, and providing assistance and incentives in the form of subsidies. In addition, the government can also pay attention to the concept of Maqasid Sharia in implementing its solutions, so that it can create justice and prosperity for all people, including fishermen and their families.
The advice that can be given based on this research is that the government and related stakeholders need to increase the involvement of fishermen in sustainable local economic activities, as well as increase access to education and training for fishermen. This is expected to increase the income and welfare of fishermen, as well as encourage sustainable local economic growth. In addition, further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the solutions that have been proposed in improving the welfare of fishermen in Tanjung Balai City and other areas in Indonesia.
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