DOI: 10.26418/j-psh.v14i1.61035
Livelihood Strategies of Fishing Labor Households in Air Bangis Village, West Sumatra
Strategi Mata Pencaharian Rumah Tangga Buruh Nelayan di Desa Air Bangis Sumatera Barat
1Egi Yulianda
2Irwan*
3Erningsih
1,2,3Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat, Kota Padang, Indonesia
*Corresponding Email Author: irwan7001@gmail.com
Keywords
Fisherman Labor, Household,
Livelihood Strategy,
Abstract
This research was conducted by fishermen who experienced economic problems in household life, where the income earned by fishermen was not sufficient to meet their daily needs, even the UMP they brought. West Sumatra. The average income of fisherman workers is Rp. 1,000,000. per month, but there are still fishermen who still survive as traditional fishermen. Even though work as a fisherman is a big risk and has an erratic income. The theory used in this study is the subject strategy theory put forward by White 1991.
The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Retrieval of informants using purposive sampling with a total of 7 informants, 1 Jorong Pasar Muara and 6 fishermen Jorong Pasar Muara. There are two types of data in this study, namely primary data and secondary data. The research data was collected using observation techniques, interviews and document studies. Data analysis uses Miles and Huberman's thinking by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions using the unit of analysis in this study are individuals.
The results of the study show that work as a fisherman is the main occupation of the Jorong Pasar Muara household, fisherman workers continue to work so that they can fulfill the household economy.
How to cite this article:
Yulianda, E., Irwan, I., Erningsih, E. (2023). Livelihood Strategies of Fishing Labor Households in Air Bangis Village, West Sumatra. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi dan Humaniora, 14(1), 42-51, DOI: 10.26418/j- psh.v14i1.61035
Submit date : January 3rd, 2023 Review date : January 8th, 2023 Accepted : January 16th, 2023
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands with a coastline length of 95,181 km (DKP, 2008). Indonesia is also said to be a maritime country because 75% of Indonesia is sea and one of the countries rich in marine and fishery products (Kinseng, 2011; Mairisti and Eriyanti, 2020). This causes there to be approximately 7,000 species of fish living in the sea with a sustainable fish potential of 6.26 million tons/year (Thoha 2016). In addition, the people of Indonesia make a living as fishermen, becoming the livelihood of households to survive (Kingseng, 2011). West Sumatra is a province in Indonesia located on the island of Sumatra with the capital city of Padang, West Sumatra Province is located along the coast, highlands, offshore. The area of West Sumatra waters is 186,580 Km² with a territorial sea area of 57,880 Km² and 128,700 Km2 in EEZ waters, the length of the coastline is 2,420.4 Km (Satria, 2015: 7-8). The vast sea waters in West Sumatra make fishermen play an important role to work to meet their needs and carry out fishing activities at sea (Rahim 2016); (Irwan, 2023).
Working as fishermen, of course, they live by relying on sea products. This encourages and reinforces the fact that the work of a fisherman is very dependent on the sea and does not generate too much income (Mahyuni 2019); (Irwan, 2015); (Irwan et al., 2019). The work of a fisherman must have mental strength and seriousness and seriousness in action (Arifin 2015). In West Sumatra, fishermen are one of the most common occupations for the people of West Pasaman, especially Jorong Pasar Muara, where fishing has become the main livelihood and strategy in meeting family needs (Imron 2013). The livelihood in West Pasaman is an activity in supporting household life, the number of fishermen in West Pasaman Jorong can be seen in the following figure.
Figure 1. Number of Fishermen Per Jorong in Nagari Air Bangis
The number of fishermen in Nagari Air Bangis which is classified as high is in Jorong Pasar Muara. Judging from the technology of fishing gear used, it can be divided into two
561 459 400 498 335 496 430 495 499 450 355 458
5.436
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
categories, namely modern fishermen and traditional fishermen. Modern fishermen use more sophisticated fishing technology compared to traditional fishermen. The amount of income is not solely due to the use of motors to drive the boat, but also the size of the boat used and the exploitation rate of the fishing gear used. Differences in fishing gear technology will also affect the operational cruising ability and the catch obtained, so that income distribution becomes uneven (Imron, 2003: 68).
The problem that occurs is that the condition of fishermen in Jorong Pasar Muara experiences a life that has not been said to be prosperous (BPS, 2020) This is also evidenced in the income earned by fishermen, which is not sufficient to meet the needs of life and even brought by the UMP (Provincial Minimum Wage) of West Sumatra. The average income for fishing laborers is Rp. 1,000,000 per month (processed interview results). The income earned by fishing laborers is based on climatic conditions and includes uncertain income when going to sea. This is evident when the weather is uncertain, for example during moonlight and stormy weather. Faced with this situation, fishermen need to carry out livelihood tactics in their livelihoods to be able to carry out their survival. When viewed from income and expenses it is not balanced. The following is a table of household expenses of fishing laborers.
Table 1. Monthly Expenditure of Fishermen Laborers in Muara Market Jorong
No Expenditure Type Unit Average Family Expenditure
(Rp/Month)) 1 Basic Needs
Rice Kilogram (Kg) 985.500
Side dishes Kilogram (Kg) 300.000
Kerosene/gas Liter/Kilogram 56.000
Cooking oil Liter 180.000
Sugar Kilogram (Kg) 59.615 (4 kg)
Coffee Kilogram (Kg) 56.300 (1 kg)
Gallon water Liter 75.000 (15 galon)
Amount 1.712.415
2 Non-Principal
Education (2 children) 800.000
One-time use of electricity 121.282
Amount 921.282
Totally 2.633.697
Source: interview processing 2022
Based on the table above, it explains that the average monthly expenditure of fishermen laborers in Jorong Pasar Muara is IDR 2,633,697, this shows that it is not suitable between their income and their monthly expenses. Facing this situation, fishermen need to carry out livelihood strategies in fulfilling their livelihoods to be able to carry out their survival.
Some studies of fishermen's discourse in facing economic pressures use livelihood strategies. This step becomes a process to fulfill household needs (Satria, 2015). In line with this thought, Helmi and Satria (2012) stated that fishermen to maintain their lives use livelihood strategies in these economic choices. The limitations of fishermen in the Muara Market Jorong in economic squeeze often use social relations as a livelihood strategy.
Based on the background of the problems described above, the authors are interested in analyzing in depth the "Livelihood Strategies of Fishermen Workers in Jorong Pasar Muara Nagari Air Bangis, Sungai Beremas District, West Pasaman Regency".
RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses a qualitative approach which is used to reveal and understand the reality in the field in accordance with the actual conditions. According to Moleong (2011) qualitative research is research that intends to understand phenomena about what is experienced by research subjects such as behavior, perceptions, motivations, actions and others, holistically and by means of descriptions in the form of words and language, in a special natural context and by utilizing various scientific methods. informants in this study were 17 people, consisting of 1 head of Jorong, 6 fishing workers, 6 fishermen's wives, 2 neighbors of fishing workers, and 2 fishermen's children..
The withdrawal of informants was carried out using a purpose sampling technique.
Data collection methods were carried out by means of non-participant observation, interviews and document studies. Observation or observation is an activity carried out by humans using the five senses of the eye as the main tool in addition to the other five senses such as ears, nose, mouth and skin (Bungin, 2011). Meanwhile, in-depth interview is an interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee directly and the interview can also be said to be a face-to-face conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee (Mujtahidin & Oktarianto, 2022) (Adillah, 2022). And document study is a research method carried out on information documented in the form of images, sounds, writings, and other documents, usually known as document analysis research or content analysis. Content analysis researchers work objectively and systematically to describe the content of communication materials (Arikunto, 2013). The unit of analysis of this research is an individual, namely traditional fishermen, to obtain and analyze data, this research uses the
Miles and Hubermen model. Miles and Hubermen shared the stages of analysis starting from data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The research location was conducted in Jorong Pasar Muara, Sungi Beremas Sub-District, Nagari Air Bangis, West Pasaman Regency.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results
Fishermen labor households take economic action to increase economic needs. The lives of fishermen's households are in the lower class based on research obtained by fishermen's monthly income reaching Rp. 1000,000 while their monthly expenses reach Rp.
2,600,000. (Research results dated September 19, 2022).
Even so, fishermen households continue to carry out activities as fishermen.
Sociologically, this phenomenon is called the resilience of fisher labor households.
Therefore, the resilience of fishing labor households and the livelihood strategies of fishing labor households are discussed.
Livelihood Strategies of Fishermen Labor Households
A. Resilience of Fisherman Labor Households with Uncertain Income
Fishing labor households in Jorong Pasar Muara range as many as 561 fishermen.
The work as a fisherman has been carried out by the people of Jorong Pasar Muara since the 1980s, of course this fisherman has been a hereditary job. This is also what makes people in Nagari Air Bangis persist in doing work as fishermen, one of the areas in Jorong Pasar Muara. Working as a fisherman is the main job in meeting household economic needs. Although fish income is uncertain, the people in Jorong Pasar Muara still choose to work as fishermen. Working as a fisherman is the main job in meeting household needs, besides that working as a fisherman requires a long period of time to meet the needs of survival. Although the household economy of fishermen laborers is unstable and insufficient, it is still done by households in Jorong Pasar Muara to make a living, because fishermen's work is the only work done to survive.
1. Have a Low Level of Education
The low level of education in Jorong Pasar Muara makes households dependent on marine products. Working as a fisherman must be able to utilize the experience and knowledge possessed because skills and knowledge are the initial capital in starting the course of business in a job. The household income of fishermen in Jorong Pasar Muara is Rp. 1,000,000 per month. skills and knowledge are the main keys to work. It is undeniable that fishermen will always try to maximize their income through various
efforts to increase catches. Thus, even though only working as a household fisherman laborer must also have skills and knowledge about the sea and fisheries and so on. This greatly affects the income level of fishermen.
Land is a vital natural resource, humans need land as a place to live for their survival (Tika, 2010). The lack of income as a fisherman means that households in Jorong Pasar Muara do not have the capital to buy land to increase their income, such as land for farming as an additional household business. This causes households to depend only on marine products, although they realize that the results obtained from the sea are uncertain and even insufficient for their daily needs. Jorong Pasar Muara households are very dependent on marine products due to the position of Jorong Pasar Muara which is located in the coastal area.
B. Livelihood Strategies of Fishermen Labor Households in Maintaining the Economy
The income of fishing laborers is highly dependent on sea products, this is what causes households in Jorong Pasar Muara to choose to work as fishermen, although unstable income households in Jorong Pasar Muara have no other choice but to seek loans and wives who help in fulfilling the family economy. However, even though expenses are reduced, they still do not meet the needs of fishermen's households, this is due to the uncertain income of fishermen, so fishermen must find strategies in meeting household needs so that they are still fulfilled by borrowing cooperative capital, owing neighbors whose lives are more capable, and reducing expenses in meeting household needs, utilizing BLT assistance and electricity subsidies to help meet household needs. This means that even though there are many obstacles in fulfilling the household economy, households make various kinds of efforts, so that they can still maintain the economic needs of their households.
1. Strategy Survival
Survival strategy as a form of effort or way of survival in order to meet the economic needs of the community. To maintain the economy of fishermen in Jorong Pasar Muara, there are several things done by fishermen's wives to increase the economy in their families, for example when husbands do not go to sea due to natural disturbances such as storms, big waves and other weather disturbances, wives take part in maintaining the daily economy such as the wives of these fishermen, some of whom work as sellers of daily staples, selling dried fish in the market and some work as fish collectors at the fish landing site (TPI). Wives' income in selling dried fish and
collecting fish at TPI ranges from Rp. 30,000-50,000 but do not work every day, but work 1 to 2 days a week.
This makes fishing laborers in Jorong Pasar Muara during the famine season or fishless season where weather conditions are not favorable due to strong winds and large waves making fishing laborers unable to fish, so they have no income, this results in the economy of fishing laborers also deteriorating. Fishing laborers in Jorong Pasar Muara have differences in their economic conditions.
2. Accumulation Strategy
As a form of business conducted by households in Jorong Pasar Muara, they try various survival strategies. These strategies also contain efforts to accumulate business capital as a way of ensuring the survival of individuals and groups in an expansive manner.
For the sake of community survival in Jorong Pasar Muara, the community does not only rely on the Survival Strategy to maintain but also relies on accumulation strategies such as utilizing existing social networks, for example borrowing money from cooperatives. the money borrowed is mostly used by fishermen's wives for the business of selling dried fish in the market. Usually fishermen's wives pay money to the cooperative, which is paid every day.
Discussion
Based on the title of this study, it is about the livelihood strategies of fishing laborers' households in Jorong Pasar Muara Nagari Air Bangis, Sungai Beremas District, West Pasaman Regency. The theory that researchers use in this research is white 1991, where this theory focuses on processes at the household level in building activities, abilities and social support to survive and improve the standard of living in households.
White (1991), concluded the livelihood strategy by dividing it based on the socio- economic status of the household: first, the survival strategy is a strategy to meet life's needs at a minimum level in order to survive; second, the consolidation strategy is a strategy to meet the necessities of life that are assigned to the fulfillment of basic and social needs;
third, the accumulation strategy is a strategy of meeting the necessities of life to achieve basic needs, social and capital wealth. These strategies do not always appear in a society, the strategies that emerge will differ from one society to another where the strategies carried out are very beneficial to household economic conditions.
The actors in this study are traditional fishermen who try to meet household needs while maintaining their jobs as fishing laborers, various strategies are carried out by fishing
workers in maintaining the household economy, there are 2 strategies for the livelihood of fishing workers, the first is a survival strategy and the second is accumulation strategy, the form of survival strategy used by the Jorong Pasar Muara household is the wife and helping the husband in working such as selling dried fish in the market and the form of accumulation strategy used by the Jorong Pasar Muara household is utilizing existing social networks such as borrowing money from cooperatives.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research on the Livelihood Strategy of Fishermen Labor Households in Jorong Pasar Muara Nagari Air Bangis, Sungai Beremas District, West Pasaman Regency, it can be concluded that fishermen who work from sea products are the main job in fulfilling the economy in their households, the number of fishermen in Jorong Pasar Muara is 561 people, while the ship owners are 400 people, fishermen laborers continue to do fishing work due to low knowledge and skills and do not have land for farming, There are 2 strategies for the livelihood of fishing laborers, the first is a survival strategy and the second is an accumulation strategy, the form of survival strategy used by Jorong Pasar Muara households is that the wife participates in helping her husband in working such as selling dried fish in the market and the form of accumulation strategy used by Jorong Pasar Muara households is to utilize existing social networks such as borrowing money from cooperatives.
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