Analysis of the Increase in the Rate of Early Marriage During the Covid-19 Pandemic as an
Impact of Online Learning Through The Citizenship Perspective
Mar'atul Hidayah sebelas Maret University Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Marriage or marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband wifewith the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on the One Godhead.
According to data from the Ministry of Religion of Central Java during the Covid-19 pandemic from March to November 2020, KUA Pasar Kliwon married 19 underage couples. Marriage is carried out after going through the trial process for a marriage dispensation request from the Religious Court.
This study aims to analyze the increase in the rate of early marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic as a result of online learning throughperspectivecitizenship. This research uses a type or research approach in the form of literature study, data sources that are used as research material in the form of laws, books, journals, and internet sites related to the selected topic. The results of this study state that the increase in early marriage is the impact of the diminishing civic disposition which is triggered by the ease with which information technology is accessed by children, which includes adult content.
Keywords: early marriage, covid-19, online learning, citizenship
Introduction
Marriage or marriage is an event that will not be forgotten in the journey of life because it is one moment happiness that every human being awaits, with the hope of a sakinah mawadah warohmah marriage, marriage can be the last port for both people to make promises of loyalty, to love and love each other between two human beings who are hit by romance.
Regulations regarding the age limit of marriage are contained in Law No. 1 of 1974, article 7 paragraph (1) states thatMarriage is permitted if the male has reached the age of 19
and the female has reached the age of 16 years.
(Law on Marriage, 1974)
Then, the explanation is revised again and undergoes changes in which marriage can be done if parties from men and parties aged at least 19 years. The age limit in question is that the body and soul have matured so that they can carry out the marriage so that the goal of marriage is well and have healthy offspring, without ending in divorce. Then, in verse 2 it says that in the marriage of each candidate who has not reached the age of 21 years and those who have not reached the age of 21 years, must obtain permission from both parents. However, the reality on the ground is
still not in accordance with what is stated in the law. (Law No. 16 of 2019, 2019)
In the midst of the global covid-19 pandemic that has hit various countries including Indonesia, it has affected many factors in people's lives, both in the economic, tourism and education sectors. In Circular
Letter Number 15 of 2020
concerningGuidelines for Organizing Learning from Home in an Emergency for the Spread of Covid-19, it has been stated that students must learn from home during an emergency when the spread of Covid-19 is carried out while still paying attention to the protocol for handling Covid-19 Learning can be done using online learning media such as; LMS SIAJAR by the Ministry of Education and Culture's SEAMOLEC, sharing teachers, digital reading, video lessons, educational voices from the Ministry of Education and Culture, and others. (Ministry of Education and Culture).
One of the fundamental components of Citizenship Education is the character or character of citizenship (civic disposition) (Winarno, 2014) in (PPkn, 2020) the character of citizenship (civic disposition) is oriented to two things, namely private and public characters. These two characters are oriented towards moral responsibility, discipline and respect for the human dignity of each individual, concern as citizens, think critically, listen and compromise. Both are one unit, which means that each individual as a citizen must have in order to build democracy properly.
So far, schools are one of the important components for implementing the positive values of the agenda on the development of character education for students in schools.
Schools are the second place to carry out socialization and structured education compared to activities at home which are relatively incidental, so that schools have an important role in realizing empowerment for
students to become school members who have good personalities in accordance with the values of national character (Murniyetti , et al.
2016: 163).
However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, it had a direct impact on the lives of students.
The effect of globalization that cannot be hindered by life is the development of technology facilities based on internet or network IT. Malready information technology ones accessedby children including adult content. In addition, in the applications themselves, sometimes there are advertisements for adult content which can easily be accessed by those who are not old enough. In addition, there is weak supervision from parents and also the surrounding community regarding promiscuity that occurs among adolescents.
Method
The research method is one of the elements needed in order to obtain research results. In accordance with the title that has been stated, the method used in research on the Analysis of the Increase in the Early Marriage Rate in Surakarta during the Covid-19 Pandemic as the Impact of Online Learning throughThe Citizenship Perspective is a literature study or literature study.
Study method literature is a process or activity of reading, recording, and managing data from the libraries that are obtained. (Zed, 2008). The study was carried out by looking for literature from various books, journals, proceedings, articles, and laws. Furthermore, the authors conducted an analysis of the data sources that had been obtained.
Result and Discussion
According to WHO, early marriage is a marriage that is done by a partner or one partner is still categorized as a child or adolescent who is under the age of 19 years.
According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), early marriage is a marriage that is carried out legally or illegally conducted before the age of 18. (UDAYANI, 2016) In the modern era, such as today, early marriage still often occurs in various regions.
During the Covid-19 pandemic period from March to November, the Kliwon Market Office of Religious Affairs married 19 pairs of underage children and all of them were pregnant outside of marriage.
The results of interviews with Penghulu at KUA Pasar Kliwon Subdistrict, most of the couples who marry underage are students and the cause of marriage is because they are already pregnant, the youngest is the bride who is 13 years old and has been in the same house with the candidate for about a year.
(Ministry of Religion, 2020).
The factor of early marriage It varies greatly due to factors of education, economy, parents, self-desire, customs, and MBA (married by accident). (Mubasyaroh, 2016).
For more details, here are the factors that cause early marriage, first the low education factor, the education factor is one of the factors causing early marriage, because it will affect the people's mindset, both the education of parents and children themselves. People with low education will think that they prioritize marriage over education because of getting marriedthey will be able to fill in the empty days. Law education will also affect the maturity level of a person, with education someone will filter and accept a good change to respond to the environment that can affect their thinking ability.
Second is the economic factor, families experiencing economic difficulties will tend to marry off their children at a young age, with the hope that early marriages can be a solution to economic difficulties, by reducing the economic burden on the family. In addition, parents who are not strong enough to pay for their children's education choose to marry off their children in the hope that when their children are married, there will be someone
else, namely the husband, who will support their needs.
Third, the parent factor. Parental coercion can be one of the factors causing early marriage. Parents insistbecause of several factors, either because they are afraid that their child will fall into promiscuity or because it is to guarantee the future of their child, so that there is an arranged marriage with someone who is considered capable of ensuring the future of their child and their family.
Fourth, the accident factor (married by accident). Pregnancy out of wedlock is the result of a relationship that violates norms, thus forcing the perpetrator to marry early to clarify the status of the child later. This can have a bad impact on both parents and their children in the future, because they may not actually be ready for the household to be built.
The MBA factor usually arises because the child is often caught up in promiscuity.
Fifth, the desire factor itself. Men and women who love each other usuallythink that the happy end of their relationship is marriage, regardless of age, the problems that will be faced and how to solve these problems. When the problem cannot be resolved, a new problem will arise, namely divorce. This should be the main consideration when you want to have an early marriage.
Sixth, local customs factors. Public belief, such as if you don't get married soon you will become an old maid, it's better to divorcethan never getting married. This thought adds to the percentage of early marriage. As revealed by Wardhani, Director of Population Impact Analysis, BKKBNin the Population Control Strategy coordination meetingin Manado City that the chances of girls marrying early in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Girls in rural areas are three times more likely to marry before the age of 18 than those who live in urban areas. (Republika.com, 2019)
If examined further, the factors causing early marriage are the mass media that can be accessed freely. The rise of sex posts on social media has resulted in teenagers becoming
increasingly permissive towards sex. Some of the factors that cause marriage or early marriage to become rampant and continue to increase, are involvement, the ability of parents to supervise children, and the influence of the environment. The occurrence of early marriage is prone to poor village girls who lack or cannot get proper education, as well as lack of information about the impact of early marriage because of this. This is a factor that greatly affects the prevalence of early marriage.
According to John Dewey, education is a process that has no end and is a process of forming basic abilities related to thinking, intellectual and emotional feelings directed at the character and behavior of students (Sofralda, Suci; Ulfat, L Atika; Parwira, 2019).
Therefore, the learning process is the key to the success of education so that the learning process has good quality (Saiful, 2013). From this explanation, even in the current state of Covid-19, education still has to continue.
Distance Learning System (PJJ). (Law of the Republic of Indonesia No.20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, 2003) Article 1, paragraph 15, explains that PJJ is education in which students are separated from educators whose learning uses various learning sources through information and communication technology and other media. One type of PJJ is online learning, which is learning without face-to-face learning directly from students and educators, but is done online. Educators and students learn using various applications, such as zoom meetings, google meet, quiepper school, google classroom, telegram, whatsapp, and others. (Fitri, 2017).
From the facts in the community, some parents do not have the tools to support online learning, this certainly makes parents and students feel confused. Apart from problems with the device, the absence of pulses or quotas and the network is also a problem in online learning.
UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta Fore (2020) The lives of millions of children in the Covid-19 pandemic have temporarily shrunk to more time spent at home and on the internet.
In this case, it is necessary for all certain parties to help them navigate this new reality by taking part in securing itchildren in using the internet so that children can be protected from the dangers of the internet itself. (Zahara, nd).
In addition, during distance learning which is carried out online where the internet can be accessed freely it is possible to cause bad impacts such as where students become lazy to learn because they are too Having fun watching interesting entertainment, most students spend their time playing social media, such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, until the one that is popular now is TikTok. From this free access, most children easily absorb a lot of information that their credibility cannot be justified. It is too cool to socialize with new friends on social media who they think are more interesting, can make children chirp on social media arbitrarily, which often leads to quarrels due to inappropriate scenes being watched such as scenes of violence, war persecution, pornography and so on.
Therefore, the role of the entire community, especially families, is needed to avoid these new problems when children spend longer time at home, apart from preventing children from negative content on social media, parents as much as possible are able to make Learning from Home (BdR) activities more great fun.
Early childhood marriage almost occurs throughout Indonesia, although the Declaration of Human Rights of 1954 clearly opposes child marriage, in fact, the practice of early marriage is still taking place in various parts of the world including Indonesia, this proves that the protection of the human rights of young people has not been watched carefully.
The state makes a minimum age limit for marriage in the hope that the person who is going to marry is already married have mental maturity, ability to think, and good physical abilities with the aim of achieving family happiness later. (Ali, 2015)
The implementation of laws is often ineffective and is defeated by the traditional customs that regulate the social norms of community groups. Parents will be happier when their children get married sooner.
Meanwhile, the main factor that encourages young marriage according to custom is the worry of the parents if their daughter does not get a mate or does not sell well. Apart from that, the parents' desire to release the economic burden of the parents on their daughters.
Message from The Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified by Indonesia in various forms of law, requires the fulfillment of children's rights to be heard, so that they are free from discrimination and violence that can interfere with physical and mental health, education, as well as moral, spiritual, and social pressure. Protection of children's rights which is the responsibility of the government by providing regulations that care for children. (Dina Tsalist Wildana, nd)
The child protection law, which is a derivative of the convention on children's rights, clearly states that children from the time they are in the womb until they are 18 years old. Until that age, both parents or the government and the state are obliged to ensure that children's rights are fulfilled so that they can live, grow and develop in a sustainable manner. normal. One form of protection for children that parents must take is to prevent early marriage to children. From existing statements, the government is still not consistent in determining the age limit for children to marry. This has a negative impact on the child protection process. Where in a condition someone is protected because they are still a child, but when they areotherwise he is treated as an adult because he is married.
Conclusion
The increase in early marriage always increases every year, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic like this time. Some of the factors that cause early marriage are factors of low education, economy, parents, accidents or MBA (married by accident), their own desires, and local customs.
The impact of a pandemic on education require learners must Learning from Home (BDR) which is implemented with the Distance Learning system (PJJ). The impact of distance learning itself is that students become lazy and spend their time playing social media, such as YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. Easy and free internet access that can be reached, students can easily access adult content, pornographic films, and so on which should be prohibited content.
Therefore, to reduce the increasing number of early marriages, it is necessary to have the role of parents in accompanying children during the pandemic, as well as regulations from the government regarding the age limit of marriage.
References
Ali, S. (2015). Agama Serta Permasalahannya (Religion and Its Problems (The Teen Marriage In Indonesia On The Country Perspective And Religion As Well As The Problem). Journal of Indonesian Legislation,
5 (10), 1–28.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=
&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUK Ewiqmtb5q5LpAhWixDgGHbKmCFAQFj AAegQIAhAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Finde x.phurnal. 2Farticle% 2Fdownload%
2F405% 2F285 & usg = AOvVaw0yCip93r- S01BT8hTKLuqY
Dina Tsalist Wildana, IBH (nd). Perkawinan Anak dalam Prespektif Hak Asasi Manusia (Inner Child MarriageHuman Rights Perspective) 68–70.
Fitri, S. (2017). Dampak Positif Dan Negatif Sosial Media Terhadap Perubahan Sosial Anak (Positive and Negative Impact of Social Media on Children's Social Change) NATURALISTIC: Journal of Education and Learning Research Studies, 1 (2), 118–123.
https://doi.org/10.35568/naturalistic.v1i2.5
Law Regarding Law Concerning Marriage No.2 Year 1974
Ministry of Religion, J. (2020). Pandemi Corona : Remaja Hamil Dibawah Umur Naik 250 %.
(Corona Pandemic: Underage Pregnant
Teenagers Rise 250%)
https://jateng.kemenag.go.id/warta/artikel/de tail/pandemi-corona-remaja-hamil-dibawah- umur-naik-250
Mubasyaroh. (2016). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Pernikahan Dini dan Dampaknya Bagi Pelakunya (Analysis of the factors causing early marriage and its impact on the perpetrators). Journal of Religious Social Thought and Research, 7 (2).
PPKn, U. (2020). Pernikahan Dini Dalam Kaitan Perlindungan Anak (Early Marriage Regarding Child Protection). E Proceedings of the 2020 National Seminar on Citizenship Education "Strengthening Citizenship Education in Indonesia in the Digital Age."
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2003 Concerning the National Education System, 41 (2003).
Law No. 16 Year 2019, Concerning Amendments to Law 1 of 1074 Concerning Marriage.
Republika.com. (2019). BKKBN: 375 Remaja Menikah Dini Setiap Harinya (375 Teenagers Get Married Early Every Day) | Republika Online. Republika.Com.
https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasion al/umum/ps4am9459/bkkbn-375-remaja- menikah-dini-setiap-harinya
Sofralda, Suci; Ulfat, L Atika; Parwira, MA (2019).
Analisis Penerapan Metode Pembeajaran Jarak Jauh Menggunakan Media Daring di SMPIT Al-Islah Cibinong (Analysis of Application of MethodsDistance Learning Using Online Media at SMPIT Al-Islah Cibinong). AL-Mubin Journal, 2 (1).
Ministry of Education and Culture. Retrieved April
20, 2021, from http:
//aksi.puspendik.kemdikbud
UDAYANI, NMGK (2016). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak yang Melakukan Perkawinan di Bawah Umur Menurut Undang-Undang Perindungan Anak di Kabupaten Bangli Provinsi Bali (Legal protection for children who are married under age according to the Child Protection Act in Bangli Regency, Bali Province).
Legal Journal.
Zahara, S. (nd). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendampingi Anak Menggunakan Media Sosial di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 (The Role of Parents in Accompanying Children Using Social Media in the Middle of the Covid-19 Pandemic). Collaborative Journal of Conflict Ref Resolution, 3 (1), 105–114.
