Syamsuyurnita, M.Pd., as Dean of the Faculty of Teacher Education and Training, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. Pirman Ginting, S.Pd., M.Hum., as the Head of the English Education Program at the Faculty of Teacher Education and Training, UMSU and also as the kindest supervisor in the world who has helped and facilitated all matters to carry out this research. Rita Harisma, S.Pd., M.Hum., as secretary for the English Education Program at the Faculty of Teacher Education and Training, UMSU.
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Problem
- Identification of the Problem
- The Scope and Limitation
- Formulation of the Problem
- Objective of the Study
- Significance of the Study
The researcher decided to select the BBC News about Russia and Ukraine published from January to March to explore the orientation metaphor in the news. Furthermore, as researchers who have investigated metaphors in news are still rare, the researcher aims to conduct a thorough analysis of metaphors on BBC News about Russia and Ukraine. This study focuses on analyzing how the orientation metaphor appears in BBC News about Russia and Ukraine.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Theoretical Framework
- Methapor
- Orientational Methapor
- BBC News
Conceptual metaphor theory posits two distinct but related roles of “Love is a journey” in the human conceptual system (McGlone, 2007). Based on comparable attributes and relationships in the target and source domains, the first to last conceptualization conceptual metaphor (Xiaoyu Tong, 2021). In addition to the clashes in the spring and summer of 2014, Russia may be ready to mount a broader legal/normative challenge against Western governments.
Previous Study
15 sentences have structural metaphor, 3 phrases contain orientational metaphor and 12 phrases contain ontological metaphor, according to the results of the study. Third, Exploring Metaphor in Jakarta Post Entertainment News is the title of the dissertation written by Rizal Fachtur Hidayat of Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang in 2020. While the research database is the entertainment section of Jakarta Post, which was published between October 2019 and December 2019, the study itself was conducted between January 2020 and February 2020.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual metaphor is then used to construct a conceptual map for the metaphorical expression in the data. In addition, he showed that there are seventeen metaphorical expressions that can be classified into three categories. In his investigation, he determines that there are three types of metaphor: an orientational metaphor, a conceptual metaphor, and a metaphorical expression.
The first research analyzes metaphor types, the second study analyzes metaphor types and their meaning to determine purpose and source, and the third study analyzes metaphor types and conceptual metaphors.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
- Research Design
- Source of Data
- Technique of Collecting Data
- Technique of Analysis Data
Control is up; Lack of control is down” found more sentences, namely 7 sentences, followed by “More is Up; There is less down”. Then: 'Happiness is over; Sad is down” and “Rational is Up; Nonrational is down” each found 1 sentence. Lack of virtue is gone', with the word protect in this sentence being identified as 'Virtue is above', and the word bullying and genocide is identified as 'Lack of virtue has gone down'.
In this sentence, the patronymic is identified as "Virtue is above"; in the word bullying and genocide, it is known as 'lack of virtue is lowered. Lack of virtue is below" where in the word liberation it is identified as "Virtue is above" and also in the word oppression it is identified as "Lack of virtue is below". In this sentence, it is identified as "The lack of control has decreased", which in the word currency in the sentence describes Russia continuing to wage a very large war since 1945.
In this sentence it is identified as "Sad is down" which in the word accused in the sentence describes Russia accused of starting crimes in wars in Europe. This sentence is identified as "Virtue is up; Lack of virtue is down", which in the word protective is identified as "Virtue is up and in the word terminate it is identified as "Lack of virtue is down". The conceptual metaphor "Happy is Up; "Sad is down" is developed based on the bodily position of a happy or sad person.
Healthy is gone; Sickness and death is below”, “Consciousness is above; Unconscious is down”, “Control is up; Lack of control is down”, “Happy is Up; Sad is down”.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Research Findings
- Types of orientational metaphor on BBC News
- Orientational metaphor are used on BBC News
The table above shows that "Control is Up; Lack of control is down" is more dominant than the others, with the collection of data found in 12 sentences. This data is categorized as "Disease and death is down" because there is a word , indicating “Death is down.” This phrase is identified as “More is Up; Less is down”, which in the word failures in this sentence is identified as 'Less is down', and in the word ambitions it is recognized as 'More is up'.
In this sentence, it is identified as "Lack of control is down", which in the word storm describes the Ukrainian presidential adviser Volodymyr Zelensky, who tells him that Russian troops made two attempts to attack the presidential complex, which was outside the control of the Ukrainian government. In this sentence, identified as "Sad is down", which in the word rings very hollow in the sentence describes the empty words of the Russian leader when Ukraine has suffered a lot of damage, the Russian leader says that they do not impose anything on anyone. with force. Lack of control is down” which in the word neutral is identified as “Control is up” and in the answer word it is identified as “Lack of control is down” and also describes in this sentence giant companies like meta, google and possibly. apple claims that their company is neutral, but in the war between Russia and Ukraine, the company used a political color to ban their products from circulating in Russia in response to its invasion.
In this sentence it is identified as "Nonrational is down" which in the word changes the nature explains that the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not only changed the geographical conditions of the world, but has also fundamentally changed the nature of the Internet. In this sentence, identified as "Unplugged," the word unplugged describes a tech leader calling for something very big to completely remove Russia from the global internet, and it's out of Russia's control. . This sentence is identified as "The lack of control is down" which means that the intervening word that explains the war is not the time to play with the Internet because fundamentally disrupting the infrastructure of the Internet will have very dangerous and long-term consequences.
This sentence is identified as "More is Up; Less is down", where the word more is identified as 'More is up', while the word less is identified as 'Less is down'.
Discussions
In this case, the conceptual metaphor "Control is up" serves as the basis for "Human is up" and "Rational is Up; Irrational is down". Obviously, the head is higher than the stomach or chest, therefore "Rational is Up; Irrational is down”. From the overall orientation metaphor above (see Table 3), it can be seen that "Control is up; Lack of control is down" has the most dominant result that researchers found, this explains the war between Russia and Ukraine which is inside and outside the control of the Russian and Ukrainian governments, thus making the war between Russia and Ukraine more heated.
Regarding the purpose of the first question about the types of orientation metaphors in two news on BBC News about Russia and Ukraine, the researcher concludes that in BBC News 1 (Why has Russia invaded Ukraine and what does Putin want?) and News 2 (Russia) -Ukraine: Is the Internet on the Verge of Breaking Up?) has 11 different types of orientation metaphors in the news. Russia's leader has sought to reverse that, seeing the fall of the Soviet Union as that. However, it was before the collapse of the Soviet Union, so the promise to then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev only referred to East Germany in the context of a reunified Germany.
Our mission does not extend to taking punitive measures, issuing sanctions or restricting access against segments of the Internet - regardless of the provocations." For many, the calls for the shutdown were a dangerous slide towards what is known as the Splinternet - where different countries have different versions of the Internet At the time, few understood the need for it, but now, in the context of the Ukraine invasion, "it all makes a lot more sense", said Prof Alan Woodward, a computer scientist from the University of Surrey.
Some thought the memo, and the March 11 date for the end of the test, meant Russia intended to cut itself off immediately.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
The orienting metaphor phenomena on BBC News about Russia and Ukraine, the researchers have collected 40 sentences containing orientation metaphors, where the distribution of BBC News 1 (Why has Russia invaded Ukraine and what Putin wants?) has 27 sentences and BBC News 2 ( Russia-Ukraine : Is the internet on the verge of breaking up?) with 13 sentences. From the total sentences examined, one type of orientation metaphor is not found in the news, viz.
Suggestion
After so much destruction, the Russian leader's words ring very hollow now: "It is not our plan to occupy Ukrainian territory; we do not intend to impose anything by force on anyone." The Kremlin claimed it had "generally met" the goals of the invasion's first phase, which it defined as a significant reduction of Ukraine's combat potential. They have claimed control of the southern region of Kherson, and a leading Russian general has said they hope to seize territory further west along the Black Sea coast towards Odesa and beyond.
Ukraine's Volodymyr Zelensky had already admitted that Ukraine would not join NATO: "It is a truth and it must be recognized." But after apparent Russian atrocities came to light in Bucha, Mariupol and elsewhere, he made it clear that there would be no more talks until Russia withdrew from all territories occupied since February 24. And the context in the 1990s was very different, says Barbara Zanchetta: "It was not done as a provocation, there was a partnership for peace." Russia's central bank has had its assets frozen and major banks have been locked out of the SWIFT international payment transfer network.
Now there is the question of whether the conflict will not only change the geography of the world, but fundamentally change the nature of the global internet. The initiative included limiting the points at which the Russian version of the net connected to its global counterpart. Prof Woodward sees it more as a test of readiness: "This was more about Russia calling on ISPs to prepare, to make local copies of the DNS - the internet's phone book - and to have local versions of third-party software it comes from servers outside Russia, such as Javascript.".
But James Griffiths, author of The Great Firewall of China, thinks the plug could be pulled at any moment: "Cutting off the internet, making sure Russians only consume the content the Kremlin approves, that sort of thing makes strategic sense. you can see the road we're going down," he told the BBC. And now Russia will look to Beijing again, as Internet companies withdraw services and products, he thinks: "Because the Russian economy is largely cut off from the world economy, they will turn to China. They will have to rely on China even more than in Past.".
