Volume 10, Number 1 (October 2022):3809-3819, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3809 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 3809 Research Article
Analysis of physical dimensions in tsunami disaster resilience in Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone, Indonesia
Yoanna Ristya1*, Hayati Sari Hasibuan1, Rissalwan Habdy Lubis2
1 School of Environmental Science Programme, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya Kampus UI Salemba No.4, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
2 Magister Management-Sustainability Programme, Trisakti University, Jl. K. H. Mas Mansyur Kav. 126, Central Jakarta 10220, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 6 June 2022 Accepted 18 July 2022 Published 1 October 2022
The Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a tourism area close to faults and active volcanoes. This location causes the Tanjung Lesung SEZ to have a high tsunami threat. In 2018, this area became an area affected by the Sunda Strait tsunami, which caused various losses, including casualties. This study aimed to examine the physical characteristics of the Tanjung Lesung coastal area, which has a tsunami threat. The physical characteristics in the research are elements that can affect the resilience of the tsunami disaster on the Tanjung Lesung coast. These include land use, topography, evacuation routes, and settlement conditions. This study used primary and secondary data obtained through government agencies and a field survey in 2021. The overlay analysis method on GIS was used to provide a spatial explanation of the physical characteristics of tsunami- prone areas. The study results showed that shrubs, a slope of 2-15%, and a height of 5-25 m above sea level dominate the area with the category of dangerous and very dangerous levels. The results also explained that there are settlements with wooden wall structures and cement floors located in very dangerous areas (with an area of 32.06 ha) and dangerous areas (with an area of 11.62 ha). Based on the analysis, there are three distinct categories in the research area. All three categories require coastal boundary planning that considers the tsunami threat to increase disaster resilience.
The research results can be used to increase disaster resilience or spatial planning in coastal areas.
Keywords:
coastal region disaster resilience spatial analysis Tanjung Lesung SEZ tsunami
To cite this article: Ristya, Y., Hasibuan, H.S. and Lubis, R.H. 2022. Analysis of physical dimensions in tsunami disaster resilience in Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone, Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(1):3809-3819, doi:10.15243/jdmlm. 2022.101.3809.
Introduction
Tsunamis is a disaster that can be caused by various factors such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions (Sambah et al., 2019; Tufekci-Enginar et al., 2021). As a country included in the ring of fire and located on three major plates of the world, Indonesia is vulnerable to geological disasters (tectonic and volcanism) that can cause tsunamis (Siagian et al., 2014; Fauzi et al., 2020; Listyaningrum et al., 2020).
One of Indonesia's areas with a high tsunami threat is the coastal area in Banten Province. Through news reported by CNN Indonesia (2022), BMKG stated that the Banten area had a tsunami threat triggered by a megathrust earthquake. The megathrust earthquake is a massive earthquake due to subduction between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which are estimated to reach 8 Richter Scale. In addition to the megathrust zone, BMKG also explained that Banten has four sources of tsunami threats, namely (1) the
Open Access 3810 megathrust earthquake source zone, (2) the Mentawai
fault zone, the Semangko Fault and the Ujung Kulon Fault, and (3) the Sunda Strait Graben Zone with a status prone to underwater landslides. (4) The eruption of Volcano Child of Krakatoa. The Tanjung Lesung SEZ (administratively located in the village of Tanjungjaya) is one of Banten's coastal areas with a
high tsunami potential (Figure 1) (BPBD, 2021). Its location directly with the Sunda Strait causes the area to have tectonic and volcanic factors that can trigger a tsunami. The tectonic factor is faults on the Indo- Australian plate (Sambah et al., 2019), and the volcanic factor is Mount Krakatoa (Yudhicara and Budiono, 2008).
Figure 1. Tsunami prone area.
On 22 December 2018, the coastal area of Tanjung Lesung became an area affected by the Sunda Strait tsunami that occurred due to the landslide of the Anak Krakatoa mountain body (Wicaksono and Usman, 2020). The tsunami that occurred hit parts of the coast of Banten with an average wave height of 2-5.6 m and caused 431 fatalities, 7,200 injuries, and more than 46,000 people displaced (BMKG, 2019). The tsunami also caused damage and losses to the tourism sector, especially the Tanjung Lesung SEZ, up to 80 billion IDR (Shalih et al., 2019). In Tanjungjaya Village, the tsunami waves hit 50-300 m from the shoreline.
Reflecting on the losses caused and the high threat in the future, it is necessary to increase the resilience of Tanjungjaya Village to reduce losses due to the tsunami. This study aimed to explain the physical characteristics surrounding land use, topography, evacuation routes, and the characteristics of houses in Tanjungjaya Village as an area with a tsunami threat. The physical dimension of the
environment itself becomes one of the indicators of disaster resilience that can affect the ability to survive during a disaster. The research results are expected to provide a more detailed and holistic picture of the physical condition of Tanjungjaya Village. They can be used as a reference study to develop disaster mitigation activities and sustainable coastal area management.
Materials and Methods Research sites
The research location is Tanjung Lesung SEZ and its surroundings which administratively belong to Tanjungjaya Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. Tanjungjaya Village is a village with an area of 3337.06 ha (BIG, 2017) and 7,436 people (Tanjungjaya village government, 2021).
The Tanjung Lesung SEZ, located in the northern part
Open Access 3811 of the village, has an area of 1,500 ha with a coastline
length of 15 km (Banten West Java Tanjung Lesung, 2021). Geographically, the northwest part of the village is opposite an active volcano, namely the Child of Krakatoa. At the same time, there is an active fault in the southwest, namely the subduction zone between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. This location causes the research area to have a tsunami threat, as shown in Figure 1. There are three levels of the tsunami threat, namely very dangerous, dangerous, and not dangerous, in the research location (BPBD, 2021). Based on the same picture, the areas with very dangerous threats tend to be in the northern part of the village, the Tanjung Lesung tourism SEZ area.
Data collection
This study used primary data and secondary data obtained from government agencies, related websites, and field surveys. Data on tsunami hazards, land use and regulations related to regional spatial planning were sourced from the Pandeglang district government agency, while data on the location of settlements and signs were obtained from the November 2021 field survey. Other data used in the study were elevation and slope information obtained from digital elevation model processing (DEM), which was downloaded at https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/.
The secondary and primary data obtained were grouped into spatial and non-spatial data (Figure 2).
Furthermore, the two data were combined and processed using the overlay method with ArcMap 10.6 software for spatial analysis.
Data analysis
This study explained the physical characteristics affecting tsunami resilience in tsunami-prone areas. As shown in Figure 2, an analysis was carried out to answer this goal. First, the overlay between tsunami hazard map data sourced from Regional Disaster Management Agencies (BPBD in the Indonesian language) Pandeglang Regency, land use sourced from the Pandeglang Regency Department of Public Works and Housing, and topographic conditions (slope and elevation) processed from the BIG National DEM. The first overlay analyzed the area's physical characteristics with a tsunami threat at the research location. Then a second overlay was carried out between the location and residential structure, topographic conditions, and tsunami hazard maps to analyze the characteristics of buildings in tsunami- prone areas. The data on the house's structure was taken using the cluster random sampling method.
Furthermore, the third overlay was carried out between the topographic conditions and the location of the evacuation signs to analyze the physical characteristics of the evacuation signs.
The analysis of the three overlay stages was concluded to analyze the physical dimensions of tsunami disaster resilience. This conclusion refers to resilient ecosystems (Spooner et al., 2021). The concept explains that achieving resilience is successful in maintaining the target species population and the existence of trust and relationships between stakeholders so that managers and communities can understand environmental impacts and adapt to a changing environment.
Figure 2. Research workflow.
Open Access 3812 Results and Discussion
Physical characteristics of tsunami prone areas Based on the overlay results that have been carried out (Table 1), the land use dominance of the research area is plantation land. An area of 1,579.15 ha or 47.3% of the research site is a plantation area. The dominance of plantations cannot be separated from the spatial pattern planning of the research location, as stated in the RTRW of Pandeglang district (Figure 3b). Based on the plan, two land uses dominate the spatial pattern of Tanjungjaya Village, namely plantations and tourist areas. Based on several previous studies, land use, including arrangement (Parsons, 2016; Sari, 2020) and its type (Sooriyaarachchia et al., 2018; Jayakody and Amaratunga, 2020) is one indicator to assess tsunami resilience. The use of land use as an indicator refers to the resilience of land use to the speed of tsunami waves (Isnin, 2016) and its relation to evacuation access during a disaster (Febriyenti, 2017). ADPC (2007) also conveyed the relationship between land use and disaster resilience in their guidelines for preparing evacuation routes. The guide explains that each type of land use and topographical condition has suitability as a different evacuation route based on the speed conservation value (SCV). The guidelines and some
previous studies used the equation that the higher the SCV value in a land use type or topographic class, the better it is used as an evacuation route (Schmidtlein and Woo, 2015; Marfai et al., 2020). Ease of evacuation on land can increase disaster resilience because it can reduce the risk of casualties in a disaster.
The 2018 Sunda Strait post-tsunami research conducted by Wicaksono and Usman (2020) recorded there was a change in land use due to the tsunami along the coastline (Figure 4). The figure shows that the tsunami caused the loss of the greenbelt along the coastline. The loss of the greenbelt on this coastline also causes shrubs to dominate the area (Figure 3a).
Based on recorded satellite imagery before (August 2018) and after the tsunami (August 2019), there was a change in land use due to the tsunami along the coastline (Figure 4). The figure shows that the tsunami caused the loss of the greenbelt along the coastline. The 2018 Sunda Strait post-tsunami research conducted by Wicaksono and Usman (2020) also recorded changes in land use after the tsunami. The loss of the greenbelt on this coastline also causes shrubs to dominate the area (Figure 3a). Refers to the tsunami threat at the research site, restoring the greenbelt in the coastal border area is necessary even though shrubs have dominated it.
Figure 3. (a) Land use and (b) Spatial plan for the research area.
Data Source: BIG (2017); PUPR (2021).
The results of this research were supported by Wicaksono and Usman (2020) that the thicker the vegetation, the greater the dampening effect on tsunami waves. In line with these results, Sambah et al.
(2019) made forest or vegetation with a high density
the area with the lowest vulnerability value. Similarly, Suhita et al. (2021) explained that high-density forests or vegetation have lower tsunami susceptibility than shrubs. Topographically (Table 1), the entire hazard level is dominated by a slope of 2-15%, with a height
A B
Open Access 3813 of 5-25 m for very dangerous and dangerous areas and
75-200 m for non-hazardous areas. Figure 5 is the topographical condition of the research location. The
picture shows that the northern coast of the research location has a flat topography and is getting steeper and higher in the southwest.
Figure 4. Land use (a) before (b) after the tsunami.
Source: Wicaksono and Usman (2020).
Figure 5. (a) Altitude (height) region and (b) slope of the research area.
Data Source: DEM National BIG (2022).
A B
A B
Open Access 3814 Based on the guidelines for preparing evacuation
routes issued by ADPC (2007), the steeper the slope, the more difficult it is to evacuate when a disaster occurs. However, based on Sambah et al. (2019) and Suhita et al. (2021), the steeper and higher the topography of an area, the more difficult it is for tsunami waves to pass through the area. As previously explained, the southwest coast has a steeper topography than other coastal areas in the study area.
However, when viewed in more detail, the beach in the southwest has a low altitude (at most 50 m). Although it is still dominated by shrubs, based on a field survey, the area is growing because of the Tanjung Lesung SEZ tourist location. There are various permanent or non-permanent beach tourism attractions and amenities belonging to the community used for
livelihoods. In addition, based on the overlay results (Table 1), there are 11.62 ha of settlements located in the potential hazard area and 32.06 ha in the very hazard potential area. These settlements tend to be on a slope of 2-15% and a height of 5-25 m. Safeguards through structural mitigation are still needed at the coastal border even though it has a steep slope seeing the risk of loss of life in a tsunami. Structural mitigation also needs to be carried out considering that in regional regulation (PERDA in Indonesian language) number 2 of 2020 on amendments to regional regulations on spatial planning for Pandeglang Regency in 2011-2031, it is still allowed to limit settlement activities on river border areas. In addition, adventure, research, and educational tourism activities are allowed in the coastal border area.
Table 1. Physical characteristics of tsunami prone areas.
Tsunami Threat
Level Land use Hectares
(ha) Slope Hectares
(ha) Height
(m) Hectares (ha)
Very Dangerous
Shrubs 300.79 >40% 1.85 0-5 78.18
Plantation 157.90 0-2% 148.67 5-25 455.36
Settlement 32.06 15-25% 32.83
Swamp 14.08 2-15% 338.42
Paddy Field 18.77 25-40% 11.77
Moor/Field 9.95
Dangerous
Shrubs 102.76 >40% 0.30 0-5 20.63
Plantation 57.88 0-2% 61.20 5-25 198.76
Settlement 11.62 15-25% 10.07
Paddy Field 37.45 2-15% 146.95
Moor/Field 9.69 25-40% 0.88
Not Dangerous
Shrubs 774.61 >40% 229.40 >00 188.12
Plantation 1349.79 0-2% 103.58 0-5 7.88
Settlement 69.85 15-25% 754.00 25-50 529.27
Grass/Empty land 4.05 2-15% 896.44 5-25 674.87
Paddy Field 91.14 25-40% 586.23 50-75 292.20
Moor/Field 280.21 75-200 877.31
Characteristics of buildings in tsunami prone areas As previously explained, there are residential areas located in tsunami-prone areas with high and very dangerous levels of danger. In very dangerous areas, residential buildings are dominated by houses aged 3- 10 years. They have cement floors as basic materials and bamboo or wood walls as the primary materials.
Figure 6 is the appearance of the characteristics of the house in a very dangerous area. Similar to houses in very dangerous areas, in dangerous areas, residential buildings are dominated by houses with a building age of 3-10 years, and the primary materials are cement floors and bamboo/wooden walls. Figure 6 is the appearance of the characteristics of houses in dangerous areas. Based on the characteristics of the buildings described, residential houses in Tanjungjaya Village are dominated by the age of the building from 3 to 10 years. That age is still classified as a young building age. The age of the building is one of the
factors that can affect the resilience of the building in the face of tsunami waves. Based on research conducted in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia, older buildings and simpler constructions are more vulnerable during a tsunami (Honesti et al., 2014; Soviana and Rani, 2019). This is confirmed by the post-tsunami survey by Honesti et al.
(2019), which shows that many old buildings collapsed during the tsunami. Based on the age of the buildings that have been described, the buildings in Tanjungjaya Village can increase the resilience of the village community in dealing with the tsunami disaster. This is also reinforced by the location of houses that are not close together, providing space for people to save themselves in a disaster. However, the existence of a house made of bamboo/wood as a basic material has caused the houses in Tanjungjaya Village to be prone to collapse in the face of the tsunami disaster. The results of the post-tsunami survey Honesti et al. (2019) also mention that houses with wooden construction
Open Access 3815 and wooden walls were one of the types of buildings
that collapsed the most during the tsunami. Previously, it was explained in regional regulation number 2 of 2020 on amendments to regional regulations on spatial planning for Pandeglang Regency in 2011-2031 that it was still allowed to limit settlement activities in river border areas. However, settlement arrangements have not considered the earthquake and tsunami-safe
building structures. Settlement arrangements on the coastal border are only determined based on legal land ownership. In contrast to settlements, buildings in the Tanjung Lesung SEZ area have building regulations considering the tsunami threat. Although in the form of permanent buildings, the buildings in the Tanjung Lesung SEZ were erected more than 100 m from the shoreline.
Figure 6. Houses in very dangerous and dangerous areas.
Table 2. Residential houses in tsunami-prone areas.
Floor Amount Wall Amount Building
Age Amount
Very Dangerous Wood / Bamboo 0 Wood / Bamboo 6 <3 years 0
Cement 6 Cement 0 3-10 years 5
Ceramic 0 Ceramic 0 >10 years 1
Dangerous
Wood / Bamboo 2 Wood / Bamboo 9 < 3 years 0
Cement 13 Cement 6 3-10 years 6
Ceramic 7 Wood And Cement 7 >10 years 16
The building in SEZ also has free space on the ground floor (Figure 7). The space is functional as a flow of water in a tsunami. Despite having building regulations, the SEZ area does not yet have vertical evacuation buildings or breakwaters as structural disaster mitigation. Structural building can reduce the risk of casualties when a disaster occurs (Febrianti and Safriani, 2016; Honesti et al., 2018).
Condition of signs and evacuation paths in tsunami- prone areas
Based on BPBD (2021), tsunami evacuation route signs have been provided in Tanjungjaya Village
before 2018 or before the Sunda Strait tsunami incident. In Figure 8, it can also be seen that there are two different signs with the same information. Orange signs are signs that BPBD has made before 2018, while green signs are signs that were placed after the Sunda Strait tsunami incident. Although it had been prepared before 2018, based on the results of a field survey, the people of Tanjungjaya Village only found out that there were evacuation route signs after the Sunda Strait tsunami incident. This community knowledge is supported by the existence of outreach activities carried out by the Community-Based Disaster Preparedness (CBAT) volunteer group formed by the
Open Access 3816 Indonesian Red Cross (PMI). CBAT itself consists of
20 people representing villages in Tanjungjaya Village. After the tsunami, various groups also carried out various efforts to increase community resilience by providing information related to the tsunami disaster, as shown in Figure 8.
In addition, there are still evacuation routes with rocky or dirt roads, as can be seen in Figure 9. In addition to evacuation route signs, various groups also
analyzed to determine evacuation routes in Tanjungjaya Village. An example of an evacuation route in Tanjungjaya Village is shown in Figure 10.
However, the available evacuation routes have quite difficult slopes to pass during a disaster. Based on the results described, the physical characteristics of tsunami-prone areas can be grouped into three distinct characteristics, which can be seen in Figure 11 and Table 3.
Figure 7. Tanjung Lesung SEZ building.
Source: Field Survey (2021).
Figure 8. Tanjungjaya Village evacuation route signs.
Figure 9. Tanjungjaya Village evacuation route.
Open Access 3817 Figure 10. Evacuation routes at the research site.
Figure 11. Differences in the characteristics of the physical dimension of disaster resilience.
Open Access 3818 Table 3. Category characteristics of the research area.
Category Characteristics
A Tourism area, very dangerous area, dominated by permanent building structures, clear building and mitigation regulations
B Non-tourism area, very dangerous area, dominated by wooden structures, unclear building regulations, clear mitigation regulations
C Non-tourism areas, dangerous areas, dominated by wooden structures, unclear building regulations, clear mitigation regulations
Based on the characteristics that have been described, it is necessary to plan coastal boundaries that take into account the threat of tsunamis to increase disaster resilience. This is because the balance between strategy and control related to the institutional framework and management of certain ecosystems is the key to disaster resilience (Lloyd et al., 2013).
Coastal border planning can be done by restoring greenbelts in categories B and C. In contrast, structural mitigation can be carried out in category A, such as evacuation buildings and breakwater walls. This is done because the coastal area is directly used as a tourism area in category A.
As previously explained, the thicker the vegetation, the greater the damping effect on tsunami waves, and trees will have a lower tsunami vulnerability than shrubs (Sambah et al., 2019;
Wicaksono and Usman, 2020; Suhita et al., 2021).
Based on several previous studies, structural design in disaster-prone areas is one indicator of disaster resilience (Sooriyaarachchia et al., 2018; Powell et al., 2019; Badoc-Gonzales et al., 2021). Structural buildings such as breakwaters and tsunami safe houses can reduce the risk of loss of life in a disaster (Febrianti and Safriani, 2016; Honesti et al., 2019). The procurement of greenbelts and breakwaters is also in line with the Regional Regulation on Spatial Planning Article 61 paragraph 6 of 2020. In this regulation, the coastal border zone allows the development of natural and artificial structures to prevent coastal disasters and allows the use of space for green open spaces.
Conclusion
Based on the results and discussions that have been presented, it can be concluded that the research area is dominated by shrub's land use with a slope of 2-15%
and a height of 15-40 m above sea level. In addition, it is also known that the research area has three levels of tsunami threat. The 'very dangerous' and 'dangerous' levels tend to be in the northern part of the study area, which is a tourist area, while the rest are at the 'non- dangerous' level. In addition to tourist areas, there are 11.62 ha of settlements in dangerous areas and 32.06 ha in very dangerous areas with predominantly wooden structures aged 3-10 years. Therefore, the research area requires the implementation of regulations and coastal planning that takes into account the tsunami threat to increase disaster
resilience. Based on the analysis of the physical dimensions of tsunami resilience, the research area can be grouped into three characteristic categories. Based on these categories, improvements can be made by providing structural mitigation, which can be in the form of evacuation buildings or breakwater walls (in tourist areas), as well as green lines, which can also be used as community plantations (in non-tourist areas).
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the School of Environmental Science for funding this research through Grant contact number: PKS No.0011/UN2.F13.D1/PPM.00.04/2022. The authors are also grateful to the Pandeglang Regency Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), the Pandeglang Regency Settlement and Spatial Planning Office (PUPR), and the Tanjungjaya Village Government for assisting in providing research data.
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