Analysis Poverty of Fishermen's Households in The Coastal Area of Ambulu District, Jember Regency
Afsah Indah Maulidah1*, Sujarwo2, Budi Setiawan3
1Postgraduate Agriculture Economics Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Veteran St., Malang (65145), Indonesia
2,3Department Socio Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Veteran St., Malang (65145), Indonesia
Received: 22 January 2022; Revised: 18 March 2022; Accepted: 1 April 2022
ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe determine the factors that affect the household poverty of the Watu Ulo Sumberejo Village, Ambulu Sub District, Jember District. The research was conducted in watu ulo in Ambulu Sub District, Jember District. the selection of the research location was carried out deliberately (Purposive), with the consideration that the village is a coastal village with many fisherman household settlements, most of whom work as fishermen which own a fishing boat smaller or equal to five gross tonnages (GT). The population in this study were all the fisherman household of Watu Ulo in Ambulu Sub District, Jember district, namely 316 Household, with a total sample size of 38 respondents using the Yamane formula. To answer the objective, a binary probit model is used. The results showed that based on the binary probit test, the factors that significantly influenced household poverty of Watu Ulo in Ambulu Sub District, Jember District were the number of household members, education of the head of the household, the catch payment. It is necessary to improve distribution within the government, monitoring, counseling, and the support from the goverment so that the government is right on target.
Keywords: household; small; fisherman; poverty; probit How to cite:
Maulidah, A. I., Sujarwo, & Setiawan, B. (2022). Analysis Poverty of Fishermen ’ s Households in The Coastal Area of Ambulu District , Jember Regency. HABITAT, 33(1), 93–100.
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2022.033.1.10 1. Introduction
The fisheries and marine sectors contribute to the dominant production in coastal areas.
Indonesia’s capture fisheries Production potenstial has increased from 807,788 tons in 2018 to 816,945.30 tons in 2019 while east Java’s fisheres production in 2019 was 121,707,10 tons where previously in 2018 only 114,811.20 (BPS, 2021) However, the volume production fisheries has not provided an adequate welfare state. The potential fisheries has notbeen able tobe managed properly for the welfare, escpecially fisherman in coastal areas. Until now, The fisheries enterpreneurs in Indonesia are controlled by small-scale fisheries. The small scale fisheries fishing businesses use boats
without motors and boats using deepengines up to 5GT by using simple equipment, small-scale fisheries have a reach only along the coast and connot take adventage of the potential of high seas fish resources (Supriadi, 2019).
The low productivity of fishermen is said to be synonymous with poverty (Salim &
Darmawanti., 2016). Likewise, the statement of (Suradi., 2015), (Hartje, Buhler, & Grote, 2018.) that poor households tend to depend on fishing as a source of income, So that food and poverty have a strong relationship. Jember Regency is an area with the first poverty rating in East Java.
This is evidenced by the release of poverty data for the East Java region by BPS in 2020, which is 226, 57 thousand people. Whereas Jember Regency has a lot of potential natural resources.
This is evidenced that Jember Regency has an area of 3,293.34 square kilometers which is divided into 31 sub-districts and 5 of them have coastal areas scattered along Ambulu District.
One of the Watu Ulo, Ambulu Sub District where
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*Correspondence Author.
E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +62-813-30399336
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id the majority of the people work as fishermen.
(Hariani, Hadi, & Priawasana, 2017)
Watu Ulo Village, Ambulu Sub district, has difficult access because it is reached by land travel with small road conditions that are far from public transportation. People's eating habits depend on the rest of the harvest. Usually people get tuna to eat everyday. The life of fishermen in Watu Ulo is very concerned because they are still often used as exploitative objects by capital owners (traders/middlemen). So that the distribution of income is uneven and tends to be constant (almost not growing). This indicates that even though an area provides a high contribution to fisheries, it does not guarantee that the area is sufficient for food needs at the household level.
One of the efforts of fishermen's households in order to meet their food needs is by making decisions to allocate working time and production in both the fishery and non-fishery sectors. Several researchers studied poverty factors. (Alem & Demeke, 2020.) that poverty in various African countries consists of various factors, namely energy for cooking, indoor population, household size, lighting or lighting, as well as the proportion of total consumption expenditure spent on food, and education. Then, the research (Astuti, 2018) discusses the analysis of factors that affect household poverty.
Departing from the fact and the lack of up-to-date information about poverty, this research is directed to analyze the determinants of poverty in fishermen's households in coastal areas. So that it can formulate an increase in food security and welfare as well as poverty alleviation in coastal areas. Based on the description above, the purpose of this describe the studyis to determine the factors that affect the household poverty of WatuUlo Village, Sumberejo, Ambulu sub District.
2. Theoretical Underpinning
This paper investigates the household Fisherman who are in poverty. (Sukesi, 2015) Poverty is a structural problem and a cultural problem which includes political problems, social assets and natural resources. Fishermen household poverty, namely the occurrence of low food availability, small capital and lack of income. (Zal, Rahman, Anuar, Salleh, & Rasdi, 2020). The affecting poverty is a the number of family. Which will affect irregular household spending so that it can be a factor in being in the poverty line. The number of family dependents
are people who are still related to the family or are still considered related to the family (Wang, Zhao, Bai, Zhang, & Yu, 2020). (Edem, Agba, &
Ojong, 2020) that the large number of dependents of family members in household life can affect poverty as a result of consumption issued by households is too highest. According to (Maisyarah, 2017) the number of family members affects the level of consumption expenditure due to the level of income. so that the increasing number of family members can be considered as adding to the family's burden to meet food needs. While the influence of the second number of family members will reduce poverty. In addition, the weakness of fishermen is the level of education. (Daulay, Elfindri, Sjafrizal, & Sofyardi, 2019).
Likewise, that education is one of the important factors for the creation of quality human resources for rural development. The level of education affects the status of fishermen. Most household heads have a junior high school education background, some even lower (graduated from elementary school) (Cahaya, 2019). The higher the education level, the higher the productivity and ability to manage fishing business and the courage to take risks in fishing business. But in reality, there are still many villagers who have not completed their education to a higher level. education is fishermen who still use simple fishing gear because of ignorance and the use of modern fishing. (Etuk, E. A., & Ayuk, J.O., 2021).
Increasing income alone will not be enough. Poverty is also affected by overexploitation by capital owners (middlemen) so it is necessary to make payments directly to fishermen. (Barr, Brunner, & Edwards, 2019).
Marketing of these catches aims to alleviate poverty and hunger of small fishermen. This is due to very limited access to marketing and fish handling that is not yet good. There are still obstacles in the marketing mechanism at the fish buyer level, such as late payments. (Purwanti, 2010).
According to the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2018 that to improve the quality of life of poor and vulnerable families, it is necessary to increase accessibility to health, education, and social welfare services and need planned, directed and sustainable social protection. so that the Family Hope Program is a program of providing conditional social
assistance to families or a poor person who is registered in the integrated data of the poor handling program. The purpose of PKH is a form of intervention to target welfare problems and community inequality. The main purpose of this program is as a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) is a form of direct, periodic, and predictable cash payment to help poor families earn income. Then the second goal is to provide free space for the community to improve the welfare of the poor, including fishermen (Deviasari, Firman, N, &
Warningsih, T, 2020).
3. Research Methodology
The research was conducted in September- November 2021. The research location was in Jember District, especially in Watu Ulo, Ambulu Sub District. The determination of the research location was carried out deliberately (Purposive),
The consideration that the area is a coastal area where the household Watu Ulo people live, most of whom work as fishermen. Determining the number of household samples using the (Yamane, 1967) suggested another simplified formula for calculation of sample size from a population which is an alternative to Cochran’s formula using a 10% degree of error. The sample in this study was 38 households.
Analysis of the data used to determine the factors that affect the household poverty of Watu Ulo Sumberejo Village, in Ambulu Sub District, Jember District, is achieved by quantitative analysis using Probit Regression. Probit model is specified implicitly in equation one and specified explicitly in equation two. Meanwhile, the instruments in probit analysis is presented in Table 1.;
= ∑ + ….(1)
Where,
Y = Poverty secure status (1, for poverty households; 0, for poverty insecure households)
X1- X4 = Vector of explanatory variables (predictors)
1- 4 Coefficients o = Constant
= Error term
Probit Model is Specified Explicitly as :
= + + + + +
…(2)
X1 = Number of household (persons) X2 = Education of household head (years) X2 = The catch payment of household (yes = 1,
no = 0)
X3 = The hope of family program (yes = 1, no = 0)
Table 1. The instruments of probit analysis
Instruments Description
Household size
Household size determines the poverty status of household. A household comprises all people living together at the time of the survey. The term members refers to the head of the household, his/her spouse, and their children (Libois & Somville, 2018). It is expected that with increasing household size, food possibilities decrease. This could mean that the larger the household size, the bigger the number of people the same source of income must care for. Hence the effect of the variable is negative
Head of
Household Education
Education is expected to have a positive effect on household poverty. When the level of education increases, the percentage of poverty household is reduced. (Albasri & Sammut, 2022) implied in their study that the factors causing the level of education of the family head group are from poor economy. This is presumably due to the increasing level of education, individuals will be able to have more modern creativity and skills in their fisheries so that increase their productivity and once again have access to better job opportunities in the workforce. The expected effect of this variable on poverty is positive.
The catch payment of household
fisherman have a close relationship with traders/middlemen. The fishermen have a client patron system (Minarro, Forero, Reuter, & Putten, 2016). The fisherman have credit with fish basketball. The catch of fisherman depends on the quality of the fish. However, If the middleman provides payment for the catch indirectly, it will cause the fishermen's household to be poor. The expected effect of this variable on poverty is Positive.
The Hope
Family
Program/PKH
a conditional cash transfer providing direct cash benefits to extremely poor households for access to health and education services. (Hidayatina & Ozzane, 2019). When the level of distribution of PKH is effective, the percentage of poor households decreases. This is presumably because with the more precise distribution of government assistance, the small-scale households will be able to reduce poverty.The expected effect of this variable on poverty is Positive.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id 4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Respondent Characteristics
Characteristics of respondents regarding the household conditions of the Watu Ulo,
Ambulu Jember. The characteristics of respondents described in this study include head of house hold, age, and education.
Table 2. Characteristic of respondents
No Description Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
1 Gender Female Male
0
38 100
2 Age (Years) 21-30 31-40 41-50
>50
4 11 16 7
10.5 28.9 42.1 18.4 3 Education head of the household
No completed in primary school Primary school
Junior High High school Bachelor
21 11 3 2 1
55.2 28.9 7.8 5.2 2.6 The results showed that the households of
the Watu Ulo Jember District with Overview of Respondents based on gender above, it is known that of the 38 respondents studied, 38 respondents or the equivalent of 100% of them are male. Meanwhile, only 0 or equal to 0% are female. It can be concluded that the heads of fishing households in Watu Ulo Sumberejo Village, who are the majority of research respondents are male. This shows that men have the thought of working and providing a living for all household members, only the work done by the fishermen's household in Watu Ulo Hamlet is a fisherman. Fisherman's work is full of risks so it is only done by men (Pangemanan, 2002) This is also supported by (Goodwin & James, R., 1990)statement that fishing is done by men because it has a very high risk. Being a fisherman is not only a livelihood, but is the only way of life. Therefore, in general these fishermen will pass on the tradition of catching fish to the next generation even though their livelihood is marginal.
The productive can affect productivity and is considered to have high enthusiasm for doing a job. It can be seen that respondents who are heads of households and work as fishermen are quite dominant, namely at the age of 40-50 years.
A total of 16 people or 42.1%. And the most minority respondents are heads of households and work as fishermen, namely age of 21-30
years, a total respondents 4 or 10.5%. This shows that the age of 40-50 years is a productive age for fishermen to work. This is supported by research by (Bastari., Kusai, & Nugroho, F., 2015) namely productive age is the age of respondents who are in the range of 16-50 years and non-productive age is in the range of 1 years and 15 years. In the field of fisheries, most household heads who feel they are still strong enough to work also continue to carry out fishing activities at sea, whether it’s just helping accompany their children, relatives neighbors as cew members. This is done to meet the needs of household life.
4.2. Factor-Factor Affecting Household Poverty of Watu Ulo
The factors that influence poverty in this study use probit analysis. Based on the 2021 Susenas data, the poverty line (GK) set by BPS for Jember Regency is Rp. 365.295,- Per capita/month. This figure defines the cost to meet the minimum living needs, both food and non- food needs per capita/month. A household is categorized as poor if the average non- consumption for food and non-food is less than the GK. This shows that the higher the percentage of RTM in an area, the higher the poverty in that area. The following probit analysis test consists of parameter testing simultaneously (simultaneously) and partially.
The factors that influence household food security of the Watu Ulo in Jember District are used data from interviews with respondents. The data is then tabulated, processed, and analyzed using a logistic regression analysis model.
Namely the number of household members (X1), the education of the head of the household (X2), The catch payment (X3), The Hope Family Program (PKH) (X4) were entered into the model.
a. Parameter Testing Simultaneously
The significance level value was 0.001.
The significance value is less than the 5%
significance level. The simultaneous parameter testing uses the likelihood ratio test (G2) with = 0.1. The result obtained is a p-value of 0.001, where the value is less than the value. So that the decision to reject H0 is obtained, which means that at a confidence level of 90 percent, there is at least one significant predictor variable in the model. It can be concluded that simultaneously, the number of family members, education, the catch payment and PKH affect household poverty
in Watu Ulo, Sumberejo Village, Ambulu District. Jember Regency.
b. Parameter Testing Partial Model
In simultaneous testing, the results obtained that there is at least one predictor variable that is significant to the model, so that the test is continued with partial testing. Partial testing was conducted to determine which predictor variables individually had a significant effect on poverty.
Partial testing or called the Wald Test is used to test each variable in the model whether it is statistically significant or not. Wald's test is similar to the statistical test of t test and Z test in ordinary linear regression, namely by dividing the coefficient by the standard error of each coefficient. From the output of Stata test values, the P-values are displayed. Based on the P-Value value and using the test criteria a = 5% or 0.05, it can be seen the effect of each az variable (Wald's test) and the statistical direction can be shown as follows.
Table 3. Results of Probit regression analysis
No Description Coefficient Sig.
1 The Household Members 1.901508 0.007
2 Head of Household Education -.7129149 0.046
3 The catch Payemen -2.076571 0.038
4 The Hope Family Program (PKH) -.8294535 0.198
The Probit analysis equation model used to estimate the factors that affect the fisherman household poverty the Watu ulo, Jember District 1) Effect of Number of Household Members
on Household Poverty of Watu Ulo, Jember District (X1)
The result of the probit significance test for the variable number of household members (X1) obtained a wald statistical value of 0.067 and a significant value of 0.796. This significant value is greater than = 0.1, meaning that the variable number of household members has significant effect on the household of poverty of the Watu Ulo in Ambulu Sub District, Jember Distric. If the number of household members increases by 1 person, it will in crease poverty or the value of food expenditure. This is supported research by (Astuti, 2018) that the greater the dependency ratio of household members, the greater the probability that the household will become poor.
In line with research conducted by (Haryenda, Darwis. , & Nugroho, F., 2018) that the problems
of fishing communities in rural areas that cause poverty, one of which is the large number of dependents of the household members. The size of the dependents owned by fishermen causes the fishermen's household expenses and affects the costs that must be incurred each month to meet the needs of the fishermen's families, so that the fishermen will have difficulty meeting the needs of a decent life for their households such as spending on clothing, food needs. and boards.
The larger the number of fisherman's family members, the higher the chances of the fishermen's household in poverty. If the number of family members increases by 1 unit (person) then the probability of being in poverty is 2.69 times greater, cateris paribus. (Primyastanto, Soemarno, Efani, & Muhammad, 2013)
2) The Effect of Head of Household Education on Household Poverty of Watu Ulo, Jember District (X2)
The results of the probit significance test for the education variable of the head of the
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id household (X2) obtained a wald statistical value
of 7.129 and a significant value of 0.046. Based on the results of research conducted that education has a significant effect on poverty, namely the P-value of 0.046. This means that the more fishermen who have a higher education level 1 education level will be less likely to be in poverty. This is supported by research by (Wuryandari, 2015) (Susanti, 2019)) that the average education level of fishermen is elementary school. The low level of education is caused by low income. So that low income will lead to low productivity. Furthermore, according to the (BPS, 2021), it is stated that the education criteria for the head of a poor household are not attending school/not graduating from elementary school/only elementary school. Based on information from respondents that fishermen have the assumption that fishing jobs do not require a high educational background, they think that being a small-scale fisherman is a rough job that relies more on muscles and experience at sea, not thinking. So no matter how high the level of education of fishermen, it does not affect the ability of the catch.
3) The Effect of The Catch Payment on Household Poverty of Watu Ulo, Jember District (X3)
The results of the probit significance test for the catch payment of household poverty, namely the P-value of 0.038. This means that if the middleman/collector pays the fishermen's catch in installments, the fishermen have a tendency to be poor. Based on information in the field, fishermen often receive payments in installments every 2-3 days. The results of this study with research conducted by (Royandi, 2019) that the cause of fishermen's poverty is having a dependence on client patrons. So that the fishing community is in a poor condition.
Small-scale fishermen don’t have access to knowledge of the original price of fish harvested because there is a relationship between courtiers or traders with fishermen. The fishermen don’t have full rights to bargain for larger catches.
(Stacey N. , Gibson, E. , Loneragan N.,L. , &
Warren C. Wi, 2021)
4) The Effect of The Hope Family Program (PKH) on Household Poverty of Watu Ulo, Jember District (X4)
Based on the results of research conducted, the government assistance for the Family Hope Program has no significant effect on poverty, namely the P-value of 0.198. This means that if a
fisherman receives government assistance in the form of PKH, it does not mean that the fisherman is poor. Based on information in the field, people who received PKH assistance were not right on target because there was a consensual factor and got to know the village apparatus more closely.
Likewise, research by (Suradi., 2015) that government assistance in the form of a family of hope program does not affect poverty because the program is considered less targeted and ineffective in the field, thus triggering social conflicts that are motivated by social jealousy.
5. Conclusion
The results showed that the factors that significantly affected the household poverty of the fisherman in Jember, Ambulu sub district were that the number of household members, head of household education,the catch payment on household, had a positive effect on poverty, while the the hope family program (PKH) on household head a negative effect on poverty. Based on the current situation and regression results, the author propose a number recommendation: The government is expected to improve the distribution, monitoring, and support in determining government assistance in accordance with the indicators issued by the national development agency.
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