Volume 2, Number 2 December 2022
79
Analysis of Karl Marx's Social Conflict Theory on The
Implementation of PPKM in The Coffee Shop Business in The City of Palangka Raya
Sri Suwarni
Pascasarjana IAIN Palangka Raya Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT
The government has issued various policies as a form of preventing the spread of the pandemic, one of which is the Imposition of Restricting Community Activities (PPKM). However, in the application of these rules, there is often an imbalance in the administration of action by the authorities against business actors who commit violations. This study aims to analyze the form of social conflict in the form of inequality in the actions of the apparatus using the theory of social conflict from Karl Marx. This research is library research. The results of the study indicate that one of the reasons for the imbalance in the provision of activities for coffee shop business actors who commit violations is the existence of a fairly strong relationship with the Government.
Keywords: Conflict Theory, PPKM, Coffee Shop.
INTRODUCTION
The culture of drinking coffee is certainly no stranger to the Indonesian people because Indonesia itself is one of the best coffee-producing countries in the world.1 This makes it increasingly common to find various coffee shops in all corners of Indonesia. Not only traditional coffee shops but also cafe franchises with a luxurious impression. The current modern era is no stranger to people hearing the term coffee shop. Not only popular among teenagers but in all circles of society. This place usually carries out various activities, such as meetings outside the office, doing assignments, chatting, or just relaxing alone or with friends and family.2
Coffee shops are a new trend among teenagers and parents. Various coffee shops have mushroomed in Palangka Raya City, including About Something Coffee, Beans Before Coffee, Mustep Indonesia Coffee House, Santai Coffee Shop, Ant Republic Coffee, Loca Koffie,
1 Fiana Podesta Melka Irlando, Dwi Fitriani, “THE EFFECT OF NATURAL Auxin GIVING ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea Canephora.L),” Agriculture 14, no. 2 (n.d.).
2 LDII Kediri Regency, “The Concept of a Coffee Shop Liked by the Young Generation,” n.d., https://ldiikediri.com/konsep-kedai-kopi-yang-disukai-oleh-generasi-muda/,.
80 Kala Rindu Coffee, Hi Kioto, On Time Coffee, Precision Coffee, and many more. Many of these coffee shops are managed by young people with a business spirit.3 This type of coffee shop business is quite promising, so many entrepreneurs open coffee shop businesses. The existence of this coffee shop business can increase income and create jobs for people in Palangka Raya City, especially young people.
In 2020 the whole world was shocked by the Covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia is one of the countries affected by this phenomenon. The rapid spread and increasing number of Covid-19 cases have had an impact on the decline of the economy in Indonesia itself.4 The Palangka Raya City Government asked the public to adhere to stricter health protocols in line with the increasing number of Covid-19 cases. Apart from that, it is also related to the implementation of PPKM in Central Kalimantan, the Governor is considering determining the level of PPKM to be implemented.5
Many people, especially coffee shop business people, responded regarding the implementation of the PPKM rules. Coffee shop business people in Palangka Raya City hope for an easing of the curfew. The implementation of the curfew aims to suppress the chain of expansion of Covid-19 which was caused by negligence in implementing health protocols.
On the other hand, there were problems in the implementation of PPKM rules by the apparatus when they were past operational hours, raids were immediately carried out, but at the same, time there were still coffee shops that received "special" treatment from the authorities. This creates conflict and inequality in the field.6
This creates social conflict in the community. Conflict is a situation where one party has the perception that another party has had a negative influence.7 In addition, conflict is also defined as a situation resulting from opposing wills or desires between parties so that both of them interfere with each other. When there is a conflict between both parties, there will be a mismatch between the goals and values to be achieved.8
3 Dolan’s Trail, “20 Recommendations for Coffee Shops in Palangka Raya,” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d., https://jejakdolan.com/2022/01/10/rekomendasi-20-tempat-ngopi-di-palangka-raya/,.
4 Fakhrul Rozi Yamali and Ririn Noviyanti Putri, “The Impact of Covid-19 on the Indonesai Economy,”
Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 2 (n.d.): 384.
5 Governor of Central Kalimantan Adpim Bureau, “PPKM for Palangka Raya City to Be Continued for the Next 14 Days,” accessed on 16 November 2022, n.d., https://biroadpim.kalteng.go.id/2021/07/gubernur- kalteng-ppkm-kota-palangka-raya-dilanjutkan-sampai-14-hari-ke-depan/.
6 Borneonews, “Pemko Palangka Raya Will Apply a Curfew,” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d., https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/210207-pemko-palangka-raya-akan-terapkan-jam-malam, .
7 Hafidzatul Muslimah, “Exploration Of The Value Of Islam-Based Multicultural Education In Local Wisdom Traditions National Culture Adab,” Jurnal At-Tarbiyat: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 6, no. 2 (2019): 360–72, https://doi.org/10.37758/jat.v6i2.721.
8 Andri Wahyudi, “‘Conflicts, Theory Concepts and Problems,’” Journal Publiciana 8, no. 1 (n.d.): 1–15.
Based on the explanation above, this study will contain an analysis of the social conflict theory from Karl Marx in the case of the enforcement of PPKM rules by the City Government of Palangka Raya.
METHOD
This research uses a qualitative approach to understand the existing research problems in the field. This research is library research, namely descriptive research with more emphasis on the power of analysis of existing sources and data by relying on existing theories and concepts to be interpreted based on writings that lead to discussion.9 The collection of data in this study comes from books and journals related to the discussion of this research.10 This study uses the perspective of social conflict theory from Karl Marx related to his conception of social class, social change, power, and the state.
DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
Coffee Shops as Public Spaces Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic
Coffee shops are no strangers to the people of Palangka Raya City. Various areas in Palangka Raya City have scattered coffee shops. Young people's interest in hanging out culture is one of the triggering factors for the proliferation of coffee shops. The role of social media and the internet cannot be separated from the spread of hanging out culture in various circles of society. Coffee shops have even become a favorite place for young people to fill their spare time. This is because coffee shops are considered a place that has a class of their own with a comfortable, relaxed atmosphere and lots of facilities, one of which is free Wifi.11
The need for the people of Palangka Raya City to have a place where they can express themselves has led them to coffee shops that have become widespread. This place offers individual freedom to express and share opinions. The coffee shop contains something that is not as simple as its name. Gradually the coffee shop becomes a public space in terms of place and space. A coffee shop as a place is a space for carrying out activities or activities of buying and selling drinks and food, a place to work for business people, and a place to relax
9 N Norhilaliyah and M Muslimah, ““Memahami Hakekat Penelitian Dalam Pandangan Sains Dan Al-
Qur’an,” n.d., 519–26, https://e-proceedings.iain-
palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/PICIS/article/view/811%0Ahttps://e-proceedings.iain- palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/PICIS/article/download/811/871.
10 Milya Sari, “NATURAL SCIENCE,” Journal of Research in Science and Science Education, no. ISSN: 2715- 470X (Online), (n.d.): 2477 – 6181.
11 Devi Juliani, ““JUPIIS,” Journal of Education in Social Sciences Coffee Shops as Public Spaces from Time to Time in Medan City Coffee Shop from Time to Time as a Public Sphere in Medan”, no. no 1 (2021): 10–
19.
82 for visitors. While the coffee shop space becomes a space for the development of interaction and communication between individuals. In the end, the coffee shop becomes a public space in its true sense, both physically and non-physically.12
Public space is a place that simultaneously gives rise to life.13 Even though at different times and for different purposes, various activities that occur in public spaces are carried out together.14 Public spaces provide freedom for every individual to speak, gather, participate, and make decisions.15 Furthermore, in this case, the public space is in the form of information media, such as journals or newspapers. Also included in public spaces are cafes or coffee shops, meeting halls, and other public spaces as a forum for ongoing socio- political discussions.16
The existence of coffee shops that become public spaces can be seen from the activities carried out by the community in these places. The coffee shop is a forum for free discussion for people from all walks of life regarding all matters. Also included in this case is related to the current socio-political conditions that are currently happening in the community. Often people discuss things from casual to heavy things that are currently hot in the community. It is not uncommon to discuss various policies and forms of abuse that occur in the scope of government.17
Public space is characterized by 3 (three) main values, which must be democratic, meaningful, and responsive. Democratic in this case is interpreted as protecting the rights of every group to use the public space. Public space has a meaningful value in that it allows individuals to have connections between people, space, and the world in a social context.18
12 Teguh Setiandika Igiasi, ““Coffee Shops as Public Spaces: A Study of the Lifestyle of the People of Tanjung Pinang City,” Journal of Maritime Society 1, no. no.1 (2017): 19–28.
13 Muslimah Amanda Tri, Swari Hidayah, “Manusia , Alam Semesta Dan Kebutuhan,” Proceedings 1, 2021, 465–76.
14 N Fitria, M Muslimah, and I Qalyubi, “Distribusi Bantuan Sosial Bagi Masyarakat Terdampak Covid-19 Di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Menurut Perspektif Islam,” Daun Lontar: Jurnal, no. no.1 (n.d.): 186–99, http://www.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/ojs.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/index.php/jkdl/article/view/112
%0Ahttp://www.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/ojs.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/index.php/jkdl/article/down load/112/55.
15 Muslimah et al, “The Ways to Teach Children in Decision Making Based on Parents Educational Level,”
International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 13, no. no.2 (2021): 198–207, https://doi.org/10.9756/INT-JECSE/V13I2.211055.
16 Igiasi, “Coffee Shops as Public Spaces: A Study of the Lifestyles of the People of Tanjung Pinang City.”,”
n.d.
17 Dani Saputra, “Interaction of Warkop Customers on Jalan Bawakaraeng Sinjai,” Social and Cultural Studies, 2019, 21–30.
18 Muslimah et al, “The Ways to Teach Children in Decision Making Based on Parents Educational Level,.”
Furthermore, responsive public space is defined as a space that can be used for various purposes and serves its users.19
As a public space, a coffee shop is no longer limited to enjoying coffee but has also become a meeting place for various groups. More than one community background can gather at the coffee shop to create a discussion forum, both formal and non-formal. Visitors who come to coffee shops do not see differences in race, religion, and social strata. The visitors enjoyed cakes and snacks while chatting a little and having a relaxed discussion.
Freedom of expression and opinion for every individual in the coffee shop further strengthens the tolerant life.20
The diverse backgrounds of coffee shop visitors increasingly show the characteristics of coffee shops as public spaces. Coffee shop business actors never limit the background of individuals who become visitors. If we pay attention together, various individuals sit and do activities together in coffee shops. Starting from young people to old people, men, and women, as well as various ethnicities and religions. Social interactions that occur in coffee shops are not only limited to sellers and buyers but can happen to anyone even though they don't know each other.21
The exchange of information carried out by individuals is very important as evidenced by the existence of communication in public spaces.22 In addition, the role of public space is also inseparable as a forum for interaction to create the social characteristics of individuals. There are at least 6 (six) contributions to the emergence of coffee shops as a public space among the people of Palangka Raya City, namely:23
First, a coffee shop. Not only as a reliever of sleepiness, currently enjoying coffee has become a trend or culture among people. Coffee lovers, of course, will choose a coffee place with consideration of the taste of the coffee served.
Second, a meeting place for business relations. It is common for business people to have meetings with clients or business relations in coffee shops. A relaxed, comfortable,
19 Soraya Masthura Hassan Cut Azmah Fithri, Erna Muliana, “Local Community Open Public Space Case Study in Medan,” no. 01 (2021): 32–36.
20 Jamal Ghofir, “‘Transformation of the Value of Diversity Education in the Millennial Generation,’” no.
no.1 (2020): 92–111.
21 Miftahul Adi Suminto, “ISUAL IDENTITY IN COFFEESHOPS AND COFFEE SHOPS IN SURABAYA” 09,” no.
01 (n.d.): 116–134.
22 Muslimah Muslimah Arief Dwi Saputra, Alfina Rahmatia, ““How Far Are the Benefits of the Islamic Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship Movement?,” El-Qish: Journal of Islamic Economics 1, no. no.1 (2021): 11–24.
23 Juliani, “JUPIIS:,” Journal of Social Sciences Education Coffee Shops as Public Spaces from Time to Time in Medan City Coffee Shop from Time to Time as a Public Sphere in Medan.”, n.d.
84 luxurious atmosphere and a variety of services from coffee shop employees are reasons for business people to have meetings with their relations at the coffee shop.
Third, the place to do the task. An example that is often found is students doing assignments at a coffee shop, either alone or with their group mates. Casual discussions related to tasks while sipping a cup of coffee often bring inspiration and calm.
Fourth, as a meeting place. Coffee shops that are widely spread in Palangka Raya City make it easy for business people or office employees to make it a meeting place.
Fifth, it becomes a place for certain celebrations. It's nothing new if a coffee shop is used as a place for a group of people to celebrate, such as birthdays, anniversaries, and so on.
Sixth, a place to hang out. Gathering with friends or commonly referred to as hanging out involves talking about various things, ranging from casual everyday topics to heavy topics.
Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been shocked by the emergence of a pandemic that has affected all parts of the world. This pandemic is known as the Covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the pandemic. All sectors of life seem to have come to a standstill since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the most affected sectors is the economic sector.24
When Indonesia was experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic, each region imposed Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB).25 All business people to investors are participating in being affected by this pandemic. The government is making various efforts to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic.26 Many new regulations began to be issued by the Government.27 All business people open their places of business by following the rules set by the Government.
Coffee shops, which are part of the economic sector, have also experienced problems since the Covid-19 pandemic. The coffee shop, which is supposed to be a place for meetings,
24 Irma Setiawan et al., “‘The Role of Digital Markets in the Pandemic Era for Young Entrepreneurs in Banyumulek,’” Journal of Service to the Master of Education IPA 4, no. no.4 (2021): 440–47.
25 Ahmad Bilal Almagribi et al., ““Tips for Maintaining Philanthropic Motivation in a Social Institution During a Pandemic,” Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah 7, no. no.1 (2022): 70, https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v7i1.6356.
26 A.D Rahmawati, A., & Saputra, “’ ’ How Can Job Design Strategy in Islamic Management Help Organization Coping Covid-19 Impact,” Annual Conference of Ihtifaz: Islamic Economics vol.2 (2021).
27 Ahmad Bilal Almagribi et al., “Tips for Maintaining Philanthropic Motivation in a Social Institution During a Pandemic,” Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah 7, no. 1 (2022): 70, https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v7i1.6356.
dialogues, and discussions for various groups, has become uncomfortable due to the impact of the Government's injustice in enforcing the PPKM rules. The existence of a curfew rule during PPKM took place causing conflict between coffee shop business people. If the coffee shop exceeds the night operating hours, the security forces will immediately investigate or raid the place. However, sometimes certain coffee shops get special treatment if there are no raids when they are past their operating hours.
The narrative of jealousy between coffee shop actors due to unfair treatment causes social conflict. Officials need to be aware of the impact of unfair treatment in enforcing PPKM rules. This social conflict has disrupted the benefits of the coffee shop as a forum for dialogue and discussion with various groups of people. There were also occasional small discussions heard by coffee shop visitors who talked about the support of certain parties who guarded several coffee shops so that they would not receive a warning in the form of raids.
Phenomenon Analysis Through Karl Marx's Social Conflict Theory
The phenomenon of inequality in the implementation of PPKM for coffee shops in Palangka Raya City will be analyzed using the conflict theory from the perspective of Karl Marx. Karl Marx divides the conflict model into 2 (two) types, namely groups that control the means of production (rules or practices) and groups that depend on the owners of the means of production.28
Through Karl Marx's conflict theory, Miller expressed his opinion as follows:
“There are no rules that in principle can be used in grouping individuals in a society without studying actual interactions, where on one side economic processes occur and on the other hand political and cultural processes occur”.29
Karl Marx thought that society would be opposed to each other through competition of shops and monopoly chains which could kill small and independent businesses. The existence of investors and relations with the Government can be one of the reasons for imbalances in the application of PPKM regulations.30 The relatively strong relationship between the coffee shop business people and the government has prevented the authorities from taking firm action against certain shops that are past their nightly operating hours.
28 Fajri Kasim and Abidim Nurdin, “Sociology of Conflict and Reconciliation:,” Aceh Community Sociology, 2015.
29 Wahyudi, “Conflicts, Theory Concepts, and Problems,” n.d.
30 Mohammad Ricky Syafaadin and Eko Wahyudi, “‘Legal Effectiveness of Curfew Restrictions in the Context of Prevention and Breaking the Chain of Spread of Covid-19 in the City of Surabaya,’” Juridical Journal 8, no. no.1 (2021): 120.
86 This became one of the sources of social conflict between coffee shop business people when the PPKM rules were enforced in the City of Palangka Raya.
As per Karl Marx's perspective, small business businesses can experience failure or loss, even going out of business due to rules controlled by a capitalist economy. Through the ideas of Karl Marx, it can be seen that the implementation of the enforcement of rules that are uneven or unfair is due to the control of the capitalists.31 Capitalists in this case are large capital owners who own large and luxurious coffee shops. The social conflict that occurred is getting stronger because the Government ignores those who feel imbalances in implementing PPKM regulations, especially those related to night operating hours.
Karl Marx's theory of conflict itself is a conflict between classes in which there are bourgeoisie and proletariat who are discussing the economy. The bourgeoisie in this case is defined as the Government, while the proletariat is defined as coffee shop business people who do not have strong relations with the Government. In this case, certain coffee shops felt that there was an imbalance in the enforcement of the PPKM rules. Coffee shops that exceed the operational curfew will immediately be inspected and raided by the authorities.32 Meanwhile, certain shops are not inspected and continue to operate past the night operating hours during PPKM.
There are 4 (four) basic assumptions built from Karl Marx's conflict theory. First, change is recognized as a phenomenon that occurs in individuals and society. Second, conflict is a symptom that occurs in the community. Third, all aspects within the structural scope of society can potentially disintegrate and cause social change. Fourth, the dominance of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in the formation of a relationship within society.33
We cannot deny that owners of capital that are large enough and have a fairly strong relationship with the government will receive a lot of protection from the regulations in force. Meanwhile, coffee shop owners with not too large capital will feel the impact.
Turnover decreased but must still pay the same taxes. The government that sided with certain coffee shop business actors with various motives gives a very clear picture of class conflict. Coffee shop business people who are affected by this imbalance in regulations can
31 Aninda Aprilia, “‘Karl Marx’s Criticism of Capitalism’,” no. 90100118031 (2019).
32 Borneonews, “A Number of Cafes in Palangka Raya Violate Operational Hours,” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d., https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/214346-sejumlah-kafe-di-palangka-raya- langgar-jam-operasional.
33 M Sulhan, “MR Januri - Acta Islamica Counsenesia: Counseling, and Undefined 2022, "The Essence of Religion in Social Conflict in Poso District Using Karl Marx’s Theory: A Literature Review,” The Essence Of,"
Alisyraq.Pabki.Org 2, no. no.1 (2022): 15–28,
http://alisyraq.pabki.org/index.php/aiccra/article/view/171.
only remain silent to protect their business. This raises dynamics between business people and consumers because the discourse is constantly rolling and will have an unfavorable impact.
Inequality in the implementation of PPKM rules in Palangka Raya City has an impact on the emergence of social conflict. Talking about social conflict, there is another view related to social conflict, namely Max Weber. Conflict, when viewed from the perspective of Max Weber, has a central position in the analysis of social life. Conflict is also a very basic element in the sphere of society. Weber also believes that any problems in modern society will refer to the capitalist system.34 The phenomenon of inequality in the implementation of PPKM regulations in the City of Palangka Raya is not far from Max Weber's point of view.
Rules that should be applied equally to all parties, but the reality shows something different.
The ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber are not much different. Weber also talks about the involvement of capitalists in the social system. One important aspect related to the government's injustice in enforcing PPKM regulations is the struggle of capitalists, namely investors and big business owners. Karl Marx has also said that the capitalist economic system seeks to awaken private and private ownership of the means of production and distribution. The government gets restrictions in the process of running the economy.35
The capitalists have always positioned themselves as having an important role in the government system, for example in the control of rules and their enforcement. It is not uncommon for capitalists to gain various benefits from the rules issued by the government.
The view from Karl Marx's conflict theory reinforces that the Government is also an influencer of inequality in the implementation of PPKM rules. The presence of social conflict between coffee shop business people is also due to "special" treatment for certain groups.
It seems that the government is not giving equal rights to every coffee shop business actor in enforcing the PPKM rules.
CUNCLUSION
The Covid-19 pandemic that has occurred in almost all parts of the world provides its challenges for business people, one of which is the coffee shop business in Palangka Raya City. The challenges faced are also accompanied by the enactment of new Government
34 Gunawan Adnan, “Stratifikasi Sosial Dan Perjuangan Kelas Dalam Perspektif Max Weber,” Transformatif 3, no. 1 (2019): 19–41.
35 Moh Nurul Qomar, “Karl Marx’s Criticism of the Concept of Capitalist Labor Comparative Study of Sharia Economics on the Das Kapital Book,” Annual Conference for Muslim Scholar 3 Kopertais 4, 2019, 1003–9.
88 regulations which in reality there is inequality and favor certain groups. Coffee shop business people who feel aggrieved by the imbalance in the enforcement of these rules respond in the form of narratives filled with disappointment. From the conflict theory initiated by Karl Marx and other figures such as Max Weber, it can be seen that the phenomenon of inequality in the application of PPKM rules in Palangka Raya City triggers conflict in society. Furthermore, there is the intervention of the capitalists who become in control of every applicable rule. The impact of this inequality also affects the discourse in the social space related to coffee shops. The government does not evaluate the implementation of PPKM regulations and does not absorb the aspirations of coffee shop business people.
REFERENCES
A.D Rahmawati, A., & Saputra. “’ ’ How Can Job Design Strategy in Islamic Management Help Organization Coping Covid-19 Impact,.” Annual Conference of Ihtifaz: Islamic Economics vol.2 (2021).
Adnan, Gunawan. “Stratifikasi Sosial Dan Perjuangan Kelas Dalam Perspektif Max Weber.”
Transformatif 3, no. 1 (2019): 19–41.
Adpim Bureau, Governor of Central Kalimantan. “PPKM for Palangka Raya City to Be Continued for the Next 14 Days.” accessed on 16 November 2022, n.d.
https://biroadpim.kalteng.go.id/2021/07/gubernur-kalteng-ppkm-kota-palangka- raya-dilanjutkan-sampai-14-hari-ke-depan/.
Ahmad Bilal Almagribi et al. ““Tips for Maintaining Philanthropic Motivation in a Social Institution During a Pandemic,.” Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah 7, no. no.1 (2022): 70. https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v7i1.6356.
Almagribi, Ahmad Bilal, Muslimah Muslimah, St. Rahmah, and Desi Erawati. “Tips for Maintaining Philanthropic Motivation in a Social Institution During a Pandemic.”
Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah 7, no. 1 (2022): 70.
https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v7i1.6356.
Amanda Tri, Swari Hidayah, and Muslimah. “Manusia , Alam Semesta Dan Kebutuhan,.”
Proceedings 1, 2021, 465–76.
Andri Wahyudi. “‘Conflicts, Theory Concepts and Problems,.’” Journal Publiciana 8, no. 1 (n.d.): 1–15.
Aninda Aprilia. “‘Karl Marx’s Criticism of Capitalism’,” no. 90100118031 (2019).
Arief Dwi Saputra, Alfina Rahmatia, and Muslimah Muslimah. ““How Far Are the Benefits of the Islamic Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship Movement?” El-Qish: Journal of Islamic Economics 1, no. no.1 (2021): 11–24.
Borneonews. “A Number of Cafes in Palangka Raya Violate Operational Hours,.” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d. https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/214346-sejumlah- kafe-di-palangka-raya-langgar-jam-operasional.
———. “Pemko Palangka Raya Will Apply a Curfew,.” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d.
https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/210207-pemko-palangka-raya-akan- terapkan-jam-malam, .
Cut Azmah Fithri, Erna Muliana, and Soraya Masthura Hassan. “Local Community Open Public Space Case Study in Medan,” no. 01 (2021): 32–36.
Dani Saputra. “Interaction of Warkop Customers on Jalan Bawakaraeng Sinjai,.” Social and Cultural Studies, 2019, 21–30.
Devi Juliani. ““JUPIIS.” Journal of Education in Social Sciences Coffee Shops as Public Spaces from Time to Time in Medan City Coffee Shop from Time to Time as a Public Sphere in Medan”, no. no 1 (2021): 10–19.
Dolan’s Trail. “20 Recommendations for Coffee Shops in Palangka Raya,.” accessed on 16 November 2022., n.d. https://jejakdolan.com/2022/01/10/rekomendasi-20- tempat-ngopi-di-palangka-raya/,.
Fajri Kasim and Abidim Nurdin. “Sociology of Conflict and Reconciliation:” Aceh Community Sociology, 2015.
Fakhrul Rozi Yamali and Ririn Noviyanti Putri. “The Impact of Covid-19 on the Indonesai Economy.” Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 2 (n.d.): 384.
Igiasi. “Coffee Shops as Public Spaces: A Study of the Lifestyles of the People of Tanjung Pinang City.”,” n.d.
Irma Setiawan et al. “‘The Role of Digital Markets in the Pandemic Era for Young Entrepreneurs in Banyumulek,.’” Journal of Service to the Master of Education IPA 4, no. no.4 (2021): 440–47.
Jamal Ghofir. “‘Transformation of the Value of Diversity Education in the Millennial Generation,’” no. no.1 (2020): 92–111.
Juliani. “JUPIIS:” Journal of Social Sciences Education Coffee Shops as Public Spaces from Time to Time in Medan City Coffee Shop from Time to Time as a Public Sphere in Medan.”, n.d.
LDII Kediri Regency. “The Concept of a Coffee Shop Liked by the Young Generation,” n.d.
https://ldiikediri.com/konsep-kedai-kopi-yang-disukai-oleh-generasi-muda/,.
Melka Irlando, Dwi Fitriani, and Fiana Podesta. “THE EFFECT OF NATURAL Auxin GIVING ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea Canephora.L).” Agriculture 14, no.
2 (n.d.).
Miftahul Adi Suminto. “ISUAL IDENTITY IN COFFEESHOPS AND COFFEE SHOPS IN SURABAYA” 09,” no. 01 (n.d.): 116–134.
Milya Sari. “NATURAL SCIENCE.” Journal of Research in Science and Science Education, no.
ISSN: 2715-470X (Online), (n.d.): 2477 – 6181.
Moh Nurul Qomar. “Karl Marx’s Criticism of the Concept of Capitalist Labor Comparative Study of Sharia Economics on the Das Kapital Book.” Annual Conference for Muslim Scholar 3 Kopertais 4, 2019, 1003–9.
Mohammad Ricky Syafaadin and Eko Wahyudi. “‘Legal Effectiveness of Curfew Restrictions in the Context of Prevention and Breaking the Chain of Spread of Covid-19 in the City of Surabaya,.’” Juridical Journal 8, no. no.1 (2021): 120.
Muslimah et al. “The Ways to Teach Children in Decision Making Based on Parents Educational Level,.” International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 13, no. no.2 (2021): 198–207. https://doi.org/10.9756/INT-JECSE/V13I2.211055.
Muslimah, Hafidzatul. “Exploration Of The Value Of Islam-Based Multicultural Education In Local Wisdom Traditions National Culture Adab.” Jurnal At-Tarbiyat: Jurnal
90 Pendidikan Islam 6, no. 2 (2019): 360–72. https://doi.org/10.37758/jat.v6i2.721.
Muslimah, N Norhilaliyah and M. ““Memahami Hakekat Penelitian Dalam Pandangan Sains Dan Al-Qur’an,” n.d., 519–26. https://e-proceedings.iain- palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/PICIS/article/view/811%0Ahttps://e-
proceedings.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/PICIS/article/download/811/871.
N Fitria, M Muslimah, and I Qalyubi. “Distribusi Bantuan Sosial Bagi Masyarakat Terdampak Covid-19 Di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Menurut Perspektif Islam,.” Daun Lontar:
Jurnal, no. no.1 (n.d.): 186–99.
http://www.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/ojs.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/index.php /jkdl/article/view/112%0Ahttp://www.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/ojs.komunita sdaunlontar.or.id/index.php/jkdl/article/download/112/55.
Sabarudin Ahmad. “‘How Does the Kingdom of Kutaringin Develop Educational Activities’26,” no. no.2 (2023): 245–55.
Sulhan, M. “MR Januri - Acta Islamica Counsenesia: Counseling, and Undefined 2022, "The Essence of Religion in Social Conflict in Poso District Using Karl Marx’s Theory: A Literature Review.” The Essence Of," Alisyraq.Pabki.Org 2, no. no.1 (2022): 15–28.
http://alisyraq.pabki.org/index.php/aiccra/article/view/171.
Teguh Setiandika Igiasi. ““Coffee Shops as Public Spaces: A Study of the Lifestyle of the People of Tanjung Pinang City.” Journal of Maritime Society 1, no. no.1 (2017): 19–
28.
Wahyudi. “Conflicts, Theory Concepts, and Problems,” n.d.
