Vol. 2, No. 6, 2022
An Analysis Spanish-English Code-Switching In Molina’s And Ukrich’s Movie ”Coco”
Analisis Perubahan Kode Spanyol-English Dalam Film Molina Dan Ukrich ”Coco”
Dewintha Chici Febrianti*, Murni Mahmud, Iskandar Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
*Penulis Koresponden : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
People always need language to communicate with others. However, one person is not enough to be able to comunicate to other people in one language because of different language of the interlocutor. Code-switching is used when the speaker uses two or more languages in his/her utterance. Actually, Coco is a movie which uses two languages, those are Spanish and English. The characters switch their utterances by using two languages and two methods; they switch from English-Spanissh and Spanish- English. Based on the topic, the researcher choose to analyze code- switching used by the characters of Coco movie. This researcher aimed to find the types and functions of code-switching used by the characters of Coco, according to Romaine in Maryono and Poedjosoedarmo (2002: 275) and Bloom & Gumperz in Susanto (2008). The descriptive qualitative method is used in this research because the data collected are the utterances of conversations of the characters of Coco. The result of this study shows that there are three types of code- switching used by the characters of Coco. Those are Intersentential code-switching, Intrasentential code-switching, and tag switching. The functions of code-switching used by the characters of Coco movie are quotation, interjection, addressee specification, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization or objectification.Finally this study analyzes types and function of code-switching, it will be more interesting for the next writer to analyze types and function of code-switching. It will be more interesting for the next writer to analyze it by using another theory of code-switching.
In addition, it is suggesting for the next writer to analyze use other data such as twitter or facebook and novel as the data source.
Keywords: bilingualism and multilingualism, code, code-switching, movie
ABSTRAK
Orang selalu membutuhkan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Namun, satu orang tidak cukup untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain dalam satu bahasa karena bahasa lawan bicaranya berbeda. Alih kode digunakan ketika penutur menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih dalam tuturannya. Sebenarnya, Coco adalah film yang menggunakan dua bahasa, yaitu bahasa Spanyol dan bahasa Inggris. Karakter mengubah ucapan mereka dengan menggunakan dua bahasa dan dua metode; mereka beralih dari bahasa Inggris-Spanyol dan Spanyol-Inggris.
Berdasarkan topik tersebut, peneliti memilih untuk menganalisis alih kode yang digunakan oleh para karakter film Coco. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan fungsi alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter Coco, menurut Romaine dalam Maryono dan Poedjosoedarmo (2002: 275) dan Bloom & Gumperz dalam Susanto (2008). Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini karena data yang dikumpulkan adalah ucapan-ucapan percakapan para tokoh Coco.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga jenis alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter Coco. Yaitu alih kode intersentential, alih kode intrasentential, dan alih tag. Fungsi alih kode yang digunakan oleh tokoh-tokoh film Coco adalah kutipan, interjeksi, spesifikasi penerima, pengulangan, kualifikasi pesan, dan personalisasi atau objektifikasi.Terakhir, penelitian ini menganalisis jenis dan fungsi alih kode, akan lebih menarik bagi penulis selanjutnya untuk menganalisis jenis dan fungsi alih kode. Akan lebih menarik bagi penulis selanjutnya untuk menganalisisnya dengan menggunakan teori alih kode yang lain. Selain itu, disarankan bagi penulis selanjutnya untuk menganalisis menggunakan data lain seperti Twitter atau Facebook dan novel sebagai sumber data. (antara 200 – 250 kata).
Keywords: bilingualisme dan multibahasa, kode, alih kode, film
1. INTRODUCTION
Language is more than just a tool for communicating intelligence. Language is also spoken every minute across the world. Not only when we speak, read, and write, but even when we interact, when we make the journey, or whenever and however we use the language of one way somehow, we trade as well. The conversation includes every part of our lives. By definition, language is, "a body of words, symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, and the systems for their use common to somebody who is of the same society, country, or same cultural tradition ". The language also plays an imperative part in the advancement of a person's identity, because communication is the one that pushes our lives and makes us way better. Human dialect is isolated from other creature species. In this case, a language function is a tool for communication. In this globalization era, people are forced to ace more than two languages (multilingual) because acing two languages (bilingual) are common and normal in this world. Acing more than two languages (multilingual) is imperative since communication among nations get to be the need of life.
People create language, so the information can be understood by individuals, society, and the environment where people create and use it. The way each person speaks depends on where they come from and in the society or environment in which they grew up. When people are having a dialogue, they ten to use the language they have.
Commonly, people can speak more than one language. Most of them are mastering two or more languages, namely their first (L1) and second language (L2). Sometimes we talk in a language, say English is an example, and use words from another language, say it is Dutch or Indonesian or even Spain in between or at the beginning or end of a sentence. Or we start a new sentence in another language we are native in. It's not about having to be smart. The reason is that we are
“native” with several of our languages and will interchange words or complete sentences automatically. The language that is usually well understood by the community is their mother tongue or mother speech, their communication from birth. Most of them firstly use their mother language to interact with their family and society.
In bilingual communities utilize certain techniques to form communication more successful and important. One of these tricks is "code-switching," which we can mostly observe
in second or foreign language classes. Code- switching may be a phenomenon of language that happens as a result of dialect contact in a bilingual society. Numerous individuals utilize code-switching in their discussion when they begin from formal dialect to casual one. The capability of utilizing two languages is called bilingual. Bilingualism is an elective of utilizing two dialects by the same person. (Hoffman,1996).
Code- switching focuses on using two languages in a sentence or discourse. This is a natural amalgamation that often occurs between multilingual speakers who share two or more languages. Code-switching mostly takes place within the bilingual community. Speakers who talk more than one language are recognized for their skill to decode or combine languages as their communication. (Aronoff & Miller, 2003) figure out that several linguists have found out is that switching between languages may be a communicative option for bilingual speakers, as switching between types or dialects is an alternative for monolingual speakers.
Code-switching is not only used in our life but also in movies, magazines, or novels. Movies, magazines, or novels which are made in the English language sometimes use English for the dialogue. Many of them are mix by other languages and English. The Code-switching phenomenon has become an interesting subject to discuss, especially in movies.
Coco is a movie that includes conversations containing English and Spain for the characters. The characters of this movie often mix their English with Spain. Coco has a variety of approaches. Most of the dialogue in this movie uses English, which is done by Mexican characters, who combine their language by talking Spanish as the native language of the characters. But they also code-switch easily, in speech and in a melody (it’s a musical,) and one of the major end- game melodic set-pieces is totally performed in Spanish. It was around the time of this melodic piece. Most of the code- switching is relatively simple for a non-speaker like myself to take after along with, and I indeed latently learned many Spanish words, but they don’t limit themselves as it were to self- evident bits of token Spanish that any English speaker will likely be recognizable with, like “amigo” but flip back and forward joining Spanish into the dialogue as normally as possible. The filmmakers depend on setting clues and visuals to communicate the substance of Spanish dialogue to the gathering of people and this doesn’t become striking to a non- speaker of Spanish until around midway through that one huge melodic Spanish- monolingual piece.
To make code-switching analysis more diverse, in addition to exploring the type of code-switching and the explanation for the use of code-switching in novel phrases, the researcher explores the use of code-switching in a film in this present review.Accordingly, the researcher conducts the research entitled: “An Analysis Spanish-English Code- Switching In Molina’s And Ukrich’s Movie “Coco”.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Bilingulism
Bilingualism, or also multilingualism, is a necessary feature of everyday communication, not a badge of honor. Bilingualism, according to (Karahan, 2005) (Fishman, 1977), is the ability to speak more than one language in a personal or social environment.
Bilingualism is an aspect where a person can talk more than one language. Bilingualism is sometimes contrasted clearly with multilingualism. Someone who can speak more than one language is referred to as bilingual or multilingual. In general, bilingualism in sociolinguistics is characterized as the use of two languages by a speaker in turn while talking to people.
(Fishman, 1977)
2.2. Multilingualism
People who speak two languages refer as bilinguals;
people who speak more than two languages refer as multilingual. Multilingualism is the act of using or promoting its use in several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. People growing up in western culture sometimes believe that monolingualism, which is a regular part of their lives, is a natural way of life for all but a few 'unique' people.
They're mistaken. Multilingualism is a natural way of life for hundreds of millions of people all over the world. (Crystal, 1987)
2.3. Code-Switching
(Holmes, 1992) According to this definition, code- switching happens as speakers turn from one language to another, whether it's either a single word, utterance or even a single phrase. According to Heller in (Lowi, 2005), "Code- switching is found as a
bilingual/multilingual activity that is used not only as a conversational instrument but also as a means of creating, preserving and delineating ethnic borders and identities". We cannot mark a word code- switching if only one language grammar rule is used.
In bilingual or multilingual communities, the constraint of code-switching is increasingly becoming apparent.
Code-switching refers to not only the switching between different languages but also to switch between the same language from one variant to another, or to a free style to a formal style another specialist. The transition is a state in which two languages have been using for the same term (Hoffman, 1996), and it is a process in which linguistic variations have been to change within the same speech act (Myers-Scotton, 1993).
Sociolinguists describe those types of code-switching.
It was the first linguist (Bloom & Gumperz, 1972) to introduce the concept of position, state, and occurrence taken as established phases throughout the implementation of individual strategies to explore the meaning of preference between the two forms, such as situational switching and metaphorical switching. This is Hamers and Blanc's hypothesis (2003).
(Hamers & Blanc, 2003) identifies code-switching between three types, including "Inter- sentential Switching, Intra-Sentential Switching and Extra- Sentential/Tag Switching."
2.3.1. Inter-sentential switching
Inter-sentential code-switching involves switching to a boundary where one clause or phrase is in one language to the other is in the next clause or phrase.
Inter- sentential is a clause or boundary term transfer, according to (Hamers & Blanc, 2003). One clause is in one language, while the command clause is in another.
As an example, "Sometimes I start a sentence in English y termino en espanol" (sometimes I start a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish).
The speaker will like to convince another speaker that he or she can speak English and Spain and that he or
she may assure others as well. Inter-sentential code- switching is used to change the boundary of a sentence when one sentence is in one language and the other is in another. In this case, the speaker or addressee is fluent in using both languages or at least knows what the speaker says.
2.3.2. Intra-sentential switching
Inside the clause or argument, this type of code- switching occurs. Since it often necessitates mixing within the same group of words, this form of code- switching causes the most syntactic damage, less skilled bilinguals should avoid it (Romainne, 1995).
(Hamers & Blanc, 2003) further state that "intra- sentential code-switching happens inside the boundary clause, including the boundary term"
(p.260). For example, kioke six, seven hours te school spend kardene, they're speaking English all the time.
Shown above example demonstrates that the speaker uses French in his speech and adds a single word like school (N), spends (V), seven hours (Adv.) in English.
Intra-sentential code-switching occurs as the speaker repeats a sentence. All speakers do not need to be bilingual to use intra-sentential code-switching;
instead, they try inserting a single typical word or phrase in a different language than most people will agree with.
2.3.3. Extra sentential code-switching/Tag Switching Extra-sentential code-switching can be thought of as putting a word from one language into an expression in another. Extra sentential or tag switching, according to (Hamers & Blanc, 2003) (Arikunto, 2010), is a transformation in which a speaker inserts a tag from one language into a voice that is entirely in another.
(p.260). Tag switching according to (Poplack, 2004) "is the incorporation of a tag in one language into a phrase that is completely in another language."
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This research aims to obtain a solution and explanation of the problem through the analysis and review
previously described in the research problems. The data is collection of facts, such as values or measurments. It can be members, words, measurments, observation or even just descrption of things.
Data source or source of data is source where of data are collected. According to (Arikunto, 2010)“the source of data in the study in subjects from which the data can be obtained. (Sutopo, 2002) states that data source is significant feature of reseach therefore a research is meaningless without a source.
Data Collection in qualitative descriptive research is ordinarily coordinated toward finding the who, what, and where of occasions or encounters, or their fundamental nature and shape. Based on the source of data before, the researcher will bring out the technique of data collection. According to (Miles &
Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: Anexpanded sourcebook (2nd ed.), 1994), research is defined as three current operation sources, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This part present the research finding and discussion of the characters utterances in Molina’s and Ukrich’s movie “Coco”.
4.1. Types of code-switching 4.1.1. Inter-sentential switching
The switch from one language to another between sentences is known as inter- sentential code-switching.
This situation might also entail a changeover from fully in one language sentence or more than one phrase.
Inter-sentential code-switching can be used to highlight a point stated in a discussion in another language.
Extract 1 / 04 : 22 – 04 : 47
In the dialogue, Miguel will set off to shine shoes in the plaza and pass a woman and a street vendor, then he meets Dante, a Xolo dog and they play together.He passes a woman sweeping a stoop. W : “Hola, Miguel!”
(Halo, Miguel!) M : “Hola!” (Halo!)
Running past a food stand, Miguel grabs a roll of pan dulce and tosses the vendor a coin.
M : “Muchas gracias!” (Thank you!)
Sv : “De nada, Miguel!” (You’re welcome, Miguel!)
As Miguel passes all these scenes, the music synthesizes and he can't help but tap out rhythms along a table of alebrijes.
The fantastical wooden animal sculptures each play a different tone like a marimba. Miguel finishes with a smack on a trash can, out of which a pops up a scrappy hairless Xolo dog. The dog, DANTE, barks and jumps up to lick Miguel,who laughs.
M : “Hey, hey! Dante!”
Miguel holds the pan dulce over Dante’s head.
M : “Sit. Down. Roll over. Shake. Fist bump.” Dante obeys to the best of his ability.
M : “Good boy, Dante!”
Miguel tosses the pan dulce to his furless friend who topples back into the trash can.
Extract 1 shows the inter-sentential code-switching use by Miguel. At that time Miguel greeted a woman in Spanish, then spoke to the street vendor also in Spanish intending to thank him, when he met Dante the Xolo dog he then switched to English.
4.1.2. Intra-sentential switching
Intra-sentntial switching concerns with languages alternation that occurs within a sentence or a clause boundary. Sometimes it includes mixing within word boundaries since intra-sentential switching occurs within sentence / clause / word boundries / phrase.Based on the findings, there are ninety nine (99) data containimg intra- sentential code-switching. All of the data obtained from the movie only show intra- sentential code-switching. The data obtained from the movie are as follows :
Extract 1 / 07 : 58 – 08 : 00
Mp : “Doña, please -- I was just getting a shine!”
Extract 2 / 08 : 07 – 08 : 16
A : “My grandson is a sweet little angelito querido cielito – he wants no part of your music, mariachi! You keep away from him!”
Extract 3 / 08 : 45 M : “Yes, Tío Berto.”
4.1.3. Extra sentential code-switching/Tag switching Tag switching occurs when the speaker uses one language and gives short or tag expression with another language in the end of his/her sentence/utterance. Tag may be a switch where the speaker embeds a tag from one dialect into an articulation thst is entirely in another dialect. For example you know, i mean, by the way, no way, etc.
Extract 1 / 10:24 – 10:32
The scene when Abuelita talks to Miguel A : “Where are you going?”
M : “I thought we were done...”
A : “Ay, Dios mío... Being part of this family means being here for this family... I
don't want to see you end up like—.”
(Oh Lord... Being part of this family means being here for this family... I don't want to see you end up like—) This conversation between Abuelita and Miguel contains Tag switching. “Ay, Dios mío... Being part of this family means being here for this family... I don't want to see you end up like—”. There is tag switching in different language inserted in the beginning of the sentence. The speaker insert a Spanish tag Ay, Dios mío..., into the English sentence makes the speaker switch from Spanish to English.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions
The researcher concludes from the finding and discussion in chapter IV that the character’s of “Coco”
Film 2017 switch their code from the first language to another language, which is from Enlish to Spanish or Spanish to English. Coco is the movie used two language those are English and Spanish. They used English and Spanish when they made conversation.
Based on the data findings and discussion in chapter IV, the researcher concludes that the characters of
“Coco” Film 2017 swithced code when they made conversation to the others.
There three types code-switching used by the characters of “Coco” Film 2017; Inter-sentential switching, Intra-sentential switching, and Tag switching, 99 datum for Intra-sentential, 9 datum for intra-sentential, and 7 datum for Tag switching.
Besides there are six function of code-switching. Those are; quotation, interjection, addressee specification, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization or objectification.
The function of code-switching which are used by the characters of the “Coco” Film 2017 are quotation one, interjection two times, addressee specification one, reiteration one, message qualification one, personalization or objectification one.
5.2. Suggestion
After drawing a conclusion based on the findings of this study, the researcher suggest for the next researcher to use this result of this study as the additional reference in studying code-switching. Since this study only analyze types and functions of code- switching, it will be more interesting for the
next researcher to analyze by using another theory of code-switching and use other data
such a text, twitter, facebook, and novel as the data resource.
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