Vol. 3. No. 1 Januari-Juni 2020, hal. 1~15
p-ISSN : 2621-136x 1
ANALYSIS OF LOAN WORDS USED BY STUDENT NURSES IN THE FINAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF NURSING
Bambang Sucipto
Akademi Keperawatan Bina Insan Jakarta
ABSTRAK
Informasi Artikel
Kata kunci:
Kata Pinjaman Komunikasi Keperawatan Medis
Penggunaan kata pinjaman dalam setiap bahasa hampir tidak dapat dihindarkan.
Bahasa di negara-negara berkembang lebih banyak memiliki keterbatasan perbendaharaan kata dibanding dengan Negara-negara maju. Faktor perbedaan ini mengakibatkan keterbatasan diantara para pengguna bahasa itu sendiri. Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan bahasa tersebut, kata pinjaman dari bahasa lain tidak dapat dihindarkan. Di bidang keperawatan atau medis, kata pinjaman tersebut digunakan secara masif diantara para pengguna bahasa keperawatan atau medis tersebut. Dua contoh yang diambil dari laporan kasus ilmiah pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir yang ditulis oleh Juwita Sari dan Puji Rahayu menunjukkan fakta bahwa kata pinjaman betul-betul tidak dapat dihindarkan di ranah komunikasi bidang medis dan keperawatan. Kata-kata pinjaman tersebut mempermudah mereka berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya, khususnya di bidang medis dan keperawatan.
Kemudahan berkomunikasi ini ditunjukkan oleh dua penulis tersebut untuk mempertahankan laporan kasus ilmiah akhir pada uji siding. Lebih dari 40 kata serapan digunakan oleh Juwita Sari dan lebih dari 75 kata serapan digunakan oleh Puji Rahayu dalam uji sidang kasus ilmiah mereka. Pada penyesuaian ejaan yang ditemukan dalam dua kasus laporan ilmiah akhir mereka, awalan/tion/ yang diubah menjadi /si/ mendominasi kata pinjaman, sementara ejaan kombinasi /ch/
yang diubah menjadi /k/ ditemukan hanya sekali dari ke dua penulis tersebut, yaitu kata /brachia/ yang diubah menjadi /brakial/.
ABSTRACT Keywords:
Adapted words Case report Full loan words Loan words Nurses
Loan words is almost unavoidable in every language. The languages in the developing countries have limited vocabularies than those of advance countries.
These disparity factors will bring about a language barrier among the communicators. To avoid the language barrier, loan words from other languages are unavoidable. In the nursing or medical fields, loan words are excessively used among the language users. The two examples taken from the final case reports written by Juwita Sari and Puji Rahayu show the fact that loan words are completely unavoidable in the medical or nursing communication. These loan words give simplicities among the language users, especially medical or nursing fields. These simplicities are shown by those two writers to defend their final case reports. More than 40 loan words used by Juwita Sari and more than 75 loan words used by Puji Rahayu in their final case reports. In the adaptation of spelling found in those two final scientific case reports, the suffix of /tion/ which changed into /si/ dominates the loan words, while the word combination of /ch/ spelled into /k/ is found only once of those two writer. The representative of the word is /brachia/ which is changed into /brakial/.
Penulis Korespondensi:
Bambang Sucipto, Akper Bina Insan Jakarta,
Jl. Kramat Jaya No. 22 T-U-Koja Jakarta Utara Email: [email protected]
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang INTRODUCTION
Language is an expression used by human to communicate each other. A way of communication to express ideas, to persuade, to affect, or to bring about any changes on social interaction, such as human characters, way of thinking, even changes in national development, requires languages. Thousands of different languages are used everyday by countries to communicate and interact each other. In the expression of culture, language is a fundamental aspect. It is the tool that conveys traditions and values related to group identity (Sirbu: 2015). Amstrong states that language is a set of meaning-making resources that are crucial to everyday communication. It enables speakers not only to convey information to each other but also to maintain social relationships in the sense of both transaction and interaction (Armstrong: 2010).
As language contains a distinction in culture, it has a unique way to express. When speaking to other person in different language, we also interact with cultures of the people we are speaking to. Without understanding the language culture, we will find difficult to get in contact with other persons in a different language as every language is ingrained with the culture. Culture and language go hand-in-hand given that the cultural trends of a time period influence oral and written (Broadwater: 2007). In the case of written text, it is absolutely different from that of oral one. The written text is generally used more formally, while the oral text can be both. The written text can be found in the form of letters, scientific text books, fiction books, and report cases. On the other hand, oral languages can be used in speeches, colloquial expressions, or other daily activities. However, we will write or speak in a language with different use context. Primary function of language is for humans to convey information to each other or request services of some kind in a variety of situations (Armstrong: 2010).
As language differs in culture from one another, the language symbol will also differ. Every language may have the same meaning, but differs in symbol. Every language is filled up with symbols. No parking area, dangerous road, no entrance, and company logos are expressed in symbolism. As a symbolic system, language through which the people can communicate and transmit the culture can be expressed into a spoken communication and written action. In writing the symbols, each language has different form. Arabic language will have different forms from American language, Japanese language has different form from Greek, and Indonesian language has different language from an old java language. Although written differently, it has the same meaning. “Guava” in American people, for example, is expressed differently in Indonesian language as ‘’jambu’’or ‘’Guaba’’ in Japanese. However, those three different words have the same meaning. ‘’Guava’’, ‘’Jambu’’, or ‘’Guaba’’ is an edible fruit in an oval shape with light-green or yellow skin. Japanese people will eat the same shape of fruit as the Indonesian or American people, but naming differently. This concept of language will remains constant as agreed by the community.
Technological advancement has given a huge contribution on the development of language. As language will continually change, it will give an impact to the people who use the language. The changing will be effected by the language users themselves. As long as the needs of language users continue to change, so will the language. (Birner: 2020). The advance countries that create technology will dominate the language development. They create the technological things and name them, while other developing countries just follow the advanced names and take as their own use and needs. The people who live In the developing country will take the benefit of the technological advances by using it. On the other hand, they may find difficult to adapt to the language terminology attached in the technology. The words ‘chip’,
‘motherboard’, or ‘fracture’, are examples of language development created by the advanced country.
Unfortunately, the languages in the developing countries are not able to equalize the terminologies. The languages in the developing countries must apply and use the technology that firstly is alien for their people.
Accordingly, the country and the people must change and adapt to the technological development which will affect their language themselves. The way they communicate or interact with others They will continually change. They will change or add the new vocabularies in their interaction in the language they use to speak.
The problem is how to adapt such terminologies into target languages. For the limited terminologies the receptive languages have, loan words or borrowing words are the mostcommon and something natural to enrich the language terminologies. Loan words derives from technological sides, nursing, economic, or social science fields. It is unavoidable in the language communication.
Borrowing is impossible to avoid as we live in different countries and different languages and we need interaction with people in different languages. In this case technology affect us very much in relation with loan words or word borrowing. However, culture, music, and other economic activities also give much contribution in the word loan. Borrowing is not a matter of a militarily powerful country anymore, but economically and technologically advances which directly affect other languages spoken by a less powerful country (Hyka: 2015).
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
What the researcher expects from this research is to find out the number of loan words used in the report case of Nursing written by Juwita Sari and Puji Rahayu. The specific objectives of this research can be disclosed as of the following:
1. To describe the factor of loan word from English to Indonesian language.
2. To describe the objective of the loan word from English to Indonesian language.
3. To describe the way of writing the loan word from English to Indonesian language.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
This research is expected to give much contribution to related parties who are concerned with the progress of nurse’ competence to use English as a mean of communication. Therefore, This research hopefully would be useful for:
1. The readers
The readers will find out the loan words used in the final case report by Juwita Sari and Puji Rahayu.
Therefore, the reader, especially Student of Bina Insan Nursing Academy will be easier to find out some related terminologies used in this loan word and enhance their vocabulary.
2. The English Teachers, especially at Bina Insa School of Nursing.
It is expected to give more knowledge and enrich their scientific vehicles of teaching English, especially English for specific purposes of nurses. This is useful for the teacher to find out the way of teaching based on the loan words used in the report cases.
3. Researcher
Based on this research the writer is able to conduct a further study and it provides knowledge value of loan words used in the report case written by Juwita Sari and Puji Rahayu.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
1 . Loan words are words derived from the foreign language (source language), either in spelling or pronunciation, and are adapted to the target language users.
2 . The factors of loan words used in the Scientific Report Cases of Nursing by Juwita Sari in title of
“Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis di Ruang Penyakit Dalam Lt. 8 Blok B RSUD Koja Jakarta Utara” and by Puji Rahayu in title of “Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin di Ruang Perinatologi RSUD Koja Jakarta Utara” are in the fact that the loan words are used in the final case report due to the impact of scientific sides especially in nursing and medical terms on the Indonesian language.
3 . Loan word method is a method used a certain language to adapt or absorb the language used in the source languages which could not be found in the target language. In this case, the writer will disclose the way of Indonesian language absorb or adapt to the source language.
4 . Scientific Case Report is a report written scientifically based on the real data in which the report was clinical practice evidences conducted by two students of final semester when caring the patients in the Public Hospital of Koja Region, North Jakarta.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
Some relevant studies have ever been conducted by some researchers to find out the words borrowed or adopted to the Indonesian language. However, those studies were conducted within general subject, especially novels, not a specific field. Some researchers may have disclosed the related loan words, but I have not been able to find them yet. This research, therefore, focuses on the nursing subject to know how far the Indonesian language adopts the foreign languages and how many words of loan words used in those two report books.
The use of Loan word is a very common term used by Writing as one of the integral part in language development. In fact, the loan words affect the student’s writing skills. In the context of writing, the capability of writing, especially using English as their second language, is greatly required to bridge the communication among patients, other co-caregivers, doctors, matrons or their senior nursing staffs, consultant, medical device company, insurance company, and to records doctor’s order, patient’s concern and any other documentations as an important part of patient care. Students’ good verbal and communication skill to converse with their peers, patients, co-workers and other people will strongly develop when they have
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang competence of speaking, listening, and reading skills. In short, they will be able to communicate and interact with others to get, and share information. To record official information they derive from classes, clinical practices, or patients, the capability of speaking and writing is greatly required (Muller, 2011)
As an International language, English has dominated the science and technological texts used by countries all over the world. The global economic, scientific, cultural, and technological advancement are mostly written in English texts. (1997). Sara said that apart from the central role of English, it plays many roles in global politics and economy. Indeed, English has been dominantly used in technology and computer sciences. (Sara Corrizzato, Giada Goracci, 2013).
In this digital era, the technological advances give much influence on the nursing world. With the technological advances, schools of nursing must also adapt to the developing technology. Accordingly, the school institution must be able to provide the student nurses’ capability of encountering the tight competition in the work world in order to win the competitive era within the entirely technological world. Nurses are demanded to master the skill of nursing not only of how to care the sick, but also of how to communicate and to make a report on patients and the like. This poses a duty of nurses.
THE ESSENCE OF WORDS
In an everyday communication, either oral or in writing, we always associate with words. Words consist of or are collection of phonemes which covey meanings. The smallest unit of sound in a word that affect the difference in meaning or in pronunciation from other words is phoneme. For example, the /m/ in ‘make’
distinguishes it from /w/ in ‘wake’. The Phoneme of /w,m/ will affect either the meaning or the pronunciation of those two words. However, notion of word has an extensive definition. Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy distinguishes the notion of word into two difference approaches, Linguistic and metaphysical approach.
Linguistic approach will be in the discussion of morphological conditions on affixation, civilization, compounding, and the theme of phonological and morphological processes of assimilation. On the other hand, the metaphysical approach will deal with the nature and origin of words. (Stanford: 2015). Word can be form into three parts; root, prefix, and suffix. (McGee: 2019). Prefix or suffix can be added to a rood or base word to form a new word. This suffix or prefix will affect the Indonesian language, for example:
Based Words Prefix/uffix
Origin Originality
Collaborate Collaboration
Nutrition Malnutrition
Ability disability
We can assume from these examples that /ity/ and /tion/ are suffixes attached to the root or based words
‘‘original’’ and ‘‘collaborate’’, while prefix of ‘‘mal’’ and ‘‘dis’’ are attached in the front of root or based words ‘‘ability’’ and ‘nutrition’.
LOAN WORD
A loan word is a word (or lexeme) imported into one language from another language. These words are also called a borrowed word or a borrowing. (Nordquist: 2019). Loan word or borrowing is unavoidable for any languages as the language users deal each other in economic, social, politic, health, and technological side. We have to communicate and interact in different languages. The unequal technological gaps between the advance and developing countries force the developing country to adapt to the source languages. As the globalization obliterates border among countries, therefore, we have to communicate in difference languages in which we find difficult to adapt to the source language. Accordingly, it is not surprised if the language is interchangeably influenced and needs changes either in terminologies or in the structure.
When languages come into contact each other, the changes in grammar and vocabulary is unavoidable.
Kulube (1995). Smeaton (1973: 83) states that a loan word modifies morphological structure to produce harmony with the predominance pattern and the root system of the target language. Affixation as a process in which prefixes, infixes and suffixes are in combination with other morphemes to form words (Fromkin and Rodman, 1988:131). The targeted language users will find easy to interact and to communicate naturally.
The Indonesian language has a great influence from foreign languages, such as Arabic, English, and Dutch. Those foreign languages give much contribution to Indonesian terminologies, especially religious and scientific sides. The words such as ‘’informasi’’, ‘’delegasi’’, ‘’masyarakat’’, ‘’musyawarah’’ are taken
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang from foreign language, especially Arabic and English. This language influence is not included taking words only but included structure also, either morphology or syntax. (Nasmawati: 2010).
LOAN WORD FORBIDING
Ndlovu Busweswe (2016) expresses that loan words will provide benefits and also a gap in the target language. Loan word will bring about a nuisance for some people, as they are not familiar with new technologies. Japan government has put into action of forbidding the use of loan word as a problem of understanding for the older people. Loveday, as quoted by Busweswe, states that In 2003, the government of Japan outlined a list of gairaigo (loan words). The loan word shall be simplified or changed because the government stated that the people in japan, especially the older ones, found difficult to understand the younger generation intention who frequently used gairaigo (loan words). Therefore, the government instructed to avoid teaching such loan word or made the loan words simply understood by the society otherwise.
A Zimbabwe linguist as quoted by Busweswe stated that the teacher in Zimbabwe avoid using the loan words. They insisted that the loan words should not be used although they are popular in the society, especially for the youth. (Busweswe: 2016).
The Indonesian government is also concerned with the loan words, especially the use of foreign terminologies. The Presidential Decree no 63 2019 has regulated the use of foreign terminologies. To ease the term comprehension, the government through the Language Development and Fostering Agency (Now Language development and Book Agency), Department of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia issued a General Guidance of Terminology Establishment. The guidance contains the absorption of foreign language. To absorb the international foreign terminologies, some requirements as of the following shall be considered:
a. The selected foreign words is suitable in connotation.
b. The selected foreign words absorbed is briefer than those of Indonesian translation are.
c. The selected foreign words will make easier in a communication agreement. Of the various regulations in the terminological establishment, this research will focus on two aspects, a full loan word and adapted loan words. A full loan word is a foreign word which is directly used into Indonesian language. Meanwhile, an adapted loan word is a foreign language used into Indonesian language which is adapted to the Indonesian spelling and pronunciation.
A full loan word
Foreign Term Indonesian Term Avoided Indonesian term
Anus Anus Lubang pantat
Urine Urine Air kencing
fundamental Fundamental Mendasar
Adapted Loan Words
Foreign Term Indonesian Term Spelling Changes
computer komputer c into k
amputation amputasi suffix of tion into si
destructive destruktif ve changed to f
DEFINITION OF CASE REPORT
For The students of nursing, case reports have been a routine assignment. Upon having a clinical practice, students must submit a case report during the implementation of clinical practice. This shall be conducted from the third semester to the last semester. On the final semester, they have to defend their scientific case report which they obtained during the last clinical practice in the hospital. Case reports are very valuable for the community and it is useful for them to enhance their medical and nursing knowledge.
Viroj Wiwanitkit states that Case report is a main type of article that is published in general medical and scientific journal. This kind of article is very useful and valuable for the scientific community. (Viroj:
2011). This case of report is commonly used by medical science journal, not non-medical science. It can be assumed that this case report is a very specific way to communicate among the medical professionals.
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang Hady El-Gilany argues that the case report is a specific type of research design that reports on an aspect of the management of one or two patients. It is the first piece of research writing in the health field and represents the most basic type of study design (Hady El-Gilany: 2018). He explains that case reports describes and analyses the diagnosis and/or the management of one or two patients. It is clear that case report which is meant this research is on a specific objective, reporting the patient’s condition on a certain diseases.
Hady El-Gilany suggests some types of case reports as of the following:
[1] Diagnosis-related: describes new, rare,
or unusual disease; unusual presentation or etiology of a known disease; unexpected association with diseases; new test or diagnostic method; and diagnostic dilemma or challenge.
[2] Management related: describes a new or improved treatment or surgical procedure; a new or rare side effect or complication of treatment; and therapeutic dilemma or challenge.
[3] Other issues: such as positional or quantitative abnormalities of an anatomical structure; two or more unexpected diseases or disorders in the same patient; new possible mechanism of injury; and an unusual injury pattern. (Hady El-Gilany: 2018).
Thus case report is very specific thing to communicate and to gain knowledge among the medical and health workers.
ESSENCE OF NURSING
American Nurses Association give definition of nursing that Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations (AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION).
The word ‘nursing’ is the root of ‘’nurse’’ which derives from the Latin word ‘‘nutrire’’ which means
‘to nourish’. Oxford UK Dictionary defines ‘nurse’ as a person trained to care for the sick or infirm, especially in a hospital. A person is deemed to be practicing in nursing when he/she singly, or in collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing services to individuals, and community in any health care setting (E. Abalos: 2013).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research applies a descriptive qualitative research. This method discloses any facts, situation, phenomenon, and occurrences at the time of research. In this descriptive qualitative, the data of words, phrases, paragraphs, or discourses are assessed. Sugiyono (2005) as quoted by Prasetyo Agung said that a descriptive method is a method used to describe or analyse a research outcomes, but not for more extensive conclusion.
Accordingly, this objectively considers that the final case reports in the title of Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis written by Juwita Sari and Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin written by Puji Rahayu contain loan words, either full loan words or adapted loan words that affect the Indonesian language. Therefore, this research records all loan words used by those two writers in their final case reports. Thus, the data presented in this analysis are words, not figures.
RESOURCE OF DATA
The resource data in this research derive from those two books written by the two students who had to defend their final case reports to achieve their academic degree. The first book is written by Juwita Sari in title of Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis and the second book is Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin written by Puji Rahayu.
RESEACRH DATA
The research data are collections of words or vocabularies written in Indonesian language in which those words or vocabularies are taken from the foreign language, especially English, using a loan word method, either full loan words or adapted loan words. As description of those loan words, examples are given as of the following:
The first Book in title of Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis written by Juwita Sari.
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang No Loan Words English
1 adekuat adequate
2 kuratif curative
3 distraksi distraction
4 konsistensi consistency
The second book in title of Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin written by Puji Rahayu.
No Loan Words English
1 obstruksi obstruction
2 perikarditis Pericarditis
3 sirkulasi circulation
4 elastis elastic
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
This research method applies a library research. The writer takes randomly among hundreds of final case reports at the library of Bina Insan Nursing Academy as samples. The result comes to the book written by Juwita Sari in title of Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis and the second random book comes to book written by Puji Rahayu in title of Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin.
After obtaining the source data, the next step is observing and reading attentively those two books to find out loan words used in the books and recognise the method of taking those loan words, either full loan word or adapted loan words. Mahsum (as quoted by Safitri and Suyatno in ‘Kata Serapan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Cyber Adventure and Magic Cookies 2017) states that reading technique is used to derive data by reading and observing the language use, either in oral or written texts.
DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUE
The recording technique is used to derive the data from the related books. This technique is used to define the loan words of those two case reports. The writer reads page by page to find out the loan words and record them. Each book or case report has different recordings. Upon finishing reading those two books, the writer, then, classifies the data into two types of loan words; full loan words and adapted loan words.
DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
Upon recording those data from the final case reports, the next step is classifying the data into two categories; full loan words and adapted loan words. These categories are written separately in the designed boxes of those two writers. Full loan words are word taken directly from English without any changing in spelling or pronunciation. Adapted loan words must, however, be treated differently. The adapted loan words is classified into spelling adaptation, especially in prefixes or suffixes. The same prefixes or suffixes are grouped into one group. Likewise, the different prefixes or suffixes are grouped differently.
Group of Prefixes
NO Prefixes Base New word
1 co operate cooperation
2 sub cutaneous subcutaneous
3 mal nutrition malnutrition
4 pre mature premature
5 hypo tension hypotension
6 Entero- Phathy Enteropathy
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang Group of Suffixes
NO Base Suffixes Loan Words
1 distract tion distraksi
2 ulcerate tion ulcerasi
3 subcutaneous ous subkutan
4 eliminate tion eliminasi
RESEARCH FINDING
Loan words derive from the book written by Juwita Sari in title of Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien Ny. W dengan Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis di lt 8 Blok B RSUD Koja-Jakarta Utara.
NO LOAN WORDS ENGLISH
1 konsistensi Consistency
2 adekuat Adequate
3 aktivitas Activity
4 anemis Anemic
5 auskultasi Auscultation
6 kuratif Curative
7 deskripsi Description
8 destruktif Destructive
9 dialisis Dialysis
10 distraksi Distraction
11 distensi Distension
12 edema Edema
13 efek Effect
14 ekskresi Excretion
15 ekstremitas Extremities
16 elastis elastic
17 elektrolit Electrolyte
18 eliminasi Elimination
19 etiologi aetiology
20 fekal Faecal
21 fraktur Fracture
22 hipertensi Hypertension
23 injeksi Injection
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang
24 intervensi Intervention
25 intravena Intravenous
26 kolaborasi Collaboration
27 komplikasi Complication
28 konfusi Confusion
29 kongestif congestive
30 konjungtiva Conjunctive
31 konstipasi Constipation
32 kooperatif Cooperative
33 malnutrisi Malnutrition
34 manifestasi Manifestation
35 metabolisme Metabolism
36 mukosa Mucosa
37 nefrotoksin Nephrotoxin
38 objektif Objective
39 obstruksi Obstruction
40 patofisiologi Pathophysiology
41 perikarditis Pericarditis
42 preventif Preventive
43 progresif Progressive
44 rehabilitatif Rehabilitative
45 reproduktif Reproductive
46 sirkulasi Circulation
47 subkutan Subcutaneous
48 takipnea tachypnoea
49 ulserasi Ulceration
Loan words derive from the final case report written by Puji Rahayu in title of Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Ny. R dengan Hiperbilirubin di Ruang Perinatologi RSUD Koja Jakarta Utara.
N O LOAN WORDS ENGLISH
1 abortus Abortus
2 anemia Anemia
3 Apnea Apnoea
4 asfiksia asphyxia
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang
N O LOAN WORDS ENGLISH
5 brakial Brachial
6 cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy
8 congenital Congenital
9 dehidrasi Dehydration
10 deposisi Deposition
11 dispnea Dyspnea
12 edema edema
13 ekskresi Excretion
14 ekstraksi Extraction
15 ekstremitas Extremities
16 enterohepatika Enterohepatic
17 eritema Erythema
18 eritrosit Erythrocyte
19 etiologi aetiology
20 femoral Femoral
21 fisiologis Physiologies
22 fleksi Flexion
23 fototerapi Phototherapy
24 gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal 25 glukoronidas Glucuronidase
26 hemolisis Haemolysis
27 Hepatosplenomegali Hepatosplenomegaly 28 hidrop fetalis Hydrops fetalis
29 hipertermi Hyperthermia
30 hipotemi Hypothermia
31 hospitalisasi Hospitalisation
32 ikterus Icterus
33 intake Intake
34 iritabilitas Irritability
35 jaundice Jaundice
36 kardiovaskuler Cardiovascular
37 klavikula Clavicle
38 komplikasi Complication
39 kuratif Curative
40 lesi Lesion
41 letergi Lethargy
42 manifestasi Manifestation
43 memonitor Monitor
44 metabolisme Metabolism
45 motorik Motoric
46 mukosa Mucosa
47 neonatal Neonatal
48 neonatus Neonates
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang
N O LOAN WORDS ENGLISH
49 neurologi Neurology
50 neuron Neuron
51 nutrien nutrient
52 opistotonis Opisthotonos
53 output Output
54 palatum Palatine
55 patofisiologi Patophysiology
56 perifer Periphery
57 perinatologi Perinatology
58 peroksidasi Peroxidation
59 postmatur Post-mature
60 predisposisi Predisposition
61 prematur Premature
62 prematuritas Prematurity
63 adekuat adequate
64 promotif Promotive
65 pulmonari Pulmonary
66 rehabilitatif Rehabilitative
67 reterdasi Retardation
68 retina Retina
69 saraf nerve
70 saturasi Saturation
71 sepsis Sepsis
72 serum Serum
73 sianosis Cyanosis
74 sipilis Syphilis
75 sirkulus circular
76 terkonjugasi conjugated
77 tonus tonus
78 transfusi Transfusion
79 tremor Tremor
80 urobilinogen Urobilinogen DISCUSSION
The development of the Indonesian language has shown a significant thing in the last ten years. Apart from the Arabic language, the new technological aspects have given much more contribution to the language development, especially English dominated technologies. The technological advance is one of various factors affecting the Indonesian language to loan or absorb words from the foreign language. Undoubtedly, the social, economic, and culture disparities also contribute to the Indonesian language development. These factors considerably affect loan words or word absorption into Indonesian language.
Indonesian Language Dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) is updated every year. According to Mr. Urip Danu Ismadi, Indonesian Language Dictionary gets additional new vocabularies ranging from 6,000 to 8,000 words every year. These absorptions or loan words of the new vocabularies are dominated by foreign terminologies and science fields. These factors show the Indonesian language is open-minded to loan or absorb words or terminologies from other languages.
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang The main objective of the loan words is to ease the language use to communicate each other.
Accordingly, the language barrier among the communicator is avoidable. As shown in the final case report, the ease of using loan words is observably. Therefore, those two writers of the case reports find easy to communicate with the examiners in the final case-report defence meeting.
In line with the loan words used by those two writers, the writers take some loan words, which can be divided into two; full loan words and adapted loan words.
A. Full loan words
The words of ‘edema (US)’, ‘abortus’, ‘femora’, and ‘anemia’, are example of full loan words used by those two writer.
B. Adapted Loan Word
The adapted loan words used by the writers can be described as of the following:
b.1. Spelling or pronunciation adaptation b.1.1. Adaptation from letters c to k
The words ‘kuratif’, ‘Kongestif’, ‘Konsistensi’, ‘konfusi’, ‘congenital’, and ‘komplikasi’, are example of spelling or letter adaptation. Those words are derived from the words of ‘curative’,
‘congestive’, ‘consistency’, ‘confusion’, congenital’, and ‘complication’. The initial of C letter changes into ‘K’ in Indonesian language. The spelling changes according to the sound of English.
b.1.2. Adaptation from y to i
The writers use the loan words adapted the letter ‘y’ into ‘I’.
Aetiology etiologi
Pathophysiology patofisiologi
Neurology neurologi
Perinatology perinatology
b.1.3. Adaptation from ph to f
Physiology fisiologi
Periphery perifer
Syphilis sifilis Pathophysiology patofisiologi b.1.4. Adaptation from ve to f
Curative kuratif
Destructive destruktif Congestive congestif
Objective objektif
Rehabilitative rehabilitatif Reproductive reproduktif b.1.5. Adaptation from cy to si
Consistency consistensi
b.1.6. Adaptation from ty to tas
Activity aktivitas
Irritability iritabilitas Prematurity prematuritas Extremity exkstremitas b.1.7. Adaptation from x to ks
excretion ekskresi
extraction ekstraksi extremity ekstrimitas b.1.8. adapted from ism to isme.
Metabolism metabolisme
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang b.1.9. adapted from letter c to s.
anemic anemis
elastic elastis
circular sirkular
cerebral serebral
circulation sirkulasi
ulceration ulserasi
b.1.10. adapted from letter combination of ch to k
brachial brakial
b.2. Prefix adaptation
Most prefixes used in those two final case reports do not change any letter.
Malnutrition Postpartum Premature
The suffix ‘co’ used the final report, however, makes different from the prefixes used. Letter ‘co-’, which means ‘join’, ‘together with’, is written into ‘k’ in the loan word of ‘cooperative.
b.3. Suffix adaptation
Most suffixes used in these final case reports are suffixes of ‘tion’ which is changed into ‘si’.
Auscultation auskultasi
Description deskripsi
Distraction distraksi
Ulceration ulserasi
Dehydration dehidrasi
Deposition deposisi
Complication komplikasi
Retardation retardasi
Transfusion transfusi
Most foreign words used and adapted to the Indonesian language used in the final case report of those two writers vary. Although they do not represent all the spelling adaptations, those loan words have described how the foreign language, especially English, has given much contribution in the development of Indonesian language.
However, there is any inconsistency in taking the loan words. According to guidance book of establishing a new terminology, the suffix of ‘ous’ is treated differently. The word ‘intravenous’ is adapted into ‘intravena’, but the word ‘subcutaneous’ is adapted into ‘subkutan’, omitting the suffix of ‘ous’. To agree, the word ‘intravena’ should be written into ‘intraven’.
CLOSING
Every language has a unique element of absorbing or taking other foreign language words. Addition or changing in written forms is as a result of language assimilation, as a phonological process within words or between words. As an open language, the Indonesian language is very much affected by other languages;
java language, Arabic language, English language, etc.
Technological advances, sciences, social, and cultural ties have also given much contribution to the development of Indonesian language. The effect of foreign language, especially English in the scientific field, is considerably high. The Indonesian language, which is newly born, has been able to adapt to the global languages which have previously established. Accordingly, many of foreign words used in the international communication are not found in the Indonesian treasures. This will bring about a language barrier to communicate with. To avoid the language barriers the Indonesian language has, loan words are necessary to use.
It is unavoidable that loan words of foreign language, especially English, must be used among the nursing or medical professionals to bridge the language barrier. The use of loan words in the final case
Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang reports by those two writers responds the language barriers among the nursing communicators. They are able to communicate those loan words in the limited environment, the nursing or medical science.
In fact, nursing or medical professionals are able to contribute to the development of Indonesian language by creating new
vocabularies affected by foreign technological or scientific aspects. This can be conducted in accordance with the guidance stipulation of establishing Indonesian new vocabularies.
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Analysis of Loan Words Used by Student Nurses in The Final Scientific Report of Nursing (Bambang 1. BIOGRAFI PENULIS (10 PT) (OPTIONAL)
Bambang Sucipto, S.Pd., Sp1.
Lulusan S-1 Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Juruan Sastra Inggris Universitas Islam Asyafi-iyah Jakarta dan Lulusan Spesialis Penerjemah- Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Indonesia.
