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Barrel

a) Gaussian Fit

E BGO / E generated

Entries / 0.0025

Peak = 1.000 σ = 0.81%

b) CBL Fit

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0.9 0.95 1 1.05

2000 4000 6000

0.9 0.95 1 1.05

Endcaps

c) Gaussian Fit

E BGO / E generated

Entries / 0.0025

Peak = 1.000 σ = 0.76%

E BGO / E beam d) CBL Fit

Peak = 1.001 σ = 0.71%

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0.9 0.95 1 1.05

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