ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN N O * 264
AN ANNOTATED CHECK L I S T OF THE CORALS OF AMERICAN SAMOA
BY
SEPTEMBER
1983A N A N N O T A T E D C H E C K L I S T O F T H E C O R A L S O F A M E R I C A N SAMOA
b y A u s t i n E. L a m b e r t s *
S U M M A R Y
R e e f c o r a l c o l l e c t i o n s f r o m A m e r i c a n S a m o a a r e i n t h e N a t i o n a l M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., and i n t h e H e s s i s c h e s L a n d e s m u s e u m , D a r m s t a d t , W. G e r m a n y . T h e a u t h o r h a s a c o l l e c t i o n of 7 9 0 c o r a l s p e c i m e n s f o r a t o t a l of 1 5 4 7 i t e m s k n o w n t o b e f r o m A m e r i c a n Samoa.
A t o t a l of 1 7 7 s p e c i e s ( i n c l u d i n g 3 s p e c i e s of n o n - s c l e r a c t i n i a n corals) b e l o n g i n g to 48 g e n e r a and s u b g e n e r a ( i n c l u d i n g the g e n e r a M i l l e p o r a and H e l i o p o r a ) k n o w n t o d a t e a r e listed w i t h d a t a a s of f r e q u e n c y of o c c u r r e n c e and h a b i t a t ,
I N T R O D U C T I O N
T h e t e r r i t o r y of A m e r i c a n S a m o a c o m p r i s e s t h e s i x e a s t e r n i s l a n d s of t h e S a m o a n a r c h i p e l a g o . It i s l o c a t e d i n t h e t r o p i c a l c e n t r a l s o u t h p a c i f i c (14's l a t i t u d e , 1 7 0 ~ ~ l o n g i t u d e ) a b o u t 2 3 0 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s ( 4 4 2 0 km) s o u t h w e s t of H a w a i i and 8 0 m i l e s ( 1 3 0 km) s o u t h e a s t of W e s t e r n S a m o a , F i v e of the i s l a n d s a r e v o l c a n i c i n
o r i g i n and a r e a l i g n e d a l o n g t h e c r e s t of a d i s c o n t i n u o u s s u b m a r i n e r i d g e w h i c h e x t e n d s o v e r 3 0 0 m i l e s ( 4 8 0 km) a n d t e n d s r o u g h l y n o r t h w e s t by s o u t h e a s t . My c o l l e c t i n g w a s d o n e on the f i v e m a j o r i n h a b i t e d i s l a n d s of A m e r i c a n S a m o a w h i c h t h e l a r g e s t , T u t u i l a , A u n u " u (a s m a l l i s l a n d L o c a t e d L m i ( L e 6 km) o f f the s o u t h e a s t coast of Tutuila), O f u , O l e s e g a , and T a a u . T h e l a t t e r t h r e e
i s l a n d s a r e c o l l e c t i v e l y r e f e r r e d to a s t h e M a n u " a g r o u p and l i e a b o u t 4 6 m i l e s ( 1 0 5 km) e a s t of T u t u i l a , An u n i n h a b i r e d c o r a l a t o l l , R o s e I s l a n d i s l o c a t e d L O O m i ( 1 6 1 km) east of T u t u i l a , O n e o t h e r i s l a n d , S w a i n s A t o l l , i s c o n s i d e r e d part of the S a m o a n g r o u p but i s g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a part of the T o k e l a u I s l a n d g r o u p and i s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e f i r s t s c i e n t i s t to r e a c h t h e S a m o a n (Navigator) I s l a n d s w a s p r o b a b l y Dr. C h a r l e s P i c k e r i n g , a p h y s i c i a n n a t u r a l i s t w h o e x p l o r e d R o s e A t o l l w h e n s h i p s of t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s E x p l o r i n g E x p e d i t i o n u n d e r Capt. W i l k e s m e t
" 1 5 2 0 ~ e f f i n g w e l l , N.E., G r a n d R a p i d s , Mich., 4 9 5 0 5 R e v i s e d m a n u s c r i p t r e c e i v e d M a r c h 3 0 , 1981--Eds.
t h e r e i n O c t o b e r 1839. S p e c i m e n s h e c o l l e c t e d w e r e a d d e d t o those of J a m e s D. D a n a w h o visited T u t u i l a f o r o n l y f o u r h o u r s and m a d e n o c o r a l c o l l e c t i o n i n Samoa. ~ n 1 9 1 8 Dr. Alfred M a y o r h e a d e d a n e x p e d i t i o n to A m e r i c a n Samoa u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s of the C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t i o n of Washington. D u r i n g three v i s i t s he c o l l e c t e d 3 5 4 c o r a l s p e c i m e n s w h i c h w e r e d o n a t e d to t h e N a t i o n a l M u s e u m o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y (NMNH), S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n and w e r e described by H o f f m e i s t e r i n 1925. I n 1 9 4 1 the N M N H
received a c o l l e c t i o n of 3 8 0 c o r a l s f r o m Mrs. Thompson.
T h e y w e r e a c q u i r e d w h i l e h e r h u s b a n d s e r v e d w i h the U.S.
Navy. T h e s e s p e c i m e n s w e r e a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h n o d a t a a l t h o u g h it w a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a l l w e r e c o l l e c t e d a b o u t Tutuila. I n 1 9 6 7 Dr. D.K. H o f m a n o b t a i n e d 23 c o r a l
s p e c i m e n s f r o m Tutuila. T h e s e a r e n o w at the H e s s i s c h e s L a n d e s m u s e u m i n D a r m s t a d t , W. G e r m a n y and w e r e reported by P i l l a i and S c h e e r i n 1973. T h i s s t u d y i n c o r p o r a t e s these d a t a w i t h m a t e r i a l I g a t h e r e d i n A m e r i c a n Samoa.
M A T E R I A L AND M E T H O D S
My co2lections of 6 9 0 s p e c i m e n s w e r e made d u r i n g four trips to S a m o a b e t w e e n 1973-79. S p e c i m e n s w e r e
t a k e n f r o m reef f l a t s but m o s e l y f r o m d e e p e r w a t e r s using m a s k and s n o r k e l . F r i e n d s p a r t i c i p a t e d w h e n S C U B A w a s u s e d , All s p e c i m e n s w e r e n u m b e r e d at t i m e of c o l l e c t i o n and d a t a w a s r e c o r d e d i n a p e r m a n e n t r e c o r d , M a n y
p h o t o g r a p h s w e r e t a k e n of l i v e s p e c i m e n s , All w e r e
c l e a n e d , dried and t r a n s p o r t e d to my h o m e i n M i c h i g a n f o r f u r t h e r study. T h e y w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be placed i n the c o l l e c t i o n s of the B e r n i c e P. B i s h o p M u s e u m , H o n o l u l u , H a w a i i ,
A t y p i c a l c o r a l reef a s h e r e i n d e s c r i b e d m a y s t a r t i n s h a l l o w i n s h o r e w a t e r s o r a l a g o o n w h i c h m i g h t be 2 m
d e e p , a s c e n d s to a s h a l l o w f o r e - r e e f , t h e n to a r e e f
c r e s t u s u a l l y out o f w a t e r at l o w t i d e , a s u r g e z o n e w i t h s p u r and g r o o v e f o r m a t i o n o n w l n d w a r d (SW, Samoa), a
s h a r p reef f r o n t d r o p p i n g 5
-
1 0 in to a reef t e r r a c e and g r a d u a l l y d e s c e n d i n g to d e e p w a t e r , M o s t of t h e r e e f s h a v e passes (Samoan:ava) of v a r i a b l e w i d t h and d e p t h . T h e m a x i m u m w i d t h of r e e f s i n A m e r i c a n S a m o a i s a b o u t 5 0 0 m and most a r e m u c h narrower. T a e m a B a n k i s a drowned barrier reef s o m e three m i l e s off the e n t r a n c e of P a g o P a g o h a r b o r . Also m e n t i o n e d i s the A i r p o r t l a g o o n w h i c h w a s dredged i n s t a g e s f r o m 1 9 4 2 to 1 9 7 3 d u r i n gc o n s t r u c t i o n of P a g o P a g o I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t c o m p l e x . T h i s l a g o o n l i e s b e t w e e n the runway and the Nu'uuli
fore-reef. T h e d r e d g i n g s c o n t a i n e d s o m e r e c e n t f o s s i l c o r a l ( G o n i o p o r a , Acrhelia) s p e c i e s not found l i v e i n S a m o a a l o n g w i t h m o l l u s c s h e l l s of the g e n u s C y p r a e a w i t h n a c r e v i r t u a l l y u n b l e m i s h e d .
Corals a r e listed systematically by genera and alphabetically by species. Relative abundances a r e
listed as: abundant w h e n they a r e readily found i n large numbers o n most reef c o m p l e x e s ; the 41 species listed a s common a r e found o n most reefs: the 45 species termed sporadic m a y be common but a r e noted i n my own collection d a t a a f e w t i m e s ; those listed a s rare w e r e found only o n c e or twice. I n such instances the collection location i s given with place names of Samoan villages which
fronted the reef. D e p t h s at which specimens w e r e found a r e listed i n meters. The Aua line mentioned i s that of Mayor's study i n 1918.
This paper lists all c o r a l s by specific names given i n the literature as coming from American Samoa.
Studer's (1901) specimens probably did not come from there and h a v e not been included. Specific names which have been changed are listed w i t h i n brackets with their synonyms. Behind each entry (H) appears if it w a s
described by Hoffmeister (1925) and P & S if it w a s described b y P l l l a i and Scheer (1973).
ANNOTATED L I S T
Class ANTBOZOA
Subclass HEXACORALLIA H a e c k e l , 1896 Order SCLERACTINIA B o u r n e , 1 9 0 0
Suborder ASTROCOENIINA Vaughan 6 W e l l s , 1943 Family ASTROCOENIIDAE K o b y , 1890
Subfamily ASTROCOENIINAE Yabe & S u g i y a m a , 1935 Genus STYLOCOENIELLA Y a b e & S u g i y a m a , 1935 S t y t o c o e n i e l l a a r m a t a ( E h r e n b e s g , 1834).
Sporadic, l a g o o n s , u n d e r r o c k s o r c o r a l g r o w t h ,
F a m i l y T B A M N A S T E R Z h D A E V a u g h a n & W e l l s , 1 9 4 3 G e n u s T S A M M O C O R A D a n a , 1 8 4 6
Psammocora contigua ( E s p e r , 1795) (H)
Abundance, Inner reef f l a t s , lagoons (0-3m) Psammocora folium U m b g r o v e , 1947
R a r e , R e e f f a c e ; Fagasa (3m)
Psammocora nierstraszi van der H o r s t , 1921 R a r e , Reef f l a t s (0-lm)
[Psammocora samoensis H o f f m e i s t e r , 19251 (H) Synonym P. nierstraszi
F s a m m o c o r a superficialis G a r d i n e r , 1898
Locally common. Reef e d g e , reef s l o p e s (0-3m)
P s a m m o c o r a c o n t i g u a var. t u t u i l e n s i s H o f f m e i s t e r 1 9 2 5
( H I
R a r e , R e e f f l a t s (1-2m)
F a m i l y P O C I L L O P O R I D A E G r a y , 1 8 4 2
G e n u s S T Y L O P H O R A S c h w e i g g e r , 1 8 1 9 S t y l o p h o r a m o r d a x D a n a , 1 8 4 6
S p o r a d i c , p a s s e s , r e e f f r o n t s & t e r r a c e s (3-10m) G e n u s S E R I A T O P O R A L a m a r c k , 1 8 1 6
S e r i a t o p o r a h y s t r i x var. g r a c i l i s D a n a , 1 8 4 6 R a r e , M a s e f a u & F a g a t e l e B a y s (2-5m)
G e n u s P O C I L L O P O R A L a m a r c k , 1 8 1 6 P o c i l l o p o r a a n k e l i S c h e e r , 1 9 7 5
R a r e , F a g a s a r e e f f r o n t (3m)
~ o c i l l o p o r a b r e v i c o r n i s L a m a r c k , 1 8 1 6 (H) C o m m o n , Back r e e f s (1-2m)
P o c i l l o p o r a cf. b u l b o s a E h r e n b e r g , 1 8 3 4 S p o r a d i c , L a g o o n s (1-3m)
P o c i l l o p o r a d a m i c o r n i s ( L i n n a e u s , 1758) ( H
A b u n d a n t , I n s h o r e l a g o o n s , r e e f f l a t s (0-5m) P o c i l b o p o r a d a n a e V e r s i l l , 1 8 6 4
R a r e , M a s e f a u Bay (1m)
P o c i l l o p o r a e y d o u x i E d w a r d s & H a i m e , 1 8 1 6 (H) C o m m o n , R e e f f r o n t s , s u r g e z o n e s (1-5m) P o c i l l o p o r a cf. s e t c h e l l i H o f f m e i s t e r , 1 9 2 9
R a r e , R e e f f l a t n e a r s u r g e z o n e (0-lm) P o c i l l o p o r a v e r r u c o s a ( E l l i s & S o l a n d e r , 1786)
A b u n d a n t , R e e f f l a t s , l a g o o n s , r e e f f r o n t s (1-bOm) P o c i l l o p o r a w o o d j o n e s h V a u g h a n , 1 9 1 8
C o m m o n , o n e a r e a i n M a s e f a u B a y only ( 2 - 3 m ) F a m i l y ACXOPORIDAE V e r r i l l , 1902 G e n u s A C R O P O R A O k e n , 2 8 1 5 A c r o p o r a a b r a t a n o i d e s ( L a m a r c k , 1816)
R a r e , F a g a s a (2m)
A c r o p o r a a f r i c a n a ( B r o o k , 1893) (H) R o s e A t o l l , D r . Mayor.
A c r o p o r a a c u l e u s D a n a , 1846)
S p o r a d i c , R e e f s l o p e s , B a y s (1-3m) A c r o p o r a a r b u s c u l a ( D a n a , 1846)
L o c a l l y c o m m o n , Faga'itua p a s s (2-3m) A c r o p o r a a s p e r a ( D a n a , 1846)
A b u n d a n t , L a g o o n s , b a c k r e e f s (0-3m) A c r o p o r a b r u e g g e m a n n i ( S t u d e r , 1878)
R a r e , R e e f s l o p e , A u a l i n e (3m)
Acropora cerealis ( ~ a n a , 1846)
Common, Back r e e f s , grooves i n reef crest (0-2m) Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1893)
R a r e , Taema Bank (25m)
Acropora corymbosa (Lamarck, 1816) (H, P & S ) Sporadic, Masefau (1-3m)
Acropora crateriformis ( G a r d i n e r , 1899) (H) Locally c o m m o n , reef f l a t s , passes (1-3m) Acropora cuspidata ( D a n a , 1846)
R a r e , Faga'itua, Masefau passes (1-2m) [ A c r o p o r a ~ s y m b i c y a t h ~ s (Brook,-1893)l (H)
Synonym A. nasuta
Acropora c y t h e r e a ( ~ a n a , 1846)
Sporadic, Reef f a c e , Bays (2-20m) Acropora delicatula (Brook, 1893)
R a r e , Fagasa ( (2m)
Acropora diversa (Brook, 1893)
Locally c o m m o n , A u n u e u , Olesega (0-2m) [Acropora fructicosa (Brook, 1893)] (H)
P
Synonym A. humilis
Acsopora exigGa -(Dana, 1846) (B)
Sporadic, L a g o o n s , usually with - A. f o r m o s a (2-5m>
Acropora formosa ( D a n a , 1846) (B)
Abundant, Huge thickets; lagoons (0-20) [Acropora hebes ( D a n a , 18461 (H)
Synonym A. aspera
Acropora humiiis ( D a n a , 1846)
Abundant, Reef c r e s t s , s u r g e z o n e s , passes (0-2) Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846)
R a r e , O f u lagoon (lm)
Acropora hyacinthus ( D a n a , 1846) ( H , P&S)
Abundant, All reef f r o n t s , passes (1-20m) Acropora intermedia (Brook, 1893)
Locally c o m m o n , P a s s e s , lagoons ( 2 - 5 m ) Acropora latistella ( B r o o k , 1893)
Common, Reef crests (1-3m)
[Acropora leptocyathus ( B r o o k , 1893)] (N) Synonym A. kumilis
Acropora longicyathus (Edwards & H a i m e , 4860) R a r e , Faga'itua pass (3m)
Acropora massawensis (von M a r e n z e l l a r , 1906) (B) R a r e , Aua l i n e , Dr. Mayor. Taema Bank (0-25m) Acropora millepora ( D a n a , 1846)
R a r e , Nu'uuli reef crest (0-1)
Acropora granulosa (Edwards & H a i m e , 1860) R a r e , Masefau (20m)
Acropora nana ( S t u d e r , 1878)
C o m m o n , Back r e e f s , grooves (102m) Acropora n a s u t a (Dana, 1846)
C o m m o n , Reef crest, reef s l o p e s , Bays (1-3m) Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) (H)
Sporadic, passes, lagoons (3-5m) Acropora pagoensis H o f f m e l s t e r , 1 9 2 5 (H)
Rare, D r e d g e d , Taema Bank, Dr. Mayor Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954
Sporadic, Reef crest, surge zones (0-lm) Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1816) (H)
Sporadic, Reef fronts i n bays (1-3m) Acropora aniculata erri ill, 1902)
Rare-a pass (1-2m) Acropora pinguis Wells, 1950
Rare, Fagamalo and Fagatele Bays (1-2m) [Acropora prolixa (Verrill, 18661 (H)
Synonym A. longicyathus
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1893) (H)
Common locally, Inner reef flat (1-2m) [Acropora quelchi (Brook, 1893)l (H)
Synonym A. cerealis
Acropora rambieri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) Rare, Masefau (20m)
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846)
Sporadic, Reef slopes, grooves (1-5m) Acropora rocumana (Gardiner, 1899) ( H , P&S)
Common, Reef edge, surge zones (0-2m) [Acropora samoensis (Brook, P 8 9 3 ) j (H)
P
Synonym A. humilis
A C T O ~ O K ~ schmitt-> 1950
Rase, Reef slope, Aua line (3m) Acsopora splendida Nemenzo, 1967
Rare, Airport lagoon, Aasu Bay (2-3m) Acropora squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Rare, Taema Bank (20m) Acropora surculosa ( ~ a n a , 1846)
Sporadic, Reef slope (2-5m) Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846)
Sporadic, P a s s e s , bays (1-3m)
[Acropora syringodes (Brook, 1 8 9 3 ) J ( H I
Synonym A. nana - - ( ? )
teres (Verrikl, 1 8 6 6 ) ( H , P & S ) Rare, Reef flat (I-3m)
[Acropora tutulhensis, Hoffmaister, I Synonym A. clathrata, A. roturnana Acropora valiaa ( ~ a n a , 1 8 4 4 7 (N)
Sporadic, Lagoons (I-2m)
[Acropora vanderhorsti, Hoffmeister 19251 ( H ) Synonym A. intermedia
Acropora variabilis ( ~ l u n z i n g e r , 1879) Locally common, Lagoons, Olesega, Ofu Acropora sp. 1
Sporadic. P a s s e s , Colonies of heavy stalks with blunt tops, brilliant blue i n situ (1-2m)
Genus ASTREOPORA de Blainville 1830 Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980
Sporadic, Faga'itua pass Pago Pago Bay (2-4m) Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896
R a r e , R e e f f l a t s (0-lm)
A s t r e o p o r a m y r i o p h t h a l m a ( L a m a r c k , 1816)
S p o r a d i c , R e e f f l a t s , l a g o o n s , b a y s (0-3m) [ A s t r e o p o r a p r o f u n d a V e r r i l l 18751 (H, P&S)
S y n o n y m A. m y r i o p h t h a l m a ( u s u a l l y w h e n f r e e rolling)-
A s t r e o p o r a s c a b r a L a m b e r t s , 1 9 8 2
S p o r a d i c , R e e f f l a t s , l a g o o n s (0-3m) G e n u s M O N T I P O R A d e B l a i n v i l l e 1 8 3 0 M o n t i p o r a b e r r y i H o f f m e i s t e r 1 9 2 5 (H)
S p o r a d i c , L a g o o n s , r e e f f l a t s (1-4m) M o n t i p o r a b i l a m i n a Bernard 1 8 9 7
R a r e , A i r p o r t l a g o o n (3m) M o n t i p o r a c a l i c u l a t a ( D a n a , 1846)
S p o r a d i c , p a s s e s , b a c k r e e f s (1-3m) M o n t i p o r a c o m p o s i t a C r o s s l a n d 1 9 5 2
S p o r a d i c , R e e f f a c e i n b a y s , p a s s e s (1-3m!
M o n t i p o r a e l s c h n e r i V a u g h a n 1 9 i 8 - ( ~ ) S p o r a d i c , R e e f f l a t s (0-lm)
M o n t i p o r a f o v e o b a t a ( ~ a n a , 1846) R a r e , F a g a m i t u a p a s s (0-lm) M o n t i p o r a m a r s h a l l e n s i s W e l l s , 1 9 5 4
R a r e , Faga'itua p a s s (1-3m) M o n t i p o s a e h r e n b e r g i i V e r r i l l , 1 8 7 5
C o m m o n , L a g o o n s , b a c k r e e f s (0.5-2m) M o n t i p o r a cf. p u l c h e r r i m a B e r n a r d , 1 8 9 7
R a r e , Faga'itua f o r e r e e f (1-2m) M o n t i p o r a a c u t a t a B e r n a r d , 1 8 9 7
R a r e , M a s e f a u (30m)
M o n t i p o r a s o c i a l i s B e r n a r d , 1 8 9 7 S p o r a d i c , R e e f f a c e (0-2m)
M o n t i p o r a s p u m o s a ( L a m a s c k , 1816) (W) S p o r a d i c , R e e f f l a t s (0-2n) M o n t i p o r a t r a b e c u l a t a B e r n a r d , 18
S p o r a d i c , T a " u , O l e s e g a r e e f f l a t s (1-3m3 - M o n t i p o r a t u b e s c u b o s a ( L a m a r c k , 1816) ( M )
- C o m m o n , R e e f f l a t s , l a g o o n s (0-2m)
S y n o n y m M , s o c f a l i s
M o n t i p o r a v e n o s a ( E h r e n b e r g , 1834) (B) C o m m o n , l a g o o n s , back r e e f s (0-3m) M o n t i p o r a v e r r i l l i V a u g h a n , 1 9 7 0 (H)
C o m m o n , R e e f f l a t s , f o r e r e e f s (0-3m) S u b o r d e r F U N G I I N A V e r r i l l 1 8 6 5 S u p e r f a m i l y A G A R I C I I C A E G r a y 1 8 4 7 F a m i l y A G A R I C I I D A E G r a y 1 8 4 7 G e n u s P A V O N A L a m a r c k 1 8 0 1 P a v o n a c l a v u s D a n a , 1 8 4 6
S p o r a d i c , R e e f s l o p e s , p a s s e s (3-10m)
P a v o n a d e c u s s a t a D a n a , 1 8 4 6 (H)
C o m m o n , L a g o o n s , b a c k r e e f s (1-3m) P a v o n a d i v a r i c a t a L a m a r c k , 1 8 4 6 ( H )
C o m m o n , R e e f f l a t s , b a c k r e e f s , p a s s e s (0-3m) P a v o n a d u e r d e n i v a u g h a n , 1 9 0 7
R a r e , T a e m a B a n k (30m)
P a v o n a f o n d i f e r a L a m a r c k , 1 8 1 6 (H) A b u n d a n t , Reef f l a t s (0-1m) P a v o n a cf. g i g a n t e a V e r r i l l , 1 8 6 9
R a r e , T a e m a B a n k (30m)
P a v o n a m a l d i v e n s i s ( ~ a r d i n e r , 1905) R a r e , M a s e f a u (2m)
P r e v i o u s l y l i s t e d a s P. ( p s e u d o c o l u m n a s t r e a ) p o l l i c a t a W e l l s , 1954-
P a v o n a v a r i a n s V e r r i l l , 1 8 6 4
C o m m o n , L a g o o n s , r e e f e d g e s , T a e m a B a n k (2-30m) G e n u s G A R D I N E R O S E R I S S c h e e r , 1 9 7 5
G a r d i n e r o s e r i s p l a n u l a t a ( D a n a , 1846)
S p o r a d i c , Reef c r e s t s , s u r g e z o n e s (0-1m) G e n u s L E P T O S E R I S E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 9 L e p t o s e r i s g a r d i n e r i v a n d e r H o r s t , 1 9 2 1 (H)
D r e d g e d , Dr. M a y o r , P a g o P a g o H a r b o r (25-50m) E e p t o s e r i s s c a b r a V a u g h a n , 1 9 0 7 (N)
~ r e d g e d , Dr. M a y o r , P a g o P a g o H a r b o r (15-30m) G e n u s P A C H Y S E R I S E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 9 P a c h y s e r i s c a r i n a t a B r u e g g e m a n n 1 8 7 9 ( H )
R a r e , M a s e f a u (2m)
P a c h y s e r i s l e v i c o l l i s ( D a n a , 1845) (H)
D r e d g e d , D r , M a y o r , P a g o P a g o H a r b o r ; Airport d r e d g i n g s ,
~ a c h y s e r i s s p e c i o s a ( n a n a , 1846) (R)
D r e d g e d , D r . M a y o r , P a g o p a g o H a r b o r ( 1 5 - 3 0 m ) L o c a l l y c o m m o n , M a s e f a u ( 3 0 ~ )
G e n u s G O S C I N A R A E A E d w a r d s 6 B a i m e 1 8 4 % C o s c i n a r a e a c o l u m n a ( D a n a , 1846) (H)
S p o r a d i c , Reef f r o n t s , t e r r a c e s (1-20m) S u p e r f a m i l y F u N G I I C A E D a n a 1 8 4 6
F a m i l y F U N G I I D A E D a n a 1 8 4 6
G e n u s F U N G I A L a m a r c k 1 8 0 1 F u n g i a c o n c i n n a V e r r i l l , 1 8 6 4 (P&S)
R a r e , A i r p o r t l a g o o n (lm) F u n g i a e c h i n a t a ( P a l l a s , 1766)
S p o r a d i c , M a s e f a u (30m)
F u n g i a f u n g i t e s (Linnaeus, 1758) (H) Common, Reef terraces, Bays (2-5m) F u n g i a granulosa Klunzinger 1869
Rare, P a g o Pago Bay (30m)
F u n g i a patelliformis Boschma, 1923 (H)
D r e d g e d , Dr. M a y o r , P a g o P a g o Harbor (25-30m) F u n g i a paumotensis S t u t c h b u r y , 1833 (H)
R a r e , Airport lagoon (lm) F u n g i a repanda D a n a , 1 8 4 6
Locally c o m m o n , Masefau (3-5m) F u n g i a scutaria L a m a r c k , 1816
R a r e , Masefau reef (2m)
G e n u s . H E R P O L I T H A E s c h o l t z 1 8 2 6 Herpolitha limax (Houttyn, 1772)
Locally c o m m o n , Masefau (30m) Herpolitha crassa D a n a , 1846
R a r e , Afono Bay (15m)
Genus L I T M A C T I N I A L e s s o n 1831 Lithactinia novaehiberniae L e s s o n I831
Thompson c o l l e c t i o n , no data Superfamily PORITICAE Gray 1842
Family PORITIDAE Gray 1842
Genus GONIOPORA de Blainville 1 8 3 0 Goniopora parvastella O r t m a n , 1888
Sporadic, F a g a O i t u a Pass (3m) Goniopora samoa L Bernard, 1903
Locally c o m m o n , Airport dredgings
Goniopora
-
s p , E c f , somaliensis V a u g h a n , 1907 R a r e , Reef s l o p e s , Aua line (2m)~ o n i o p o r a - s p , 2 c f , gracilis (Bassett-Smith, 1890) R a r e , U t e l e i , Olesega (1-2a)
Gonioposa - s p . 3 c f , traceyi W e l l s , 1954 R a r e , Olesega ( 1 - 2 m )
Genus P O R I T E S Link 1807 porites andrewsi V a u g h a n , 1 9 1 8 (H, P&S)
Abundant, Reef f l a t s , back reefs (0-2m) P o r i t e s latistella Quelch 1886
Locally c o m m o n , Airport l a g o o n (0-2m) P o r i t e s matthaii Wells, 1954
S p o r a d i c , Reef f l a t s , back reefs (0-lm) P o r i t e s pukoensis V a u g h a n , 1907 (H)
R a r e , Aua line (3m)
P o r i t e s lobata D a n a , 1846 ( H , P&S)
S p o r a d i c , Back r e e f s , lagoons (0-5m) P o r i t e s lutea Edwards & H a i m e s , 1 8 5 1 ( H , P&S)
Abundant, All collecting sites (0-30m) Porites lutea var. haddoni Vaughan, 1918 (H)
Common, Reef flats, lagoons (0-5m) Porites murrayensis Vaughan, 1918 (H)
Rare, Faga'itua lagoon (lm)
Porites queenslandi septima Bernard, 1905 Rare, Taema Bank (30m)
Porites lichen Dana, 1846
Sporadic, Surf zones, passes, Taema Bank (0-30m) Genus PORITES (SYNARAEA) Verrill 1864
Synaraea horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 (H) Sporadic, Masefau, Pago Pago Bay (10-30m) Synaraea faustino Hoffmeister, 1925 (H)
Dredged by Dr. Mayor (7-12m)
Synaraea undulata Klunzinger, 1879 (H)
Abundant, Reef flats, passes, lagoons (0-5m) Genus ALVEOPORA de Blainville 1830 Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925 (H)
~ r e d g e d , D r , Mayor, Pago pago Harbor (25-J5m) Ahveopora verrilliana Dana, 1872 (H)
Sporadic, Reef flats, lagoons, back reefs (0.5-5m) Alveopora viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827)
Rare, Fagasa, Utelei (bright green) (1-2m) Suborder FAVIINA Vaughan & Wells 1943 Superfamily FAVIICAE Gregory 1900
Family FAVIIDAE Gregory 1900 Subfamily FAVIINAE Gregory 1900
Genus FAVIA Oken 1815 Favia favus (Forskaah, 1 7 7 5 ) ( R )
Sporadic, Reef flats ( 0 - 3 m ) Favia laxa ( ~ l u n z i n g e r , 1879) -- Rare, Fagasa (15m)
Favia pallida (Dana, 1846) ( £ 3 , P
Sporadic, Reef fiats, reef terraces (0-5m) Favia rotumana (Gardiner, 1899) (8)
Common, Passes, bays (1-10m) Favia speciosa (Dana, 1846)
Rare, Faleosoa (on Ta'u) (0.5m) Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846) (H)
Sporadic, Reef flats, reef terrces (0-10m) Genus FAVITES Link 1807
Favites abdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (H) Common, Reef flats (0-3m)
Favites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) (H)
Common, Reef flats, Taema Bank (0-30m)
Favites chinensis Verrill, 1866
R a r e , Masefau, Faga'itua reef flat (lm) Favites russelli W e l l s , 1954
Rare, Taema Bank (30m)
Genus GONIASTREA Edwards & Haime 1848 Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier 1971
R a r e , Breaker's Point reef flat (0.5m) Goniastrea favulus (Dana, 1846)
Sporadic, Faga'itua pass (0-2m)
Goniastrea palauensis Yabe & Sugiyama 1934 R a r e , Taema Bank (30m)
~ o n i a s t r e i pectinata ( ~ h r e n b e r ~ , 1834) (H) R a r e , ~ o l o a , Fagamalo (1-2m)
Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816) (H) Sporadic, Reef f l a t s , passes (0-3m)
Genus PLAYTGYRUS Ehrenberg 1834 [Platygyrus daedalea (Ellis & Solander, % 7 8 Q ) J
Name pre-occupied by a ForskaaP species, Synonym P . ruseica
[Meandra esperi (Edwards & Baime, 1 8 5 7 ) ] Synonym P. sustica
~ l a t y g y r u s lamellina Ehrenberg, 1834 (H) Rare, Masefau, Taema Bank (1-20m) Platygyrus rustica (Dana, 1846)
Common, Reef flats, lagoons (0-5m)
Genus LEPTORIA Edwards & Haime 1848 Leptorla phrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (H, P&S)
C o m m o n , R e e f flats t o Taema Bank (0-30m)
Genus OULOPMYLLEA Edwar s Baime 1848 Oulophylkia crispa (Lamarck, 1 8 1 6 )
R a r e , Masefau (25m)
Genus HYDNOPHORA Fisher de Waldheim 1807 Hydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766)
Sporadic, P a s s e s , bays, Taema Bank (2-30m) Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) (H, P&S)
Common, Reef flats to Taema Bank (0-30m)
Subfamily MONTASTREINAE Vaughan & Wells 1943 Genus MONTASTREA de Blainville 1830 Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846)
C o m m o n , L a g o o n s , reef f l a t s , f o r e - r e e f s (0-5m) [ O r b i c e l l a c u r t a D a n a , 18461
--
S y n o n y m - M. c u r t a
G e n u s P L E S I A S T R E A E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 8 P l e s i a s t r e a v e r s i p o r a ( L a m a r c k , 1816) (P&S)
R a r e , F a l e s a o (lm)
G e n u s D I P L O A S T R E A M a t t h a i 1 9 1 4
~ i p l o a s t r e a h e l i o p o r a ( L a m a r c k , 1816) (P&S)
S p o r a d i c , R e e f s l o p e s , Bay t e r r a c e s (0.5-10m) G e n u s L E P T A S T R E A E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 8 L e p t a s t r e a p u r p u r e a ( D a n a , 1846) (H)
A b u n d a n t , I n s h o r e w a t e r s , reef f l a t s (0-lm) L e p t a s t r e a b o t t a e Milne-Edwards & H a i m e 1 8 4 8
R a r e , F a g a m a l o (Im)
G e n u s C Y P B A S T R E A E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 8 C y p h a s t r e a c h a l c i d i c u m ( F o r s k a a l , 1775)
R a r e , T a e m a B a n k (30m)
C y p h a s t r e a cf. g a r d i n e s i M a t t h a i , 1 9 1 4
S p o r a d i c , I n s h o r e w a t e r s , l a g o o n s (0-lm) C y p h a s t r e a m i c r o p h t h a l m a ( L a m a r c k , 1816) (B)
R a r e , D r e d g e d by D r . M a y o r (35m)
G e n u s E C H I N O P O R A L a m a r c k 1 8 1 6 E c h i n o p o r a l a m e l l o s a ( E s p e r , 1795)
L o c a l l y c o m m o n , Faga'itua p a s s , M a s e f a u (3-5m) F a m i l y O C U L T N I D A E G r a y 1847
Subfamily G A L A x I N A E V a u g h a n & W e l l s 1 9 4 3 G e n u s G A L A X E A Oken 1815 G a l a x e a c l a v u s ( D a n a , 1846)
S p o r a d i c , Reef t e r r a c e s , L e o n e , F a g a t e l e B a y s (3-5m)
G a l a x e a f a s c i c u l a r i s ( ~ i n n a e u s , 1758) ( H , P & S ) C o m m o n , Reef f l a t s , t e r r a c e s (0-25m)
G e n u s A C R H E L I A E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 9 A c r h e l i a h o r r e s c e n s ( D a n a , 1846)
R a r e , Airport d r e d g i n g s F a m i l y M U S S I D A E O r t m a n 1 8 9 0
G e n u s A C A N T H A S T R E A E d w a r d s & H a i m e 1 8 4 8
Acanthastrea echinata ( D a n a , 1846) Rare, poloa (lm)
Genus L O B O P H Y L L I A de Blainville 1 8 3 0 [Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forskaal, 1775)l
Reported by P i l l a i & Scheer. No data. (P&S)
~ o b o ~ h ~ 1 l i . a costata ( D a n a , 1846)
Common, P a s s e s , reef s l o p e s , terraces (2-5m) [Mussa sinuosa (Lamarck, 1816)l (H)
Synonym - L. costata
G e n u s SYMPHYLLIA ~ d w a r d s & Haime 1848 Symphyllia nobilis (Dana, 1846) ( H )
Rare, Matu'u, Fagatele Bay (0-4m) Family MERULINIDAE Verrill 1866
Genus MERULINA Ehrenberg 1834 MeruPina ampliata (Ellis & S o l a n d e r , 1786) (B)
R a r e , Fagatele Bay (3m)
Family PECTTNIIDAE V a u g h a n & Wells 1943 Genus ECHINOPHYLLIA Klunzinger 1879 Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis & S o l a n d e r , 1786)
R a r e , Utelei (30m)
Genus OXYPORA Saville-Kent 1871 O x y p o r a l a c e r a ( V e r r i l l , 1 8 6 4 )
R a r e , Masefau ( 3 m j
Genus EUPHYLLIA D a n a 1846
Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso & E y s e n h a r d t , 1821) (N) S p o r a d i c , Masefau, Avatele passage (3m)
G e n u s P L E R O G Y R A Edwards & Haime 1 8 4 8
~ l e r o g y r a simplex R e h b e r g , 1 8 9 2 R a r e , Utelei reef front (lm)
Suborder D E N D R O P H Y L L I I D A Gray 1847 Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Gray 1847
G e n u s T U B A S T R E A L e s s o n 1 8 3 1 Tubastrea coccinea L e s s o n , 1831
R a r e , Aua reef s l o p e , Faga'itua pass (1-3m) [Dendrophyllia
- -
diaphana D a n a , 18461 (H)S y n ~ n y m ~ T u b a s t r e a
-
aurea =-
T. c o c c i n e a Genus T U R B I N A R I A o k e n 1815 Turbinaria frondens D a n a , 1846Sporadic, L e o n e t e r r a c e , Masefau terrace (2-6m) Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794)
Rare, Massefau (30m)
Subclass OCTOCORALLIA H a e c k e l 1 8 9 6 Order COENOTHECALIA Bourne 1895 Family HELIOPORIDAE Moseley 1876
G e n u s H E L I O P O R A d e Blainvilbe 1834 Heliopora coerulea ( p a l l a s , 1 9 6 6 )
Common, Reefs of T a n u , Q f u , and Olesega only (0-2m) C l a . s s BYDROZQA H U X ~ @ ~ 1 8 5 6
Order MILLEPORINA Hfckson 1901 Family MILLEPORIDAE Fleming 1828
Genus MILLEPORA L i n n a e u s 1758
Millepora platyphylla Bemprich & E h r e n b e r g , 1834 C o m m o n , Reef f l a t s , reef f r o n t s (0-3m)
Millepora tenera Boschma 1 9 4 9
Locally c o m m o n , Ofu back r e e f s (1-2m) [Millepora alcicosnis L l n n a e u s , 1 7 5 8 1 ( H )
Synonym Probably - M. tenesa [Millepora truncata D a n a , - 1 8 4 6 1 (R)
platyphylla - - ,
CONCLUSIONS
This c h e c k l i s t Is neither e x h a u s t i v e nor f B No a t t e m p k was made f o collect on every reef and m o s t reef terraces remain relatively u n e x p l o r e d , I n a l l , 174 species of scleractinian corals a r e presented. T h e s e represent 4 8 genera and subgenera. Also listed a r e 3 s p e c i e s , one a H e l i o p o r a and two of Millepora; though not scleractinian, they certainly a r e reef formers. I n all there are 1 9 9 nominal listings of w h i c h I considered 2 2 I n v a l i d ,
Because a coral species w a s reported from Samoa does not m e a n that it can be readily collected there.
Frequently a coral listed as rare w a s the only specimen
of t h a t k i n d s e e n i n m a n y h o u r s of s e a r c h i n g a n d m a y h a v e b e e n the o n l y r e l i c t o r n e w c o l o n y of i t s t y p e in the I s l a n d s . T h e n u m b e r of s p e c i e s f o u n d i n c r e a s e s w i t h the t i m e s p e n t s e a r c h i n g , t h e a s t u t e n e s s of t h e
c o l l e c t o r , h i s p u r p o s e i n c o l l e c t i n g a n d w h e r e h e
h a p p e n s to c o l l e c t . I w a s p r i m a r i l y l o o k i n g f o r c e r t a i n g e n e r a and m u s t c e r t a i n l y h a v e o v e r l o o k e d s p e c i e s of o t h e r g e n e r a w h i c h w e r e n o t m y m a i n c o n c e r n .
I a c c e p t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s listed. C o r a l t a x o n o m y a s based o n s k e l e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s i s a n i m p r e c i s e s c i e n c e a n d a n o n g o i n g s e a r c h f o r
a d j u n c t i v e m e t h o d s t o a i d i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s i n
progress. As l o n g a s t h i s s t a t e c o n t i n u e s , m a n y s p e c i e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y be c o n s i d e r e d t e n t a t i v e and t h i s e n t i r e s t u d y c a n o n l y be r e g a r d e d a s o n e i n a s e r i e s .
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
1 s i n c e r e l y t h a n k t h e s e v e r a l d i v i n g p a r t n e r s w h o c o l l e c t e d s p e c i m e n s f o r m e i n S a m o a and f o r m e m b e r s of my f a m i l y w h o s u p p o r t e d t h e s e e f f o r t s . T h e f o l l o w i n g m u s e u m c u r a t o r s k i n d l y g a v e m e p e r m i s s i o n to s t u d y
m a t e r i a l u n d e r t h e i r c a r e : D r . P.F.S. C o r n e l i u e ( B r i t i s h M u s e u m , N a t u r a l History); the l a t e D r . J , P . C h e v a l i e r
( M u s e u m N a t i o n a l d e H i s t o i r e Naturelle); Drs. D.L.
P a w s o n , K . R u e t z l e r & F.M. B a y e r (United S t a t e s N a t i o n a l Museum) and D r . D , D e v a n e y ( B e r n i c e P . B i s h o p Museum),
I am g r a t e f u l to ~ r . ~ o h n H o f f m e i s t e r f o r h i s m a n u s c r i p t s , f o r e n c o u r a g e m e n t and h o s p i t a l i t y , and to D s , J o h n W e l l s f o r a s s i s e a n c e i n p r e p a r a t i o o of t h i e p a p e r , f o r h i s c o n s t a n t e n c o u r a g e m e n t and f o r m a n y h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s ,
Two o f the S a a o a n v l s i t s w e r e m a d e u n d e r R e s e a r c h g r a n t s # I 1 3 7 2 and # I 9 4 5 f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l ~ e o g r a p h i c S o c i e t y , W a s h i n g t o n , D , C ,
R E F E R E N C E S
B e r n a r d , H.M,, 1896. T h e g e n u s T u r b i n a r i a . T h e g e n u s A s t r e o p o r a : B r i t i s h Mus. (Nat. History) Cat.
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