APPENDIX

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Global burden of hypertension among people living with HIV in the era of increased life expectancy

A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jean Joel Bigna,

MD, MPH

; Aude Laetitia Ndoadoumgue,

MD, MPH

; Jobert Richie Nansseu,

MD, MPH;

Joel Noutakdie Tochie,

MD

; Jan René Nkeck,

MD, MSc

; Audrey Joyce Foka,

MD

; Ulrich Flore Nyaga,

MD

; Arnaud D. Kaze,

MD, MPH

; Jean Jacques Noubiap,

MD

APPENDIX

Supplementary Tables

Supplementary Table 1. Characteristics of included studies ... 2 Supplementary Table 2. Univariate meta-regression analysis of hypertension in the global population living with HIV ... 11 Supplementary Table 3. Meta-analysis of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by period in each UNAIDS region ... 12

Supplementary Figures

Supplementary Figure 1. Selection of studies ... 13 Supplementary Figure 2. Funnel plot of the global prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV ... 14 Supplementary Figure 3. Bubble plot showing the evolution prevalence of hypertension depending on age of people living with HIV ... 15 Supplementary Figure 4Bubble plot showing the evolution prevalence of hypertension depending on study in people living with HIV ... 16 Supplementary Figure 5. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by UNAIDS regions ... 17 Supplementary Figure 6. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by WHO regions ... 18 Supplementary Figure 7. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by country level of income ... 19 Supplementary Figure 8. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by sociodemographic index level ... 20 Supplementary Figure 9. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by ART status ... 21 Supplementary Figure 10. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by period ... 22 Supplementary Figure 11. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by sex ... 23

List of included studies………25

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Supplementary Table 1. Characteristics of included studies Author Year Study Design Mid-

study Year

Country N Centers Site Sampling Timing of data collection

Age (Years)

%Males %ART Definition of hypertension Sample Risk of

bias Abebe 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Ethiopia Single-Site Hospital Systematic Prospectively 36.01 30.7 67.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

462 Low Abrahams 2015 Cohort 2008 South Africa Unclear Hospital Unclear Prospectively 33.5 0 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

103 Moderate Achhra 2015 Cross sectional 2011 Multicountry-

Multiregion

Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 36.8 73 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

4637 Moderate Amouyal 2018 Cohort 2012 France Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 44 32.5 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

34 Moderate Arbune 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Romania Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 54 95 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

102 Moderate Arruda 2010 Case control 2008 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 41.9 58.3 80.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 958 Moderate Bagnis 2017 Cross sectional 2011 France Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 62 92 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

44 Moderate Baker 2017 Cohort 2015 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 36 73 98 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 4685 Low Bandera 2015 Cohort 2007 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 36 73.4 74.5 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 7385 Moderate Barros 2010 Cross sectional 2008 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.7 61.5 97.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 348 Low Bauer 2017 Cross sectional 2014 Zambia Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 34 47.9 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 896 Moderate Begovac 2015 Cross sectional 2011 Croatia; Serbia Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 49 76 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

254 Moderate Bello 2017 Cross sectional 2016 Nigeria Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 39.5 27.2 51.33 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 218 Low Bernadino 2011 Cross sectional 2009 Spain Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 42 76.8 70.6 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 310 Low Biraguma 2018 Cross sectional 2015 Rwanda Multi-Site Hospital Random,

Multistage, Systematic

Prospectively 38 35.4 87.9 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 794 Low

Bloomfield 2011 Cross sectional 2008 Kenya Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 43 35.2 66 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 12194 Low Bloomfield 2014 Cross sectional 2008 Kenya Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 26 9.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

49475 High Bonfanti 2012 Cohort 2007 Italy Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 38 75.5 33 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

188 Moderate Bonjoch 2014 Cross sectional 2012 Spain Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 48 76 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

970 Moderate Brennan 2018 Cohort 2011 South Africa Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 37.6 59.8 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 77696 Low Broom 2012 Cross sectional 2009 Australia Single-Site Community Consecutive Retrospectively 89 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 180 Low Bryant 2016 Cross sectional 2012 USA Unclear Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 86 100 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 79 Moderate

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Author Year Study Design Mid- study Year

Age (Years)

bias Buchacz 2013 Cross sectional 2008 USA Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 47 79 35.2 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

3166 Moderate Burkholder 2018 Cross sectional 2013 USA Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 47 77 97 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1664 Moderate Calza 2014 Cross sectional 2011 Italy Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 44.2 70.9 77.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

894 Moderate Cao 2013 Cross sectional 2010 China Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 36.5 74.2 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

538 Low Carvalho 2018 Cross sectional 2015 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 32 82.1 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 67 Moderate Casado 2016 Cross sectional 2015 Spain Unclear Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43.4 80 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

248 Low Chepchirchir 2018 Cross sectional 2015 Kenya Single-Site Hospital Systematic Prospectively 43 30 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

297 Moderate Chhoun 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Cambodia Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45 33 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 510 Moderate Chimbetete 2017 Cross sectional 2010 Zimbabwe Single-Site Community Random Prospectively 37 32.8 99.9 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 5467 Moderate Chu 2011 Cohort 2007 USA Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 44 56.9 70 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 854 Low Concetta 2015 Case control 2014 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 47 68 90 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 548 Moderate Conrado 2011 Case control 2009 Brazil Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 32 59.5 58.7 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 697 Low Cristelli 2018 Cross sectional 2014 Spain Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 44 81.1 96.8 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 4337 Moderate Crum 2011 Cross sectional 2009 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 43 96 83 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 233 Low Da Costa 2018 Cross sectional 2016 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.9 53.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

120 Moderate Dawood 2018 Cross sectional 2008 South Africa Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 43.25 36 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 4003 Moderate De Arruda

Júnior

2010 Cross sectional 2008 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.5 61 45.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 958 Low De Carvalho 2010 Cross sectional 2007 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 41 62.1 85.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 256 Moderate De Socio 2014 Cross sectional 2011 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 47 71 94 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1182 Moderate Deckert 2017 Cross sectional 2012 Zambia Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 41.8 36.7 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1118 Moderate Desvarieux 2013 Cross sectional 2009 France Unclear Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 41.2 100 50 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

100 Moderate Dimala 2016 Cross sectional 2013 Cameroon Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.1 30 50 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 200 Moderate Ding 2017 Cross sectional 2015 China Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 52.7 77.68 87 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

345 Moderate Divala 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Malawi Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43 28.3 95.9 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 952 Moderate Dong 2017 Cohort 2010 South Korea Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 46 92.8 64.5 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 1096 Moderate Duncan 2018 Cohort 2015 UK Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 49 74 92 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 338 Moderate

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Age (Years)

bias Ekali 2013 Cross sectional 2011 Cameroon Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.5 28 80.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

143 High Erlandson 2012 Cohort 2010 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 52 85 100 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 359 Moderate Esposito 2011 Cohort 2009 Italy Single-Site Community Consecutive Retrospectively 79.56 62.04 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 139 Low Estrada 2015 Cross sectional 2011 Spain Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45.7 76.4 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

895 Low Fabbiani 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Italy Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 46 75.5 93.9 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 245 Low Falasca 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 48.4 80.1 92.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

326 Moderate Ferraioli 2011 Cross sectional 2009 Italy, Croatia Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 46 66.7 96.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

54 Moderate Fontela 2018 Cohort 2016 Spain Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 54 71 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 339 Moderate Freitas 2012 Cross sectional 2010 Portugal Single-Site Community Consecutive Unclear 44.4 58.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 364 Low Fuchs 2013 Cross sectional 2009 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39 59.1 72.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

3829 Low Furuya-

Kanamori

2015 Cross sectional 2013 Australia Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 52.1 100 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

210 Moderate Gali 2012 Cross sectional 2008 Italy Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 45.7 76.4 91.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 4249 Moderate Gallego 2008 Cross sectional 2007 Spain Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44 76 86 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1155 Moderate Gangaputra 2012 Cross sectional 2012 USA Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 43 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1250 Moderate García Gonzalo 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Spain Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 48.8 74.6 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

224 Moderate Gelpi 2018 Cross sectional 2016 Denmark Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 50.1 85.3 98.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1099 Moderate Ghehi 2017 Cohort 2009 Côte d'Ivoire Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 35 22 79.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

2056 Moderate Gingo 2015 Cohort 2008 USA Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 44.5 79 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1082 Moderate Glaser 2016 Cross sectional 2012 Malawi Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 33.9 51 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

116 Moderate Glyn 2013 Cross sectional 2011 South Africa Single-Site Community Systematic Prospectively 40 100 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 53 Low Gracey 2013 Cohort 2011 Australia Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 733 Moderate Gravemann 2014 Cross sectional 2011 Germany Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45 81 92 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

945 Moderate

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Age (Years)

bias Guehi 2016 Cohort 2009 Côte d'Ivoire Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 35 21.7 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 755 Moderate Guimaraes 2008 Cross sectional 2007 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.4 64 75 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

171 Low Guira 2016 Cohort 2011 Burkina-Faso Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 42 31 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 300 Low Gunter 2018 Cross sectional 2015 Belgium Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 46.7 62.4 95.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

5787 Moderate Guo 2017 Cross sectional 2011 China Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 36 74.2 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

973 Moderate Hadigan 2013 Cohort 2009 USA Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 45 64.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

182 Moderate Hanna 2016 Cross sectional 2010 USA Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 51 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1636 Moderate Hileman 2012 Cross sectional 2010 USA Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 37 86 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

37 Moderate Hinojosa 2018 Case control 2016 Mexico Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44 98.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

206 Moderate Ikeda 2013 Cross sectional 2007 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.1 50.6 65.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1240 Low Isa 2017 Cross sectional 2012 Nigeria Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 41 46.7 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

2310 Low Iwuala 2015 Cross sectional 2013 Nigeria Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 40.3 42.1 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 145 Moderate Jallow 2015 Cohort 2007 Sweden Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 69 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

3063 Moderate Janiszewski 2011 Cross sectional 2007 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.67 66.3 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

2233 Moderate Johns 2010 Cross sectional 2007 UK Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 52 97.6 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

167 Moderate Juega-Mariño 2017 Cohort 2009 Spain Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 45 76.4 86.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1596 Moderate Julius 2011 Cross sectional 2009 South Africa Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 35.8 22 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

304 Low Kagaruki 2014 Cross sectional 2012 Tanzania Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 38.7 29.5 52.8 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 668 Low Kakar 2017 Cross sectional 2014 Australia Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 96 71 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

188 Moderate Kazooba 2017 Cross sectional 2014 Uganda Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.8 35 77 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1024 Moderate

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Age (Years)

bias Kent 2017 Cross sectional 2015 UK Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 43.6 73 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 50 Low

Kim 2012 Cohort 2011 UK Single-Site Hospital,

Community

Consecutive Retrospectively 44 57 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

1833 Moderate Kwarisiima 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Uganda Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 34 41 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

3545 Moderate Lange 2015 Cohort 2008 USA Unclear Hospital Unclear Prospectively 50 87 84 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

152 Moderate Lekakis 2009 Case control 2008 Greece Unclear Unclear Unclear Prospectively 40 96 60 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 56 Moderate Levy 2017 Cohort 2013 USA Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 50 73 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 7018 Low Lombardi 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Greece Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.5 91 68 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

125 Moderate Longo 2012 Cross sectional 2009 D. R. Congo Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 43 23 88 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

300 Low Low 2017 Cross sectional 2011 Malaysia Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 38 89.5 31.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

314 High Madi 2017 Cohort 2011 India Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 55.9 63.3 100 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 120 Low Magodoro 2016 Cross sectional 2015 Zimbabwe Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 42 30.6 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1033 Moderate Malaza 2012 Cross sectional 2010 South Africa Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 14918 Moderate Manfredi 2011 Cohort 2007 Italy Single-Site Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 42.7 73 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

324 Moderate Manne 2017 Cohort 2015 South Africa Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 55.2 45.2 38.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1048 Low Manner 2013 Cohort 2011 Norway Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 43 72.1 56.6 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 434 Low Marbaniang 2017 Cross sectional 2016 India Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 40 44.3 80.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

402 Moderate Marcelin 2016 Cross sectional 2012 USA Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 45.1 81 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

117 Moderate Mashinya 2014 Cross sectional 2012 South Africa Single-Site Community Random Prospectively 49.7 29.2 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

89 Low Masiá 2012 Cohort 2011 Spain Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39.6 75.7 65.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1019 Moderate Mateen 2013 Cohort 2011 Uganda Unclear Community Consecutive Prospectively Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 5563 Low Mayer 2017 Cross sectional 2010 USA Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 40.3 70 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

12837 Moderate Mcnicholl 2017 Cohort 2014 USA Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 58 71 83.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

248 Moderate

(7)

Age (Years)

bias Meda 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Burkina-Faso Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 37.2 31.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

734 Moderate Medina-Torne 2012 Cross sectional 2010 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Unclear 41 92 72 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 707 Low Míguez-Burbano 2014 Cohort 2011 USA Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43.86 45 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 400 Moderate Mohammed 2015 Cross sectional 2014 Ethiopia Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 37.9 33.1 72.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

393 Moderate Monteiro 2012 Case control 2009 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 42 57.8 89 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 261 Moderate Monteiro 2011 Cross sectional 2009 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43.4 50.94 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 53 Moderate Moore 2015 Cross sectional 2008 USA Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Retrospectively 68 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1707 High Morlat 2013 Cohort 2008 France Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 74.4 74.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 4350 Moderate Mosepele 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Bostwana Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39 45 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

208 Moderate Muramatsu 2013 Cross sectional 2011 Japan Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.2 93.4 90.2 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1482 Low Muronya 2011 Cross sectional 2010 Malawi Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 40.8 38.5 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

174 Low Mutemwa 2018 Cross sectional 2015 South Africa Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 38.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 827 Low Muyanja 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Uganda Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 36 32 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 250 Low Myerson 2014 Cross sectional 2011 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 45 75 87.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 4278 Low Nery 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 36.8 76.9 66.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

294 Moderate Neto 2011 Cross sectional 2009 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 53.1 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 254 Low Ngatchou 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Cameroon Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 39 26.1 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 108 Moderate Ngu 2018 Cross sectional 2016 Cameroon Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43.4 16.1 97 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

311 Moderate Nguyen 2016 Cross sectional 2015 South Africa Multi-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 38 21 87.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

748 Low Njelekela 2016 Cross sectional 2007 Tanzania Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 36.6 32.8 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 34311 Low Nsagha 2015 Cross sectional 2014 Cameroon Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.2 25.1 74.4 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 215 Moderate Ogunmola 2014 Cross sectional 2013 Nigeria Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 38 51.2 32.2 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 403 Moderate Okello 2017 Case control 2015 Uganda Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 45 43 91 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 577 Low Okello 2016 Cohort 2010 Uganda Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 34 30 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 536 Low Okello 2015 Cross sectional 2011 Uganda Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 32 33 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 3389 Low Okpa 2017 Cross sectional 2016 Nigeria Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 39.3 42.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 112 Low

(8)

Age (Years)

bias Olaiya 2018 Cross sectional 2014 USA Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively,

Retrospectively

71.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

8631 Low O'Neill 2013 Cross sectional 2007 Italy Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.5 66.3 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 2233 Low Osegbe 2016 Cross sectional 2012 Nigeria Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 26 40 50 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 200 Moderate Pacheco 2015 Cohort 2013 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 43.79 57.36 88.9 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 591 Low Palella 2018 Cohort 2012 USA Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 100 85 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1088 Moderate Parikh 2015 Cohort 2012 USA Single-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 52 88 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

150 High Patel 2013 Cross sectional 2011 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 51 71.1 95 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 454 Low Pati 2017 Cohort 2013 India Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 36.1 65 51.2 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 197 Low Peck 2014 Cross sectional 2013 Tanzania Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 32.23 49.83 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

301 Moderate Pei-Ying 2012 Cross sectional 2009 Taiwan Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 40.65 94.9 80.7 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 803 Low Pienaar 2017 Cross sectional 2015 South Africa Single-Site Community Random Prospectively Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

266 Moderate Pombo 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Spain Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45.38 75.5 86.1 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 388 Moderate Pongthananikorn 2018 Cross sectional 2014 Thailand Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.5 63 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

135 Moderate Pozdisek 2008 Cross sectional 2007 Czech Single-Site Community Unclear Unclear Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 40 Low Pozniak 2016 Cohort 2014 USA; Thailand;

England;

Australia;

Spain; France;

Dominican Republic;

Mexico;

Netherlands

Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 58 79 100 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 242 Low

Price 2018 Cross sectional 2016 Jamaica Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 42.1 49 85.8 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

983 Moderate Quezada 2012 Cross sectional 2010 Spain Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 47 83.4 84 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 392 Low Rabkin 2015 Cross sectional 2014 South Africa Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45.4 25.8 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 175 Moderate Rabkin 2012 Cross sectional 2016 Swaziland Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 47 38 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1826 Low Reynes 2013 Cross sectional 2011 France Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 48 74.2 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1210 Moderate

(9)

Age (Years)

bias Rhee 2016 Cross sectional 2014 Cameroon Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 42.5 27.4 92.8 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 500 Low Rogalska-

Plónska

2017 Cross sectional 2014 Poland Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 38 72 91 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

417 Low Ruzicka 2018 Cross sectional 2013 Japan Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 45 90.4 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1445 Moderate Ryscavage 2017 Cohort 2013 USA Single-Site Community Consecutive Retrospectively 23 45 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 109 Moderate Salvaggio 2017 Cross sectional 2015 Italy Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 42 66 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

158 High Sander 2015 Cross sectional 2009 Uganda Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 40.5 29 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 426 Low Sanders 2018 Cohort 2008 USA Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 48.2 82.5 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

5052 Moderate Santiago 2014 Cross sectional 2008 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 41.6 63 89 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 1970 Moderate Schoffelen 2015 Cross sectional 2013 South Africa Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 40.7 31 87 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

904 Low Schutte 2012 Cohort 2010 South Africa Single-Site Community Random Prospectively 46.6 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 51 Low Seang 2018 Cross sectional 2014 USA Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 57 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

57 Moderate Seng 2018 Cross sectional 2011 France Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1489 Moderate Serpa 2017 Cross sectional 2012 USA Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 56.8 100 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

77 High Shaffer 2014 Cohort 2008 Kenya;

Zimbabwe;

Botswana;

Zambia;

Malawi;

Uganda

Multi-Site Community Random Prospectively 34 0 0 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 741 Low

Sharma 2018 Cross sectional 2015 USA Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 59 0 88.3 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

1250 Moderate Silveira 2018 Cohort 2010 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 37.3 77.78 68.75 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

288 Moderate So-Ngern 2014 Cross sectional 2011 Thailand Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 45.6 57.9 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

1000 Low Sovio 2017 Cohort 2012 Italy Multi-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 46 71 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

961 Moderate

(10)

Age (Years)

bias Sulyok 2015 Cross sectional 2014 Hungary Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 44.51 91.9 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

136 Moderate

Sunchatawirul 2012 Cohort 2008 Thailand Unclear Community Unclear Unclear 37 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 491 Moderate

Takaki 2017 Cross sectional 2012 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively, Retrospectively

44.3 50 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg, Any treatment for lowering blood pressure

220 Moderate Torres 2015 Cohort 2008 Brazil Single-Site Community Consecutive Retrospectively 63.6 83.5 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 2307 Moderate Torres 2014 Cross sectional 2012 Brazil Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 91.8 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

2775 Moderate Van Zoest 2016 Cross sectional 2011 Netherlands Multi-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 52.9 88.6 94.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

527 Moderate Vilela 2011 Cross sectional 2009 Brazil Multi-Site Hospital Unclear Prospectively 45.9 52.5 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 40 Moderate Viskovic 2013 Cross sectional 2010 Croatia Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 46.5 84.5 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

110 Moderate Walsh 2018 Cohort 2016 Haiti Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1729 Low Wensink 2015 Cohort 2013 South Africa Single-Site Hospital Random Prospectively 40 31 87 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 903 Moderate Wu 2014 Cross sectional 2013 Taiwan Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Retrospectively 51.5 92.3 95.8 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

920 Moderate Ximenes [Period

1]

2015 Cohort 2007 Brazil Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 50.6 65.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 1240 Low Ximenes [Period

2]

2015 Cohort 2008 Brazil Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 62.5 75.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 2347 Low Ximenes [Period

3]

2015 Cohort 2010 Brazil Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 76.7 66.7 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg 300 Low Yanagisawa 2010 Cross sectional 2009 Japan Single-Site Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 46.2 89.6 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

788 Low Yanagisawa 2012 Cohort 2010 Japan Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 47.6 100 100 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 520 Low Zeder 2016 Cohort 2010 Germany Single-Site Community Consecutive Prospectively 45 79.3 54 Any treatment for lowering blood pressure 411 Low Zungsontiporn 2015 Cross sectional 2011 USA Unclear Hospital Consecutive Prospectively 50 88.1 100 Blood pressure systolic >= 140 and/or diastolic > = 90 mmHg,

135 Moderate

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Supplementary Table 2. Univariate meta-regression analysis of hypertension in the global population living with HIV

Variables (reference) N

studies

Coefficient 95% confidence interval

P value R², %

WHO regions (Africa) 192 < 0.0001* 29.9

- Europe 0.0244 -0.0267; 0.0756 0.3491

- Americas 0.1058 0.0559; 0.1557 <0.0001

- South-East Asia -0.0400 -0.1561; 0.0761 0.4994

- Western Pacific -0.0617 -0.1372; 0.0137 0.1089

UNAIDS regions (Asia and Pacific) 192 0.0002* 16.5

- Eastern and Southern Africa 0.0436 -0.0332; 0.1205 0.2657 - Latin America and the Caribbean 0.0698 -0.0143; 0.1539 0.1037 - Western and Central Europe and

North America

0.1399 0.0698; 0.2099 <0.0001 - West and Central Africa 0.0862 -0.0084; 0.1808 0.0742

Country level of income (Low) 194 0.0053* 13.7

- Lower-middle 0.0287 -0.0557; 0.1130 0.5053

- Upper-middle 0.0065 -0.0673; 0.0803 0.8627

- High 0.0866 0.0180; 0.1551 0.0133

Country sociodemographic index (Low)

194 0.0297* 12.5

- Low-middle 0.0437 -0.0420; 0.1295 0.3172

- Middle 0.0328 -0.0433; 0.1089 0.3987

- High-middle -0.0156 -0.1379; 0.1067 0.8030

- High 0.0899 0.0209; 0.1589 0.0107

Study year (continue) 194 0.0081 0.0004; 0.0158 0.0386 19.1 Age (continue) 169 0.0126 0.0090; 0.0163 < 0.0001 18.9 P value for interaction term: UNAIDS regions x Study year = 0.0106; WHO regions x Study year = 0.0656;

Level of country income x Study year = 0.2243; Country social demographic income x Study year = 0.2717

* overall p value for the moderator

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Supplementary Table 3. Meta-analysis of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by period in each UNAIDS region

UNAIDS Regions Period Prevalence,

%

95% Confidence interval

N studies

N

participants

Heterogeneity P Egger P sub-group I², % P value

Western & Central Europe and North America

2007-2010 24.6 20.1-29.4 36 57,556 99.6 < 0.0001 0.9276 0.0548

2011-2017 30.8 26.6-35.2 48 58,615 99.1 < 0.0001 0.3513

West & Central Africa 2007-2010 15.3 5.0-29.8 5 3,953 97.9 < 0.0001 0.1562 0.1405

2011-2017 27.3 19.9-35.4 12 5,057 97.2 < 0.0001 0.3152

Latin America & the Caribbean

2007-2010 23.3 18.2-28.8 19 17,811 98.0 < 0.0001 0.8997 0.4451

2011-2017 19.0 10.7-29.1 8 6,691 99.1 < 0.0001 0.5580

Eastern & Southern Africa 2007-2010 13.5 8.4-19.5 13 122,703 99.5 < 0.0001 0.5564 0.0096

2011-2017 23.1 19.1-27.3 29 106,121 98.2 < 0.0001 0.7688

Asia & Pacific 2007-2010 10.9 4.1-20.4 7 4,416 98.6 < 0.0001 0.8471 0.1442

2011-2017 19.6 12.6-27.7 15 8,974 96.4 < 0.0001 0.5740

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Supplementary Figure 1. Selection of studies

Scr e e n in g In cl u d e d

Eligibility

Id e n ti fi cat ion

Articles included in qualitative synthesis

(n = 192)

Studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) (n = 194 from 192 articles) Records identified through

database searching (n = 2,279)

Records excluded (n = 1686) Records after duplicates removed

(n = 2125)

Records screened (n = 2125)

Full-text articles assessed for eligibility

(n = 439)

Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (n = 247)

 87 Studies done in 2006 or before

 67 No data on hypertension

 25 Duplicates

 24 Not appropriate definition of hypertension

 19 HIV patients selected based on the presence of a specific disease

 9 Wrong design

 6 Not HIV population

 5 Full text not available

 2 Selected based on the presence of hypertension

 2 Mixed HIV positive and negative

 1 Not human population

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Supplementary Figure 2. Funnel plot of the global prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV

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Supplementary Figure 3. Bubble plot showing the evolution prevalence of hypertension depending on age of people living with HIV

(16)

Supplementary Figure 4Bubble plot showing the evolution prevalence of hypertension depending on study in people living with HIV

(17)

Supplementary Figure 5. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by UNAIDS regions

(18)

Supplementary Figure 6. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by WHO regions

(19)

Supplementary Figure 7. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by country level of income

(20)

Supplementary Figure 8. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by sociodemographic index level

(21)

Supplementary Figure 9. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by ART status

(22)

Supplementary Figure 10. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by period

(23)

Supplementary Figure 11. Meta-analysis prevalence of hypertension in the global population living with HIV by sex

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List of included studies

^1-128

-

^129-178 - ^179-192

1. Gunter J, Callens S, De Wit S, et al. Prevalence of non-infectious comorbidities in the HIV-positive population in Belgium: a multicenter, retrospective study. Acta Clinica Belgica: International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine 2018; 73(1): 50-3.

2. Palella FJ, Li X, Gupta SK, et al. Long-Term kidney function, proteinuria, and associated risks among HIV-infected and uninfected men. AIDS 2018; 32(10): 1247-56.

3. Reynes J, Cournil A, Peyriere H, et al. Tubular and glomerular proteinuria in HIV-infected adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60ml/min per 1.73m2. AIDS 2013; 27(8): 1295-302.

4. Casado JL, Banon S, Santiuste C, et al. Prevalence and significance of proximal renal tubular abnormalities in HIV-infected patients receiving tenofovir. AIDS 2016; 30(2): 231-9.

5. Desvarieux M, Boccara F, Meynard JL, et al. Infection duration and inflammatory imbalance are associated with atherosclerotic risk in HIV-infected never-smokers independent of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2013; 27(16): 2603-14.

6. Quezada M, Martin-Carbonero L, Soriano V, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension in HIV-infected patients on regular follow-up. AIDS 2012; 26(11): 1387-92.

7. Rabkin M, Palma A, McNairy ML, et al. Integrating cardiovascular disease risk factor screening into HIV services in Swaziland: Lessons from an implementation science study. AIDS 2018; 32: S43-S6.

8. Gravemann S, Brinkkoetter PT, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Low-grade proteinuria is highly prevalent in HIV- positive patients on antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 2014; 28(12): 1783-9.

9. Chepchirchir A, Jaoko W, Nyagol J. Risk indicators and effects of hypertension on HIV/AIDS disease progression among patients seen at Kenyatta hospital HIV care center. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio- Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2018; 30(5): 544-50.

10. Jallow A, Ljunggren G, Wändell P, Carlsson AC. Prevalence, incidence, mortality and co-morbidities amongst human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Stockholm County, Sweden - The Greater Stockholm HIV cohort study. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2015; 27(2): 142-9.

11. Silveira EA, Santos ASEADC, Falco MDO, Cardoso RDC, Vitorino PVDO. Association of physical inactivity with hypertension and low educational level in people living with HIV / AIDS. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2018; 30(8): 1004-9.

12. Moore HN, Mao L, Oramasionwu CU. Factors associated with polypharmacy and the prescription of multiple medications among persons living with HIV (PLWH) compared to non-PLWH. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2015; 27(12): 1443-8.

13. Bonjoch A, Juega J, Puig J, et al. High prevalence of signs of renal damage despite normal renal function in a cohort of HIV-infected patients: Evaluation of associated factors. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2014; 28(10): 1-6.

14. Muyanja D, Muzoora C, Muyingo A, Muyindike W, Siedner MJ. High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among People with HIV on Stable ART in Southwestern Uganda.

AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2016; 30(1): 4-10.

15. Hanna DB, Jung M, Xue X, et al. Trends in Nonlipid Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Management in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and Association with Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2016; 30(10): 445-54.

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16. Bryant AK, Fazeli PL, Letendre SL, et al. Complement component 3 is associated with metabolic comorbidities in older HIV-positive adults. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2016; 32(3): 271-8.

17. Hileman CO, Wohl DA, Tisch DJ, Debanne SM, McComsey GA. Short communication: Initiation of an abacavir-containing regimen in HIV-infected adults is associated with a smaller decrease in inflammation and endothelial activation markers compared to non-abacavir-containing regimens. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2012; 28(12): 1561-4.

18. Johns K, Saeedi R, Mancini GBJ, Bondy G. Ankle brachial index screening for occult vascular disease is not useful in HIV-positive patients. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2010; 26(9): 955-9.

19. Seang S, Kelesidis T, Huynh D, et al. Low Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Association with Systemic Inflammation and Monocyte Activation in Older HIV-Infected Men. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2018; 34(1): 39-45.

20. Ding Y, Lin H, Liu X, et al. Hypertension in HIV-Infected Adults Compared with Similar but Uninfected Adults in China: Body Mass Index-Dependent Effects of Nadir CD4 Count. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2017; 33(11): 1117-25.

21. Méda ZC, Sombié I, Sanon OWC, Maré D, Morisky DE, Chen YMA. Risk factors of tuberculosis infection among HIV/AIDS patients in Burkina Faso. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2013; 29(7):

1045-55.

22. Guehi C, Badjé A, Gabillard D, et al. High prevalence of being Overweight and Obese HIV-infected persons, before and after 24months on early ART in the ANRS 12136 Temprano Trial. AIDS Research and Therapy 2016; 13(1).

23. Abrahams Z, Dave JA, Maartens G, Levitt NS. Changes in blood pressure, glucose levels, insulin secretion and anthropometry after long term exposure to antiretroviral therapy in South African women. AIDS Research and Therapy 2015; 12(1).

24. De Socio GV, Ricci E, Maggi P, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate of

hypertension in HIV-infected patients: The HIV-HY study. American Journal of Hypertension 2014; 27(2): 222- 8.

25. Lekakis J, Ikonomidis I, Palios J, et al. Association of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy with Increased Arterial Stiffness in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. American Journal of Hypertension 2009; 22(8): 828-34.

26. Hadigan C, Edwards E, Rosenberg A, et al. Microalbuminuria in HIV disease. American Journal of Nephrology 2013; 37(5): 443-51.

27. Gangaputra S, Kalyani PS, Fawzi AA, et al. Retinal vessel caliber among people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Relationships with disease-associated factors and mortality. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012; 153(3): 434-44.

28. Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Maggi P, et al. Arterial stiffness evaluation in HIV-positive patients: A multicenter matched control study. American Journal of Roentgenology 2011; 197(5): 1258-62.

29. Sharma A, Hoover DR, Shi Q, et al. Longitudinal study of falls among HIV-infected and uninfected women: The role of cognition. Antiviral Therapy 2018; 23(2): 179-90.

30. Monteiro VS, Lacerda HR, Uellendahl M, et al. Calcium score in the evaluation of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV/Aids. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2011; 97(5): 427-33.

31. Arbune M, Dumitru IM, Cretu-Stuparu M. Characteristics of sleep disorders in Romanian adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. ARS Medica Tomitana 2017; 23(3): 126-31.

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32. Guimarães MMM, Greco DB, Figueiredo SMd, Fóscolo RB, Oliveira Jr ARd, Machado LJdC. High- sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and their correlation with factors related to cardiovascular risk and HIV infection. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201(2): 434-9.

33. Parikh NI, Gerschenson M, Bennett K, et al. Lipoprotein concentration, particle number, size and cholesterol efflux capacity are associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress and function in an HIV positive cohort. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239(1): 50-4.

34. Bonfanti P, De Socio GV, Ricci E, et al. The feature of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV naive patients is not the same of those treated: Results from a prospective study. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2012; 66(5):

348-53.

35. Guo F, Hsieh E, Lv W, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese antiretroviral-naïve adults with advanced HIV disease. BMC Infectious Diseases 2017; 17(1).

36. Bloomfield GS, Hogan JW, Keter A, et al. Blood pressure level impacts risk of death among HIV seropositive adults in Kenya: A retrospective analysis of electronic health records. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014; 14(1).

37. Dawood H, Hassan-Moosa R, Zuma NY, Naidoo K. Mortality and treatment response amongst HIV- infected patients 50 years and older accessing antiretroviral services in South Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases 2018; 18(1).

38. Salvaggio SE, Giacomelli A, Falvella FS, et al. Clinical and genetic factors associated with kidney tubular dysfunction in a real-life single centre cohort of HIV-positive patients. BMC Infectious Diseases 2017;

17(1).

39. Peck RN, Shedafa R, Kalluvya S, et al. Hypertension, kidney disease, HIV and antiretroviral therapy among Tanzanian adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medicine 2014; 12(1).

40. Falasca K, Di Nicola M, Porfilio I, et al. Predictive factors and prevalence of microalbuminuria in HIV- infected patients: A cross-sectional analysis. BMC Nephrology 2017; 18(1).

41. Glaser N, Phiri S, Bruckner T, et al. The prevalence of renal impairment in individuals seeking HIV testing in Urban Malawi. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17(1): 186.

42. da Costa Vieira V, Lins L, Sarmento VA, Netto EM, Brites C. Oral health and health-related quality of life in HIV patients. BMC oral health 2018; 18(1): 151.

43. Kagaruki GB, Mayige MT, Ngadaya ES, et al. Magnitude and risk factors of non-communicable diseases among people living with HIV in Tanzania: a cross sectional study from Mbeya and Dar es Salaam regions. BMC public health 2014; 14: 904.

44. Divala OH, Amberbir A, Ismail Z, et al. The burden of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular risk factors among adult Malawians in HIV care: consequences for integrated services. BMC public health 2016; 16(1): 1243.

45. Magodoro IM, Esterhuizen TM, Chivese T. A cross-sectional, facility based study of comorbid non- communicable diseases among adults living with HIV infection in Zimbabwe. BMC research notes 2016; 9: 379.

46. Ngu RC, Choukem SP, Dimala CA, Ngu JN, Monekosso GL. Prevalence and determinants of selected cardio-metabolic risk factors among people living with HIV/AIDS and receiving care in the South West Regional Hospitals of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMC research notes 2018; 11(1): 305.

47. Ruzicka DJ, Imai K, Takahashi K, Naito T. Comorbidities and the use of comedications in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Japan: A cross-sectional study using a hospital claims database. BMJ Open 2018; 8(6).

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48. Abebe SM, Getachew A, Fasika S, Bayisa M, Demisse AG, Mesfin N. Diabetes mellitus among HIV- infected individuals in follow-up care at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMJ Open 2016;

6(8).

49. de Arruda Jr ER, Lacerda HR, Moura LCRV, et al. Risk factors related to hypertension among patients in a cohort living with HIV/AIDS. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010; 14(3): 281-7.

50. Vilela FD, de Lorenzo AR, Tura BR, et al. Risk of coronary artery disease in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011; 15(6): 521-7.

51. Cristelli MP, Trullàs JC, Cofán F, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of mild chronic renal failure in HIV- infected patients: influence of female gender and antiretroviral therapy. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018; 22(3): 193-201.

52. Torres TS, Cardoso SW, Velasque LS, et al. Aging with HIV: An overview of an urban cohort in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) across decades of life. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 17(3): 324-31.

53. Monteiro P, Miranda-Filho DB, Bandeira F, et al. Is arterial stiffness in HIV-infected individuals associated with HIV-related factors? Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2012; 45(9): 818-26.

54. Calza L, Vanino E, Magistrelli E, et al. Prevalence of renal disease within an urban HIV-infected cohort in northern Italy. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2014; 18(1): 104-12.

55. Schoffelen AF, De Groot E, Tempelman HA, Visseren FLJ, Hoepelman AIM, Barth RE. Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Mainly Female HIV-Infected Subjects in Rural South Africa: Association with

Cardiovascular but Not HIV-Related Factors. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015; 61(10): 1606-14.

56. Serpa JA, Rueda AM, Somasunderam A, et al. Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Is Associated with Increased Microbial Product Translocation, Innate Immune Activation, and Reduced Immunologic

Recovery in Patients with Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017; 65(10): 1638-43.

57. Gelpi M, Afzal S, Lundgren J, et al. Higher risk of abdominal obesity, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia, but not of hypertension, in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Results from the copenhagen comorbidity in HIV infection study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018; 67(4): 579-86.

58. van Zoest RA, Wit FW, Kooij KW, et al. Higher Prevalence of Hypertension in HIV-1-Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Changes in Body Composition and Prior Stavudine Exposure. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2016; 63(2): 205-13.

59. Begovac J, Dragović G, Višković K, et al. Comparison of four international cardiovascular disease prediction models and the prevalence of eligibility for lipid lowering therapy in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Croatian Medical Journal 2015; 56(1): 14-23.

60. Višković K, Rutherford GW, Sudario G, Stemberger L, Brnić Z, Begovac J. Ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in HIV-infected patients on the Mediterranean diet. Croatian Medical Journal 2013; 54(4): 330-8.

61. Julius H, Basu D, Ricci E, et al. The burden of metabolic diseases amongst HIV positive patients on HAART attending the Johannesburg hospital. Current HIV Research 2011; 9(4): 247-52.

62. Ekali LG, Johnstone LK, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, et al. Fasting blood glucose and insulin sensitivity are unaffected by HAART duration in Cameroonians receiving first-line antiretroviral treatment. Diabetes and Metabolism 2013; 39(1): 71-7.

63. Rhee JY, Bahtila TD, Palmer D, et al. Prediabetes and diabetes among HIV-infected adults in Cameroon. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2016; 32(6): 544-9.

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64. Mohammed AE, Shenkute TY, Gebisa WC. Diabetes mellitus and risk factors in human

immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.

Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2015; 8: 197-206.

65. Lombardi R, Sambatakou H, Mariolis I, Cokkinos D, Papatheodoridis GV, Tsochatzis EA. Prevalence and predictors of liver steatosis and fibrosis in unselected patients with HIV mono-infection. Digestive and Liver Disease 2016; 48(12): 1471-7.

66. García Gonzalo MA, Santamaría Mas MI, Pascual Tomé L, Ibarguren Pinilla M, Rodríguez-Arrondo F.

Cross sectional study of comorbidities and concomitant medications in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Atencion Primaria 2017; 49(5): 286-93.

67. Galli L, Salpietro S, Pellicciotta G, et al. Risk of type 2 diabetes among HIV-infected and healthy subjects in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology 2012; 27(8): 657-65.

68. Sulyok M, Makara M, Rupnik Z, et al. Hepatic steatosis in individuals living with HIV measured by controlled attenuation parameter: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2015; 27(6): 679-85.

69. Pombo M, Olalla J, Del Arco A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy detected by echocardiography in HIV-infected patients. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2013; 24(6): 558-61.

70. Bauer S, Wa Mwanza M, Chilengi R, et al. Awareness and management of elevated blood pressure among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in urban Zambia: a call to action. Global health action 2017; 10(1): 1359923.

71. Marbaniang IP, Kadam D, Suman R, et al. Cardiovascular risk in an HIV-infected population in India.

Heart Asia 2017; 9(2).

72. Zungsontiporn N, Ndhlovu LC, Mitchell BI, et al. Serum amyloid P (SAP) is associated with impaired brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in chronically HIV-1 infected adults on stable antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clinical Trials 2015; 16(6): 228-35.

73. Estrada V, Bernardino JI, Masiá M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and lifetime risk estimation in hiv- infected patients under antiretroviral treatment in Spain. HIV Clinical Trials 2015; 16(2): 57-65.

74. Achhra A, Mocroft A, Ross M, et al. Kidney disease in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive adults with high CD4 counts: Prevalence and predictors of kidney disease at enrolment in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. HIV Medicine 2015; 16(S1): 55-63.

75. Fabbiani M, Ciccarelli N, Tana M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness are associated with lower cognitive performance in HIV-infected patients. HIV Medicine 2013; 14(3): 136-44.

76. Levy ME, Greenberg AE, Hart R, et al. High burden of metabolic comorbidities in a citywide cohort of HIV outpatients: evolving health care needs of people aging with HIV in Washington, DC. HIV Medicine 2017;

18(10): 724-35.

77. Patel N, Veve M, Kwon S, McNutt LA, Fish D, Miller C. Frequency of electrocardiogram testing among HIV-infected patients at risk for medication-induced QTc prolongation. HIV Medicine 2013; 14(8): 463- 71.

78. Crum-Cianflone NF, Krause D, Wessman D, et al. Fatty liver disease is associated with underlying cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected persons. HIV Medicine 2011; 12(8): 463-71.

79. Okpa HO, Bisong EM, Enang OE, Monjok E, Essien EJ. Predictors of hypertension in an urban HIV- infected population at the university of Calabar teaching hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care 2017; 9: 19-24.

80. Seng R, Mutuon P, Riou J, et al. Hospitalization of HIV positive patients: Significant demand affecting all hospital sectors. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 2018; 66(1): 7-17.