APPLICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SEAWEED ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L)

APPLICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SEAWEED ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L)

Ramal Yusuf¹⁾, Hidayati Mas’ud^1), Abdul Syakur¹⁾, Yulianti Kalab²⁾, Made and Sastra¹⁾

1)Program Study Agroteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako, Palu

2)Program Study Agribusiness Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako, Palu

3) School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia

Contact Person: e-mail: ryusufus@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the effect of some types of seaweed on the growth of eggplant.

Research method using randomized block design (RBD), treatment including P0= control (Without Seaweed) P1= NPK P2= (Caulerpa sp) P3= (Sargassum sp) P4=(Eucheumea canttoii) P5= (Ulva sp). Each treatment repeated 4 times. So there are 4 X 6 amount 24 trial units. The results showed that the application of seaweed effect on plant height, number of leaves and fresh fruit weight, but has no effect on the blooming flowers, the fresh weight of the canopy and the fresh weight of the roots. Sea lettuce seaweed (Ulva sp) shown Significantly different from other treatments on fresh fruit weight observation.

Keywords : Seaweed, leaves, fruit, eggplant.

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is one of the largest seaweed producers in the world, however, the use of seaweed in the country is still limited to food products, semi-finished products, and some cosmetic products, while the use of seaweed for agriculture and horticulture is still not much done. In other countries in the world, the application of seaweed for agricultural crops has long been carried out.

In addition to containing many minerals from the sea that are needed by plants, seaweed also contains growth-promoting hormones that have been shown to increase plant growth and yields (Fornes et al., 2002). Seaweed extract contains amino acids and micro elements such as Cu , Less Fe, Zn and Mg are found in land plants. Seaweed contains alginate polysacrides, alginic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and ZPT, such as auxins, cytokines, gibberellin and abisasat acids (Yusuf et al., 2012). The content has good biological activity, facilitates and stimulates active internal factors that are not specific and regulates endogenous hormonal balance. Seaweed-based organic fertilizers have advantages over other organic fertilizers, namely in terms of high growth hormone content. This hormone is intended to stimulate growth in plants so that plants can grow, bear fruit or flower faster, more or more (Basmal, 2010).

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L) is a fruit-producing plant that is used as vegetables. Its origin is India and Sri Lanka. Tungung are closely related to potatoes and leunca, and are a bit far from tomatoes. Eggplant turns out to be very rich in minerals which are very beneficial for the immune system. Eggplant cultivation using seaweed nutrition can increase the growth and yield of eggplant. Because in seaweed nutrition there is a growth regulator or ZPT (Rukmana, 2003).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Tools and Materials.The ingredients used in this study are eggplant seeds, soil, some types of seaweed nutrition, NPK fertilizer, HVS paper, duct tape, and polybag. The tools used are sieves, basins, cameras, ordinary scales, digital scales, ruler, cutter, oven, and stationery.

Research Methods. This study was conducted in the form of a trial using a randomized block design (RBD) pattern factor with 1 factor. The details are as follows:

P0 = Control (no treatment).

P1 = NPK

P2 = (Caulerpa sp) P3 = (Sargassum sp) P4 = (EucheumA canttoni) P5 = (Ulva sp)

The treatment combination was repeated 4 times so that there were 6 x 4 equal to 24 experimental units.

Seed that is good for eggplant cultivation has the power to grow above 75%. Before being planted in the open field, eggplant seeds should be planted first. The planting medium is made from a mixture of soil, sand and compost with a ratio of 1: 1: 1. Spread the seeds over the planting medium and cover with a thin layer of soil. After that, cover the media with banana leaves and flush with water to maintain the humidity of the nursery. After 2-3 days the sprouts begin to grow into plants. After the plant is 1-1.5 months old or the plant has at least 4 leaves, the plant is ready to be moved.

Media Planting. Media planting used in this study is the land of the lolu area. The filling of polybags begins with ground sifting. For treatment of soil P1 2 kg / polybag and NPK fertilizer with a dose of 0.1 g. For treatment P2, 2 kg / polybag soil and latto seaweed nutrition with a dose of 100 ml per week. For the treatment of P3, the soil is 2 kg / polybag and the nutrient of the seaweed is 100 ml per week. For the treatment of P4 of 2 kg / polybag and nutrient of commercial seaweed with a dose of 100 ml per week. For treatment of P5 soil 2 kg / polybag and sea lettuce seaweed nutrition with a dose of 100 ml per week.

While polybag size is 14 cm x 18 cm for all treatments. Seaweed Extract. The method or method of making seaweed extracts first of all that must be prepared in advance is the tools and materials, namely: tools that can be used are digital scales, filters, heaters, scissors, spoons, blenders, 1500 ml aqua bottles and pots. While the ingredients that must be provided are Latto seaweed (Canlerpasp), Lawa-Lawa (Sargassumsp), Commercial (Eucheum canttoi), Sea Lettuce (Ulvasp) and aquades. After the above tools and materials

are available, then enter the work steps. First of all, done is to cut small seaweed using scissors. After the seaweed is cut into small pieces, enter the pot

Research Implementation

Seeding. Seed that is good for eggplant cultivation has the power to grow above 75%.

Before being planted in the open field, eggplant seeds should be planted first. The planting medium is made from a mixture of soil, sand and compost with a ratio of 1: 1: 1. Spread the seeds over the planting medium and cover with a thin layer of soil. After that, cover the media with banana leaves and flush with water to maintain the humidity of the nursery.

After 2-3 days the sprouts begin to grow into plants. After the plant is 1-1.5 months old or the plant has at least 4 leaves, the plant is ready to be moved.

Media Planting. Media planting used in this study is the land of the lolu area. The filling of polybags begins with ground sifting. For treatment of soil P1 2 kg / polybag and NPK fertilizer with a dose of 0.1 g. For treatment P2, 2 kg / polybag soil and latto seaweed nutrition with a dose of 100 ml per week. For the treatment of P3, the soil is 2 kg / polybag and the nutrient of the seaweed is 100 ml per week. For the treatment of P4 of 2 kg / polybag and nutrient of commercial seaweed with a dose of 100 ml per week. For treatment of P5 soil 2 kg / polybag and sea lettuce seaweed nutrition with a dose of 100 ml per week.

While polybag size is 14 cm x 18 cm for all treatments.Seaweed Extract. The method or method of making seaweed extracts first of all that must be prepared in advance is the tools and materials, namely: tools that can be used are digital scales, filters, heaters, scissors, spoons, blenders, 1500 ml aqua bottles and pots. While the ingredients that must be provided are Latto seaweed (Canlerpasp), Lawa-Lawa (Sargassumsp), Commercial (Eucheum canttoi), Sea Lettuce (Ulvasp) and aquades. After the above tools and materials are available, then enter the work steps. First of all, done is cutting small seaweed using scissors. After the seaweed is cut into small pieces, put the seaweed pieces into a blender.

After the seaweed is finely blended then weigh as much as 100 g. After that, put the seaweed that has been weighed 100 g into a pot and add 2 liters of distilled water, then heat using oplet with a temperature of 700C and stir with a spoon for 11/2 hours, then filter using a filter and cool. After cold enter the seaweed extracted liquid into a 1500 ml aqua bottle (Yusuf et al., 2015).

Maintenance. The maintenance activities carried out are weeding when there are wild plants or weeds that grow on the media by pulling out. Pest and disease control is carried out physically, namely by capturing and collecting types of pests that attack plants, this method is carried out every day by observing the condition of the plant. Furthermore, to control the disease by removing plants affected by the disease. Plant extraction is only done until 2 weeks after planting, so that the height and number of leaves that will be embroidered are not much different from other plants. Watering is done every 5 pm by using a bottle of 500 milli liters per plant and given according to needs.

Harvesting. Harvesting is done when the plant is 84 HST or 12 MST. Harvesting is done by removing all parts of the plant.

Observations. As for the observation parameters carried out during this study, as follows:

Plant height (cm), Number of leaves (strands) Flower blooms (days), Fresh canopy weight (g), Fresh weight of roots (g), Fresh fruit weight (g).

Data analysis. To determine the effect of treatment on observation parameters, analysis of variance (F test 5% and 1%) was carried out. If it was significant, then it would be done with a 5% Honest Real Difference test (Hanafiah, 2004).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

Plant height. At the observation of the height of eggplant treatment plants did not have a significant effect on plants aged 1, 2 and 3 MST but at the age of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 MST treatment had significant effect. that the treatment had a significant effect at the ages of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 MST. The average value of observing plant height can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Average values of plant height (cm) in ages 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 MST.

umur (MST)

Perlakuan

BNJ 5%

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

1 22.43^ab 23.68^ab 19.38^b 27.13^a 24.90^ab 27.15^a 7.0 2 25.68^ab 31.30^a 22.95^b 30.50^a 28.75^ab 31.88^a 7.21 3 27.38^b 41.25^a 26.25^b 32.75^ab 31.63^b 34.50^ab 9.16 4 31.50^b 44.00^a 29.25^b 33.75^b 33.03^b 36.50^ab 8.26 5 34.75^b 48.25^a 34.75^b 35.50^b 34.50^b 38.25^b 8.97 6 40.75^b 52.75^a 38.25^b 38.75^b 38.25^b 41.50^b 7.73 7 48.00^b 57.00^a 42.75^b 44.50^b 34.00^b 45.25^b 6.67 8 53.25^ab 62.75^a 50.00^b 51.25^b 47.00^b 50.50^b 10.8 9 55.50^ab 64.50^a 52.00^a 53.25^b 49.50^b 52.25^b 10.7 Ket: The average followed by the same letter is no different in the BNJ test at 5% level.

BNJ test results are 5% on T

The 5% BNJ test results in Table 1 show that the treatment was not significant at 1, 2 and 3 MST observations, but it was evident in the observations of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 MST. at the age of 4 MST and 5 MST P5 treatment gave the highest values, namely: 27.15 (4 MST) and 31.88 (5 MST) were not significantly different from treatment P0, P1 and P3.

At the age of 6 MST and 7 MST P1 gave the highest values, namely: 41.25 (6 MST) and 44.00 (7 MST) but not significantly different from the implementation of P3 and P5 (6MST) and P5 (7 MST). At the age of 8 MST, 9 MST and 10 MST P1 gave the highest values: 48.25 (8 MST), 52.75 (9MST) and 57.00 (10 MST) and were significantly different from other treatments. At observation 11 MST P1 gave the highest value, namely: 62.75 MST and not significantly different from P0. At the age of 12 MST P1 gave the highest value, namely: 64.50 and not significantly different from treatment P0 and P2.

Number of leaves. The data of the observation of the number of eggplant leaves, the treatment had no significant effect at the ages of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 MST but significantly affected at the age of 10, 11 and 12 MST. The average value of observing the number of leaves can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Average Number of Eggplant Leaves (Strands) in Age 10, 11 and 12 MST.

umur (MST)

Perlakuan

BNJ 5%

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

1 20.00^ab 24.50^a 18.25^b 19.75^b 18.50^b 19.00^b 5.71 2 25.75^ab 31.00^a 22.25^b 25.00^ab 21.50^b 25.50^ab 9.15 3 28.25^ab 32.50^a 23.75^b 27.00^ab 23.50^b 27.25^ab 8.7 Ket: The average followed by the same letter is no different in the BNJ test at 5% level.

BNJ 5% test results in Table 2 show that the treatment had no significant effect at the ages of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 MST and at the age of 10 MST P1 gave the highest value of 24.50 and not significantly different with P0 different from other treatments. At age 11 MST and 12 MST P1 gave the highest value compared to other treatments, namely: 31.00 (11 MST) and 32.50 (12 MST) and not significantly different from treatment P0, P3 and and P5. Fresh fruit weight. Based on data from fresh fruit weight observation, NPK fertilizer and several types of real seaweed nutrition on 12 MST observations. The average value of fresh fruit weight can be seen in table 3.

Table 3. Average Fresh Weight of Fruits in Eggplant Plants (cm) in Age 12 MST.

Perlakuan UMUR TANAMAN

12 MST

P0 82.99^b

P1 84.55^b

P2 80.93^b

P3 95.80^ab

P4 103.45^ab

P5 171.15^a

BNJ 5% 79.1

Ket: The average followed by the same letter in the same column does not differ in the 5%

BNJ test.

The 5% BNJ results in Table 3 show that P5 gives the highest yield of 171.15 and is not significantly different from the treatment of P3 and P4.

Discussion. From the observations carried out the treatment had no significant effect on the observation of blooming flowers, fresh canopy weight and fresh weight of roots but on plant height parameters showed that the treatment was not real

observation of 1, 2 and 3 MST, but it was evident in observation 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 MST while observing the number of eggplant leaves, the treatment had no significant effect at the age of 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 MST but significantly affected at the age of 10, 11 and 12 MST.

Based on BNJ 0.05% in tables 1 and 2 shows that the observation parameters of plant height and number of leaves indicate that P1 gives the highest value compared to other treatments. There will still be high plant observations at the age of 4 MST and 5 MST P5 treatment giving the highest values: 27.15 (4 MST) and 31.88 (5 MST) not significantly different from treatment P0, P1 and P3. At the age of 6 MST and 7 MST P1 gave the highest values, namely: 41.25 (6 MST) and 44.00 (7 MST) but not significantly different from the implementation of P3 and P5 (6MST) and P5 (7 MST). At the age of 8 MST, 9 MST and 10 MST P1 gave the highest values: 48.25 (8 MST), 52.75 (9MST) and 57.00 (10

MST) and were significantly different from other treatments. At observation 11 MST P1 gave the highest value, namely: 62.75 MST and not significantly different from P0. At the age of 12 MST P1 gave the highest value: 64.50 and was not significantly different from treatment P0 and P2 while in the observation of the number of leaves aged 10 MST P1 gave the highest value, namely: 24.50 and was not significantly different from P0 different from other treatments. At age 11 MST and 12 MST P1 gave the highest value compared to other treatments, namely: 31.00 (11 MST) and 32.50 (12 MST) and not significantly different from treatment P0, P3 and and P5

Plant growth always requires nutrients in producing roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit.

The three nutrients N, P, and K have a very important role in the growth and production of plants, where these three elements interact with each other in supporting plant growth. In macro nutrients, Nitrogen is absolutely present for the continuity of plant growth and development and is needed in large quantities. Plants absorb N mostly in the form of NO3- and NH4 ions + Little Urea through leaves

NO3- and NH4 + A little Urea through the leaves and a little amino acid soluble in water.

Plants containing enough N will show the color of dark green leaves which means high chlorophyll content in leaves. Conversely, if plants are deficient or deficient in N, the leaves will turn yellow (chlorosis) because of chlorophyll exchange. Plant growth is slow, weak and plants become dwarf can also be caused by deficiency N. Important functions for for in plants are in the process of photosynthesis, respiration, energy transfer and storage, division and enlargement of cells and processes in other plants. fruits, vegetables, whole grains and are very important in the formation of seeds.Phosphorus helps accelerate root development and germination, can improve the efficiency of water use, increase resistance to disease which ultimately improves the quality of yields.Its important function in plant growth is its effect on efficiency use of water.The process of opening and closing the pores of the plant leaves, stomata, is controlled by the concentration of K in the cells that are found around the stoma. K levels are not enough (deficient) can cause stomatas to open only partially and become slower in closing (Kuruseng and Hamzah, 2011).

The result of 0.05% BNJ test in Table 3 shows that the treatment has a significant effect on the observation parameters of fresh fruit weight indicating that P5 gives the highest yield of 171.15 and is not significantly different from the treatment of P3 and P4. which is produced, the better the plant growth and the better absorbed nutrients. This shows that the growth of fresh weight of plant fruits is determined by genetic factors of each plant variety, also influenced by environmental factors. This is also caused by the content of auxin compounds in plant tissues having more than one form of chemical compound. However, active compounds that are believed to play a role in regulating plant growth include the formation of stems, leaves, flowers, fruit and roots.

According to Mukhlis and Anggorowati (2011), the large number of leaves formed means that the leaf area becomes wider, the ability of the leaves to receive light for photosynthesis is greater in producing carbohydrates and translocated to the fruit so that it affects the size and weight of the eggplant fruit. Furthermore, according to Aryanti (2012), explains that auxin will increase the content of organic and inorganic substances in cells. Subsequently these substances will be converted into proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and other complex molecules. These compounds will form tissues and organs, so that the wet weight

and dry weight of the plant increases. Auxin can increase the osmotic pressure of plants so as to increase the process of water absorption by plants. Auxin will soften the cell wall so that there is an increase in water absorption by the cell thus it can be said that an increase in metabolic processes in onion plants causes an increase in the formation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats which in the end the yield potential can be increased. Auxin is a growing substance that encourages cell elongation and enlargement, so auxin also affects dry weight gain.

The water content of leaf cells is one of the factors that have an important role in the metabolic process of plants, as stated by Gardner et al (1991) that the water content of cells must be kept high to ensure the effects of stress that will reduce metabolic processes and limit plant growth. Furthermore, Ufiyani (2003), that plants can absorb nutrients including growth regulating substances from all plant cell surfaces. The presence of nutrient absorption that takes place on almost all plant surfaces causes the competency of cells or tissues to grow and develop to form larger new organs so that the formation of shoots and leaves becomes more numerous.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion.

Based on the description of the research results above it can be concluded that:

The application of seaweed has a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves and fresh fruit weight, but has no effect on blooming flowers, fresh canopy weight and fresh root weight.

The treatment of P1 gave the highest value compared to other treatments and was not significantly different from P0 and P2 in observing plant height while in the practice of the number of P1 leaves gave the highest value compared to other treatments but not significantly different from treatment P0, P3 and P5.

Treatment P5 gives the highest value compared to other treatments and is not significantly different from the treatment of P3 and P4 in observing fresh fruit weight.

Suggestion. To increase the growth of eggplant plants, you should use NPK fertilizer and Sea Lettuce seaweed nutrition for fruit formation. Need further research by increasing

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