The thesis was created in 2020 and is a product of the time and space in which it was created. Chapter three uses the Proclamation of the Korean Empire (대한제국) as a historical springboard.
Western and Korean Attitudes About the World
European public law to provide a sense of how Westerners viewed themselves compared to those who lived in the rest of the world. A noteworthy parallel should be pointed out: the manner in which the Sadae (사대) order placed China at the center of the civilized world from an East Asian perspective was mirrored from a certain Western perspective.
Religious Attitudes
Confucianism's increasing importance, and it is the interplay and conflicts between Confucianism and Christianity that led to the Byeong-in yangyo (병인양요). As Catholic missionaries proselytized, they could be seen to have an agenda that directly contradicted acceptable norms.
Historical Circumstances
35-40, “The attitude of the French government” for an overview of the expectations of various French stakeholders in the attack. It is quite possible that the history given in the first half of the preface was written by J.H. Both media are integral to my analysis of the Korean Empire's pavilion in the 1900s.
King Gojong (Emperor Gojong after the proclamation of the Korean Empire, 대한제국). First, at the top of the arch, you can read the Korean words for "Gate of Independence." I follow this with a consideration of the use of photography in the Korean Pavilion and how it was interpreted by visitors.
Pierre Loti's use of the color white in a Korean context fits into this collective body of. Hong Jong-u was aware of the ignorance that people outside of Korea had about his.
Henri Zuber and "Une Expédition en Corée"
Gustave Pradier and "La Corée il y a quarante ans"
Conclusion
It was a time when the challenges facing Asia were changing and the French corpus of France-Asia intersections was first expressed, we believe, in the form of the literature of the intimate." Therefore, the importance of the travel genre placed in part in the fact that it was integral in giving rise to the ideas and propositions that would later become fixed components of the Western discourse on Korea.
68 Hong Jong-u is often credited as the first Korean to set foot in Europe or to set foot in France (Li, 4, Sancho 4, Youn Dae-yeong 248). As a result, it is reasonable to conclude that Hong Jong was not the first Korean person to arrive in Europe and that he was probably not the first Korean person to arrive in France either. 70 Hong Jong's peers who mention him staying in a hotel include: Jules Hoche, in "Un assassination politique".
This is not unlike Hong Jong-u's own aspirations, but their thinking diverged in that the perpetrators of the Gapsin coup believed that this kind of sweeping change would be impossible under the "oppressive climate".
Historical Circumstances
Kim and the other coup leaders were motivated by their desire to open Korea to the world in a manner similar to the Meiji Restoration in Japan. One of the main events that appeared in the French newspapers after the final signing of the 1886 treaty was Hong Jong-u's successful assassination of Kim Ok-gyun. Within this shift occurs a more subtle change in which fears about Korean autonomy and power bubble to the surface of the dominant discourse, undermining it from within, and showing that these fears cannot be contained through the explicit language and subjugation evoked by even the most judgmental.
74 For an analysis of the production and distribution of the first generation of postcards with a view of historical monuments on the Korean Peninsula, see Hyung Il Pai's "Staging 'Koreana' for the Tourist Gaze: Imperialist Nostalgia and the Circulation of Picture Postcards" nostalgia and circulation of picture postcards).
Hong Jong-u in the French Press
A parallel effect can be seen in the way that Hong Jong-u's literary output received positive reviews in the period before his assassination of Kim Ok-gyun, but that the same works received drastically different, negative reviews after the fact. Les Étrangers en France: le Coréen Hong-Jong-Ou” largely repeats what was said in the article in Le Figaro. One of the actual leaders of that party was Kim Ok-gyun - the very man Hong Jong-u would later assassinate.
This belief in physiognomy is reflected in the last paragraph of his article on Hong Jong-u and his assassination of Kim Ok-Gyun.
Conclusion
In the fourth chapter of this dissertation, I will cast the net further into the future by asking how nineteenth-century representations of the modern present have influenced the present moment, and by analyzing the ways in which nineteenth-century novels, including the resulting works, imagined the future. by Hong Jong-u. In my next chapter, I argue that members of the Korean government were acutely aware of the various ways in which nations were constructed as imagined communities in the West in the manner described by Benedict Anderson. The Korean Pavilion at the Paris Exposition universelle (1900) The years 1897-1910 are representative of some of the most outspoken, enduring.
To conclude, I will reconsider how these apparent expressions of resistance work against the unstable binary construction of submissive/resistant discourse/counter-discourse, which is the central focus of this dissertation.
The Treaty of Shimonoseki
86 . symbols that it would represent not only to its citizens but also to those outside the. I argue that the Korean Empire's means of creating a national identity were threefold in that it 1) immediately began shedding its semiotic ties to China, 2) considered and selectively modeled itself after the Meiji Restoration's model of Westernization, and 3) Western nations allowed. to help it present itself more effectively to a global audience. He adds that after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the seepage of Chinese culture into Korea was considered “a great cause for national weakness and unfavorable to their [the.
In this context of abandoning semiotic ties with China while simultaneously trying to thwart the efforts of Japan and other foreign countries to appropriate it, the Korean Empire engaged in spectacular display through photography and architecture.
Imperial Korean Photography
This was partly due to the second fact that foreign photographers were allowed to capture the image of Gojong and his son. This led to an incredible abundance of photographs of the people of Northeast Asia being produced in that century. The painting of backgrounds, the arrangement of props, the preparation of the negative and the hand coloring of the print involved many.
Nadar was one of the most revolutionary photographers of his time and certainly an innovator in his own right.
Imperial Korean Architecture
In Monuments and Memory in French Nationalism, Avner Ben-Amos discusses the troubled history of the Arc de Triomphe. 34 "correct" identity of the nation and the winner is able to impose his views on this identity. Hangeul was invented and introduced to the Korean people by King Sejong during the mid-fifteenth century as an easier and more logical alphabet for the Korean language than using Chinese characters.
As Ben-Amos said in the quote above, arguments about symbolic representation are actually arguments about the "correct" identity of the nation.
Paris Exposition universelle
The Korean government built a pavilion of unusual architecture inspired by the imperial courtrooms of the past. As far as I know, there are no surviving records of the photographic images that were exhibited in the Korean Pavilion at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. In keeping with what we have seen as a growing trend in the nineteenth century, Quantin interweaves both text and image throughout the volume, including a small illustration of a Korean pavilion (160).
The illustration is completely absent from all the imperial iconography that the Korean Empire (대한제국) used to openly declare its autonomy.
Conclusion
There seems to be no other account of the Korean pavilion written by a French individual that manages to recognize and support the counter-discourse of resistance. In this chapter I break away from this format, and examine the representation of Korea in the form of the novel, a mode of artistic and creative production that during the nineteenth century was considered a much more serious literary genre than the newspaper (Teridman ) 144-146). For practitioners of the latter, it was all too clear that the former seemed to overwhelm them.
In addition, I analyze Hong's preface to Le Bois sec refleuri, which can be considered an open rejection of the dominant discourse of subjugation.
Pierre Loti and La Troisième jeunesse de Madame Prune
In the second part of the chapter, "À la cour", Loti discusses Empress Myeongseong's funeral at length. This political significance attached to the use of the color white in Korean national costume would later result in. In the event that the king has expressly sent you here for the purpose of marrying me, I will obey the order.
This concluding statement, the content of the narrative itself and the truth or falsity of. In the discursive context in which he produced it, the novel and its preface are indeed exemplary of the counter-discourse of resistance in action. The article describes riots in response to the Emperor's forced abdication in preparation for the eventual colonization of Korea.
Hong Jong-u Printemps parfumé
Hong Jong-u and Le Bois sec refleuri
Conclusion
One of the first features of the image that caught this writer's eye was the Korean flag prominently displayed in the background, just left of center. Prominent in the center of the flag used by the Korean Empire (대한제국), it became the most important visual representation of resistance against occupying forces during the Independence Movement. One of the many remarkable connections between Korean history and French history is that the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (PGRK; its government-in-exile) was established in the French concession in Shanghai197 and enjoyed fairly peaceful asylum there for thirteen years (John 21). .
The PGRK is the foundation of the Korean government today, and much of the resistance movement's activities took place in mainland France.
