Where: VRO: Total surface runoff volume (L),V1: surface runoff volume in water bucket 1 (L), V2: surface runoff volume in water bucket 2 (L). Soil erosion and surface runoff in different types of cultivation Type of agriculture Soil erosion (kg ha-1) Surface runoff (liter ha-1). It is consistent with research conducted by [20] that one of the determinants of surface runoff is the presence of vegetation.
CONCLUSION
Cocoa can be more effective in controlling runoff and surface erosion, this is because the canopy system in cocoa can be more effective in protecting the soil surface from the impact of rainfall. Impact of multiple vegetation covers on surface runoff and sediment yield in Nverzhai Small Basin, Hunan Province, China. Influence of vegetation species and plant properties on soil runoff and erosion: Results from a rainfall simulation study in southeastern Spain.
COVER LETTER
PART 2
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PART 1: Review Comments
Soil erosion rate and surface runfoff on various forms of culture
- Research Procedure
- Data analysis
Measurements of surface runoff and soil erosion were performed for 30 times of rain on erosion measurement plots of 2 m x 15 m with 3 replications of 3 types of cultivation on a slope of 25–40% (steep) [15]. Measurement of soil erosion and surface runoff was measured every hour. 07.00 if there had previously been rain that can cause surface runoff and erosion. To determine surface rainfall, runoff and erosion on the 3 crop types, analyzed using simple linear regression.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 Rainfall
- Soil Characteristics
- Surface runoff
- Relation between Rainfall and Surface Runoff
- Soil erosion
- Relation between Rainfall and Soil erotion
It is consistent with research conducted by [20] that one of the determinants of surface runoff is the presence of vegetation covering the soil surface. Soil erosion is the loss of topsoil (top oil) transported by water or wind. The results of soil erosion measurements for each rain event are shown in Table -3.
The results showed that the relationship between rainfall and soil erosion had a strong (positive) relationship for the 3 crop types, namely; Monoculture of peanuts, corn and cocoa (3 years old). It is further explained in Figures 4, 5 and 6. Based on (Figs. 4, 5 and 6), the correlation between rainfall and soil erosion in all types of cultivation was found to be a positive correlation (very strong). The increase in soil erosion corresponds to the amount of surface water in 3 crop types such as peanuts, corn and pure cocoa (3 years old).
Effects of soil conservation practices on soil erosion and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on cultivated slopes. Assessment of soil erosion properties in response to temperature and precipitation in a watershed during freezing and thawing. Soil erosion begins with the stage where the soil is destroyed or the soil compacts due to the collision of rainwater into small loose pieces which are then transported to other places by surface runoff.
Measurements of surface runoff and soil erosion were performed for 30 times of rain on erosion measurement plots of 2 m x 15 m with 3 repetitions on 3 types of cultivation on a slope of 25-40% (steep) [15]. Evaluation of soil erosion characteristics in response to temperature and precipitation in a freeze-thaw watershed. Soil erosion rate and surface runoff on various forms of culture Article Type Original Research Article.
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Graphs illustrating the relationship between rainfall and soil erosion in cocoa-groundnut and maize soils are clear. Cocoa planting was more effective in protecting the soil from rain with the potential to protect the soil from erosion and surface runoff. As a result of the destruction process, soil particles broken from their aggregates and nutrients will be transported to other locations by surface runoff (erosion) [3,4].
The results of soil analysis on the three forms of cultivation showed that the type of cultivation did not affect the physical properties of the soil (Table 2). Based on the results, surface runoff from the cultivated area as shown in Table -3 had different values of surface runoff. Surface runoff on the 3 types of land use observed during the study period was water flowing over the land surface, which is highly dependent on the amount of rainfall.
The value of the coefficient of determination of the effect of rainfall on other surface runoff is believed to have an effect on the increasing infiltration rate. The high erosion in peanut and corn fields is caused by the opening of the soil. The existence of human activities in land management that is not in accordance with soil conservation rules, especially on land for planting peanuts and corn, can increase erosion (Table 3). This is consistent with the view [26] that land use changes can increase erosion (Table 3). accelerate land degradation, including soil erosion, reducing productivity.
In addition to rainfall, soil erosion in the tropics is also influenced by the type and growth of vegetation and the type of soil [19]. Soil Erosion Hazard Assessment Using Land Use Change and Landslide Frequency Ratio Method: A Case Study of Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka. Effects of raindrop impact and runoff on slope soil erosion and soil aggregate loss in the Mollisol region of Northeast China.
Soil Erosion Rate and Surface Run Off on Various Forms of Culture
Imran Rachman a* and Naharuddin Naharuddin a
INTRODUCTION
It will cause land use patterns to change with growth and the percentage of land for agricultural growth causing the reduction of forest areas [2]. Land use changes for cultivation activities cause the soil surface to open up, so that rainfall can directly hit the soil surface, causing the breakdown of soil aggregates [3]. The process of land use change alongside the resulting benefits enjoyed by the community but also inseparable from the risk of soil damage due to erosion.
A commonly observed impact is the occurrence of soil damage such as reduced soil productivity, reduced soil infiltration and siltation of rivers, reservoirs and reduced capacity of irrigation canals, reduced water capacity and floods [8]. In addition to the transport of soil particles separated from their aggregates, runoff will also erode the surface of the traveled soil [10]. One of the types of land use found in the Olonjonge sub-watershed is cultivation in the form of cocoa plants and other seasonal crops. According to [11], plant traits can increase runoff and erosion rates caused by changes in cover crop vegetation. .
The decline in plant productivity is related to the decline in soil fertility due to nutrient transfer and the loss of nutrient-rich topsoil due to erosion. The Olonjonge sub-basin with an area of 3,391.43 ha is one of the priority (critical) watersheds in Central Sulawesi with a high erosion rate and a relatively large erosion value [14]. Efforts are needed to prevent and suppress erosion, research and steps are needed to determine the level/rate of erosion in the area of interest, namely the amount of soil mass lost for each period of a given unit of time.
The objective of this study was to determine the rate of erosion and runoff in 3 types of cultivation in the Olonjonge subwatershed, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study Location
- Data Analysis
- Surface Runoff
- Relation between Rainfall and Surface Runoff
- Soil Erosion
- Relation between Rainfall and Soil Erosion
The value of the coefficient of determination of the effect of rainfall on other surface runoff is believed to have an effect on the increasing infiltration rate [22]. Soil erosion is the loss of the top layer of soil transported by water or wind. The high erosion in peanut and corn fields is caused by the opening of the soil surface due to the lack of sufficient litter as ground cover [23] and the lack of leaves and a canopy system of this vegetation that can protect the soil. surface against the blows of rainfall that have a high destructive power.
The results showed that the relationship between rainfall and soil erosion had a strong (positive) relationship across the 3 types of cultivation, namely; Based on the results of the analysis in Figure 4, it was found that the correlation value (r) in peanut land was 0.90, while the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.8164. Figure 2 showed that the magnitude of the correlation value (r) in corn fields was 0.89, while the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.7856.
It is supported by [25] which concludes that the climatic conditions in this case were the amount of rainfall and the intensity of the effect of rain on soil erosion. Furthermore, the root system in cacao plants can improve soil physical properties, thus increasing soil water infiltration [28]. Effect of vegetation cover type on runoff and soil erosion in different land uses.
Soil erosion Speed and surface run off on different forms of culture Forms of culture.
ABSTRACT
Relation between Rainfall and Soil Erotion
The correlation value (r) in monoculture cocoa plantations (3 years old) was 0.87, while the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.7725. It means that the extent of surface erosion was 77.25%, determined by the rainfall conditions (Fig. 6). It is consistent with research conducted by [27] that the vegetation canopy can refract the kinetic energy of rain, which has the potential to destroy soil aggregates.
Agricultural operations with monoculture cocoa plants (3 years old) were more effective in controlling runoff and erosion than peanuts and maize. Agroforestry systems should be applied to farming systems to minimize runoff and y = 3.652x + 2.498. To reduce runoff and erosion, it is recommended to increase the vegetation of the ground cover, especially on woody plants.
COMPETING INTERESTS
