INTRODUCTION
The diversification of crop rotation and introduction of drought resistant, heat resistant crops and varieties is of importance to establish agricultural sustainability in changing climate (Choukri et al., 2022; Cui et al., 2022; Li et al., 2021). In the context of this investigation, Lens culinaris (lentil) demonstrates exemplary potential as a formidable candidate. Having several qualities as high protein content (26-31%) (Kaale et al., 2023; Sinkovič et al., 2023), good digestibility (Yasmeen et al., 2022), flexible to environmental conditions (Sehgal et al., 2021), nitrogen fixation due to symbiotic bacteria (Das et al., 2023; Basbuga et al., 2021), Lentil is more drought-resistant than most legumes, after Láthyrus and Cicer arietinum (Kaale et al., 2023).
Its consumption spans regions like the Middle East, India, North Africa, Southeast Asia, North America and Europe (Agrawal et al., 2013). Lentil also improves wheat flour (Kotsiou et al., 2023;
Singh et al., 2022).
However, its low productivity remins a significant barrier to increasing its cultivation.
The global average yield stands at about 1.0 t/
ha, ranging from 0.3 t/ha in East Africa to 1.7 t/
ha in East Asia, with an area of cultivation of 4-5.01 million hectares in the last two decates (Kaale et al., 2023). The fastest and most optimal method of increasing the average yield of lentil is bringing the main nutrients in the soil to an optimal and balanced level by applying mineral fertilizers. Their rational use and optimization of soil nutrients’ condition will allow purposefully ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Fertilizers Lens culinaris Productivity
Structural components of yield Article History:
Received: March 4, 2023 Accepted: August 1, 2023
*) Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research evaluates the influence of mineral fertilizers on structural components and the formation of productivity of various Lens culinaris varieties on dark chestnut soils of the dry-steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. The application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the doses up to P120 (P2O5 25-30 ppm) and N30-60 against the background of P90 (N-NO3 12-17 ppm) with a phosphorus content of 11-15 ppm and nitrogen 7-9 ppm at the control plots contributed to the formation of the highest yield of lentils’ varieties “Krapinka”, “Vekhovskaya”, and “Viceroy”
up to 1.44 t/ha, 1.89 t/ha, and 1.92 t/ha respectively. The increase in yield is due to an increase in the number of formed beans (up to 18.2-26.0 pcs) and the weight of seeds per plant (up to 1.04-1.23 g), which is confirmed by correlation analyses (R = 0.91; R = 0.96). The yield relationship with the number of branches is medium (R = 0.72) and with a mass of 1000 seeds from medium to high (strong) (R= 0.70-0.87). The mass of 1000 seeds is the most stable indicator of variation among the structural components of yield, regardless of the background of mineral nutrition.
ISSN: 0126-0537Accredited First Grade by Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia, Decree No: 30/E/KPT/2018
Cite this as: Chernenok, V., Persikova, T., Kaliaskar, D., & Zhanzakov, B. (2023). Assessment of structural components in the formation of productivity of different Lens culinaris varieties against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers.
AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(3), 499–512. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i3.4106
Assessment of Structural Components in the Formation of Productivity of Different Lens culinaris Varieties Against the Background of the Use of Mineral Fertilizers
Valentina Chernenok1), Tamara Persikova2), Dauren Kaliaskar3) and Bakhtiyar Zhanzakov4*)
1) Non-profit Organization “S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University”, Zhenis 62, Astana, Akmola Region 010011, Republic of Kazakhstan
2) Educational Organization “Belarusian State Agricultural Academy”, Gorky, Mogilev Region 213407, Republic of Belarus
3) LLP “Agroconsalting group”, Beskol, North Kazakstan Region 150700, Republic of Kazakhstan
4) LLP “A.I. Barayev Research and Production Center of Grain Farming”, Nauchnyi, Akmola Region 021601, Republic of Kazakhstan
managing soil fertility and the production process, thereby achieving the culture’s full potential and the varieties’ genetic potential. For a better understanding of nutrient acquisition mechanisms by Lens culinaris, it is necessary to determine which component of the crop structure contributes more to productivity, which plant part is stimulated by applying fertilizers and improving mineral nutrition, and which components of the structure are changeable, and which remain stable.
The productivity of lentil is significantly influenced by several key factors, including the number of beans per plant, the number of seeds per bean, the weight of seeds per plant, and the weight of 1000 seeds. These relationships are further supported by the strong correlations observed between yield and the mentioned structural components (Delahunty et al., 2023;
Katoch & Tripathi, 2021).
The positive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the structural components of lentil yield was noted: the mass of 1000 seeds, the number of seeds in a bean, the number of beans, opacity (Ali et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2023;
Louarn et al., 2021; Pandey et al., 2016; Sehgal et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2018). This is explained by the fact that fertilizers, namely phosphorous, stimulate flowering and fruiting, which leads to the formation of more beans and also increases the division of seed cells and the formation of fats and albumins (Kumar et al., 2022; Sharma et al., 2023). In the studies mentioned previously it is noted that different doses of phosphorus fertilizers (from 40 to 120 kg/ha) contributed to the positive effect at naturally different levels of mineral nutrition (from 2.2-9.1 ppm of P2O5 and 6-9 ppm of N-NO3). The variability of these results, given the distinct conditions of regions like the dry steppe zone with its continental arid climate, underscores the importance of tailored research in local conditions.
In Northern Kazakhstan’s conditions, several studies aimed at breeding and solving issues on lentil cultivation technology. The domestic lentil varieties “Krapinka” and “Shyrayly” (Kuzbakova et al., 2022; Oshergina & Ten, 2020) were bred.
The best tillage technologies (minimal), seeding deadlines (May 15-25), seeding norms (2.2- 2.5 million germinating seeds/ha) and methods
were studied. However, no studies have been conducted on the interaction of mineral fertilizers and structural components in the formation of lentil yield in Northern Kazakhstan.
Hence, this paper’s primary objective is to investigate the influence of mineral nutrition and fertilizer application on the structural components of yield to determine their significance in the formation of productivity and the possibility of using them in predicting the productivity of Lens culinaris.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site and Experiment Design
The research was carried out for 3 years (2018-2020) in Akmola province, Tselinograd district, on the dark chestnut carbonate clay soils located 30 km southwest of Astana. The coordinates of the experimental site are 51°18’N, 71°01’ E.
The agro-climatic zone of the study site is low humid, moderately arid with ∑t10⁰=2200–
2500⁰C (Kusainova et al., 2020) located in the main grain-growing zone of Kazakhstan.
Experiments were laid with three varieties of lentils: “Krapinka” (Sulejmenov et al., 2016),
“Vekhovskaya” (Majorova et al., 1992) and
“Viceroy” (Crop Developmnet Centere, 2003) on 10 nitrogen-phosphorus backgrounds (6 phosphorus and 4 nitrogen, including control) in 3-fold repetition. There are 90 experimental plots in total. The size of each plot is 52.5 m2 (21 × 2.5 m). The scheme of experience is shown in Table 1.
Agrotechnology of the Experiment
Nitrogen-phosphorus backgrounds were created by adding ammophos (10% N, 52% P2O5) and ammonium nitrate (34.6% N) with a seeder SZS-2.1 (Russia) to a depth of 12-14 cm, followed by rolling.
Sowing of crops was carried out at the optimal time for the dry steppe zone (May 15- 20). The preceding crop is the second wheat after fallow. Lentils were sown at the rate of 2.2 million germinating seeds per ha.
Crop accounting was done by collecting sheaves from 1 m2 in 6-fold repetition, followed by threshing using the Wintersteiger LD 180 (Austria).
Table 1. The experiment design of the field research Variety of lentils Treatment Fertilizer
Krapinka 1 О (no fertilizers)
2 Р60
3 Р90
4 Р120
5 Р150
6 Р180
7 Р90N30 8 P90N60 9 P90N30
10 N30
Vekhovskaya 1 О (no fertilizers)
2 Р60
3 Р90
4 Р120
5 Р150
6 Р180
7 Р90N30 8 P90N60 9 P90N30
10 N30
Viceroy 1 О (no fertilizers)
2 Р60
3 Р90
4 Р120
5 Р150
6 Р180
7 Р90N30 8 P90N60 9 P90N30
10 N30
Soil Studies
To study the content and dynamics of soil moisture and nutrients, samples were taken on a control plot to a 0-100 cm depth every 20 cm of soil (GOST 17.4.4.02-84., 2008). Samples were also taken from all fertilized plots to a depth of 0-20 and 20-40 cm from 5 points on each plot to study the effect of fertilizers on soil fertility. In the selected samples, soil moisture was determined by the weight method (GOST 28268-89, 2005), humus
according to Tyurin (GOST 26213-91, 1991), the pH of the aqueous extract was measured with ion selective electrode on the ionomer – I 160 MI (GOST 26483-85, 1994), nitrate nitrogen on the nitrate analyzer 150.1 MI (GOST 26951-86, 1992), mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium from one extract according to Machigin (GOST 26205-91, 1991), absorbed Ca2+, Mg2+ by the trilonometric method (the method is based on the property of Trilon B [the disodium salt of ethylenediaminoacetic acid] to give exceptionally stable complex compounds with divalent metal ions, including calcium and magnesium) (GOST 26428-85, 1985).
Statistical Analysis
All soil and plant samples were taken in 2-fold repetition from each plot. More than 1000 analytical soil samples and 360 plant samples were analyzed annually.
The structural analysis of lentil was carried out in 6-fold replication according to the experimental method. The following indicators were determined:
the number of branches, the number of beans, the weight of seeds from a plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, the water content of beans, and the ratio of grain to straw (Dospekhov, 1985).
The mathematical processing of the obtained data was performed using the methodology of Dospekhov (Dospekhov, 1985) with the application of Microsoft Excel software package and data analysis functions. The coefficients of variation were determined, and correlation graphs depicting the relationship between lentil productivity and the indicators of the yield structure were constructed. The Least Significant Difference at a 95 % confidence level (LSD0.95) of the yield was calculated .
When assessing the strength of the correlation coefficients, the Cheddock scale was used, where 0-0.3 is interpreted as a very weak correlation, 0.3-0.5 is weak, 0.5-0.7 is medium, 0.7-0.9 is high (strong), 0.9-1.0 is very high (very strong).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil and Climate Conditions
Weather conditions within a year had a significant effect of the productivity of Lens culinaris, the protein content in seeds, stem length, plant productivity and other elements of the crop structure.
The analysis of the weather conditions of the three years (2018-2020) of conducting experiments showed the unevenness of precipitation and their distribution during the agricultural year and the growing season.
Precipitation amounts of the autumn-winter- spring period were 156 mm, 145.3 mm, and 141.6 mm, respectively, in the years of the study (2018- 2020), with an annual average of 141 mm. The previous year’s precipitation allowed a sufficient supply of productive moisture in the meter profile in the pre-sowing period: 155.2-175.2 mm in 2018 and 148.3-149.4 mm in 2019. The lack of precipitation in summer in 2019 and the low level of autumn-winter precipitation caused low moisture reserves in the spring of 2020, only 114.2-118.9 mm.
The precipitation of the growing seasons (2018-2020) was lower than the long-term (165 mm) values: 139.6 mm, 56.9 mm and 146.4 mm, respectively (Fig. 1). A small amount of precipitation was accompanied by an increased temperature background in 2019-2020, and in 2018 the temperature was at and below the long- term indicators, which affected the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). The calculation of HTC showed that the growing season of 2018 was favorable HTC
= 0.95, 2019 was acutely arid HTC = 0.31, and 2020
was moderately arid HTC = 0.72 according to the Cherenkov and Zolotokrylin gradation (Cherenkova
& Zolotokrylin, 2016).
The amount of precipitation, distribution, and temperature background affected the reserves of productive soil moisture and its consumption during the growing season. For instance, in 2018 and 2019, the reserves of productive moisture decreased by the branching phase. However, in 2020, they increased due to heavy precipitation in late June – early July, which affected the further growth, development, and formation of the lentil yield. In the flowering phase in 2018 and 2020, the reserves of productive moisture were at a good level, but in 2019, the lack of precipitation reduced them to 55.7- 72.6 mm in the meter layer and the 0-40 cm layer to 4.9 mm. This amount was not enough for the further development of plants. There was an early aging of Lens culinaris, a shortening of the period from flowering to maturation.
Studies of agrochemical indicators of soil fertility have shown that the dark chestnut, carbonate, clay soil of the experimental site contains humus 2.95-3.02%, gross nitrogen 0.17%, phosphorus 0.15%, the sum of absorbed bases (Ca + Mg) 22-26 mg eq/100 g of soil, pH slightly alkaline (more than 8.0).
Fig. 1. Hydrothermal conditions of the growing seasons of 2018-2020
Nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3) was at average level 7.6-9.3 ppm of soil in a layer of 0-40 cm, mobile phosphorus (P2O5) was low 10.3-15.4 ppm of soil in a layer of 0-20 cm according to Chernenok (Chernenok et al., 2017; Kurishbayev et al., 2020), potassium (K2O) was high 822- 971 ppm in a layer of 0-20 cm. Applying mineral fertilizers increased the nitrogen content in the soil to 18.4-22.6 ppm and phosphorus to 32.0- 38.7 ppm.
The creation of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus availability due to the application of fertilizers allowed us to study the responsiveness of lentil and its varieties to improve mineral nutrition, the dynamics and the contribution of structural components in the formation of yields.
Structural Components of Lens culinaris Productivity
One of the components of the lentil yield structure is the number of branches (Table 2).
The largest number of branches on natural and fertilized backgrounds distinguished the “Krapinka”
variety. There was an increase in the number of branches per plant from 4.6 (control) to 7.1 pcs for phosphorus backgrounds (P90-120). Their nitrogen number is lower to 5.9 pcs per plant for background P90N30.
The “Vekhovskaya” variety was distinguished by a smaller number of branches among the studied varieties. The number of branches on the control background was less than that of the “Krapinka”
variety by almost 1.5 – 3.2 pcs/plant, versus 4.6 pcs, and less than that of the “Viceroy” variety (4.0 pcs). This pattern has been observed in all years and is explained by the biological characteristics of the varieties. With fewer branches, the
“Vekhovskaya” variety had them more massive and bushier. Against the plots of applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, there was a slight increase in the number of branches to 4.0-4.4 pcs according to plots P90 and P90N30. The “Viceroy” variety had an average number of branches (4.0 pcs/plants), and the best results for plots P120 (5.8 pcs) and P90N60 (5.6 pcs).
On fertilized plots, the number of branches increased by 54.3% for the “Krapinka” variety, 37.5% for the “Vekhovskaya” variety, and 45.0%
for the “Viceroy” variety. However, when reaching
high levels of available forms of batteries for plots P150-180 and P90N60-90 with content of P2O5 of more than 30 ppm and N-NO3 of more than 17 ppm, the number of branches decreased.
An integrated nutrient management approach, combining synthetic and organic fertilizers with foliar sprays, resulted in a 56.8%
increase in seed yield compared to the control and enhanced nutrient dynamics. This was observed in a field study conducted during the winter seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Agricultural Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University in Hisar, India. Given the substantial influence of environmental conditions on Lens culinaris, as noted in our research, such fertilization strategies, paired with appropriate cultivar selection (Kumar et al., 2022).
According to the experience of the “Krapinka”
variety, the average number of beans was 17.0 pcs. As the phosphorus nutrition improved, there was a gradual increase in the number of beans (up to a background of P120 with a phosphorus content of 24.8-27.4 ppm of P2O5) i.e. 20.2 pcs.
With nitrogen fertilizers, the background of P90N30 was distinguished as 19.1 pcs, with a nitrogen content of nitrates at 12.1-14.1 ppm.
The average number of beans of the
«Vekhovskaya» variety in the experiment was 15.8 pcs and increased from 12.6 pcs at the control to 17.8 for plot P180 and with nitrogen fertilizers to 18.2 pcs for plots P90N60 with a nitrogen content of 16-17 ppm. The variety “Viceroy” differed in the largest number of beans from 18.5 at the control (O) to 26.0 pcs for phosphoric plots (P120 27.8 ppm of P2O5) and up to 25.6 pcs for nitrogen (P90N30 12-15 ppm of N-NO3). The increase in the number of beans relative to the control of fertilized plots has reached: according to the grade “Krapinka”
64.2%, according to “Vekhovskaya” 44.4%, according to “Viceroy” 40.5%.
One or another level of productivity of lentil is created due to the different development of productivity components: the number of branches, beans, grain weight from one plant, weight of 1000 seeds (Sehgal et al., 2021). The lowest seed weight from one plant in the variety
“Krapinka” is 0.9 d by experience. Relative to the control, there was an increase in the weight of seeds from one plant from 0.66 g at the control to 1.02 g (P90N30) and 1.04 g or +57.6% (P120).
Table 2. The effect of fertilizers on the structural components of yield and productivity of lentils, an average of 3 years (2018-2020) Inoculated (kg/ha)
---Krapinka------Vekhovskaya------Viceroy---
Yield per unit (t/ha)
---Quantity------Weight---
Yield per unit (t/ha)
----Quantity-------Weight---
Yield per unit (t/ha)
---Quantity------Weight---
Branches (pcs)
Beans (pcs)
Grains (g) 1000 seeds (g)
Branches (pcs)
Beans (pcs)
Grains (g) 1000 seeds (g)
Branches (pcs)
Beans (pcs)
Grains (g) 1000 seeds (g)
О0.944.612.30.6639.31.353.212.60.7663.91.184.018.50.8034.7 Р601.185.717.50.8037.71.573.414.80.8963.11.594.222.31.0434.2 Р901.297.117.10.9038.31.774.016.01.0163.71.724.523.01.1434.6 Р1201.447.120.21.0438.11.893.615.81.0164.51.925.826.01.2334.5 Р1501.325.716.90.8838.31.893.816.01.0662.81.865.724.41.1835.0 Р1801.276.917.20.9539.21.954.417.81.0863.71.885.721.71.1034.7 Р90N301.445.919.11.0239.11.854.417.41.0063.71.965.425.61.1434.4 P90N601.395.918.50.9539.41.934.418.21.2063.41.835.625.41.1135.0 P90N901.425.016.00.9839.31.934.114.60.8863.31.824.422.91.0635.7 N301.134.715.60.8439.01.523.314.80.8264.61.344.021.60.9435.4 Average1.285.817.00.9038.81.763.915.81.0063.71.714.923.11.134.8 ± m±0.8±2.3±14.90.8±2.1±1.0±1.3±12.4±0.7±6.8±1.02±2.1±16.8±0.7±3.5 CV (%)62.139.287.387.05.457.234.078.670.410.759.642.572.468.110.0 Remarks: * LSD0.95 (yield per unit): Krapinka 0.14 t/ha (m 3.2 %); Vekhovskaya 0.1 t/ha (m 1.6%); Viceroy 0.11 t/ha (2.0%)
The average weight of seeds from a plant, according to experience, differed from the variety
“Vekhovskaya” (1.0 g). Against the plots of the introduction of phosphorus fertilizers, the weight of seeds on one plant grew from 0.76 g on the control (O) to phosphorus plots P120-150 was 1.06-1.08 g, and on nitrogen plots up to P90N60 was 1.20 g or 57.9%.
According to experience, the “Viceroy” variety has a higher weight of seeds from the plant (1.1 g). On the control (O) was 0.80 g, on a phosphorous plot P120 was 1.23 g or 53.7%, and a nitrogen plot P90N30 was 1.14 g.
However, in studies of Suvorova et al.
(2021) conducted in 2019-2020 with lentil varieties
“Flamenco” and “Aida” on dark gray forest soils (Russian Fediration, Oryol region) with a humus content of 5%, P2O5 and K2O from 93 to114.5 and from 57 to 97 ppm of soil, there was no significant varietal effect on the weight of seeds from the plant.
An equally important structural component of yield was the mass of 1000 seeds. Studies on southern chernozems in the Akmola region with 100 lentil cultivars showed that 1000 seeds of lentil cultivars from the studied collection varied from 24 to 81.41 g (Kuzbakova et al., 2022), and that confirmed our results.
The mass of 1000 seeds was the most stable component of the lentil yield structure and varied widely between varieties. The largest mass of 1000 seeds was in the “Vekhovskaya” variety i.e.
63.7 g (large-seeded variety), in the “Krapinka”
and “Viceroy” varieties (small-seeded varieties) significantly less than 38.8 g and 34.8 g, respectively.
The mass of 1000 seeds did not change against the applied fertilizers. However, the large mass of 1000 seeds of the “Vekhovskaya”
variety initially adjusted the formation of yield, which explains the better productivity against the background of other lower indicators of structural components of yield in this variety.
Studies conducted on mountain chestnut soils of southern Azerbaijan with 10 varieties and lines of lentil found that the fertility of lentil flowers improves against the background of mineral fertilizers (Narimanly, 2022). In these studies, the calculation of the direct result of flowers’ fertility, namely, the grain of beans, showed that the variety
“Viceroy” has the highest grain i.e. 96.1%, the variety “Krapinka” was 95.8%, the “Vekhovskaya”
was 80.8%. There is a varietal aspect of this factor.
The low grain–to–straw ratio or economic significance is distinguished by the variety
“Vekhovskaya” was 0.6, “Viceroy” was 0.7, in the variety “Krapinka” was 0.9. The variety
“Vekhovskaya” forms more (vegetative mass) straw than grain. This indirectly indicates its greater plant height and volume, making it more convenient for mechanical cleaning.
In a three-year study conducted in the southeast of Kazahstan (2017-2019), researchers investigated 31 lentil varieties to ascertain high- yielding candidates suitable for breeding (Saikenova et al., 2021). The latter research, demonstrated the impact of growing conditions (irrigated vs. dryland) on the productivity of lentils, which is consistent with our findings on the influence of environmental conditions on Lens cilinaris. Furthermore, the absence of irrigation led to a decrease in the number of beans per plant particularly affecting the small seeded group, a trend also noted in the driest year of our srudy in 2019. Plant height in both large- seeded and small-seeded varietis was reduced in dryland, aligning with our observation of stunted growth in similar conditions.
Calculations showed that the coefficients of variation in the mass of 1000 lentil seeds against the background of fertilization, on average for three years, according to experience, did not exceed 5.4% for the “Krapinka” variety, 10.7% for the “Vekhovskaya” variety, 10.0% for the “Viceroy”
variety. The coefficients of variation in the number of branches were 39.2% for the “Krapinka” variety, 34.0% for the “Vekhovskaya” variety and 42.5% for the “Viceroy” variety. The coefficients of variation in the number of beans and the weight of seeds from the plant reached 87.0%, 87.3% for the “Krapinka”
variety, 70.4%, 78.6% for the “Vekhovskaya”
variety, 68.1% and 72.4% for the “Viceroy” variety, respectively. High values of the coefficients of variation of structural components in varieties indicated a strong influence of climatic conditions, which predetermined the productivity in general and responsiveness of lentil to improve mineral nutrition on fertilized backgrounds and caused the formation of additional branches, flowers, the ovary of beans was formed, which contributed to higher yields.
This experiment shows that the additional yield of lentil was formed due to improved structural components. Thus, the highest yield and increase was obtained by the level of phosphorus, which
ensured the formation of the largest number of beans and the mass of seeds from the plant. This is a background of P120 with content of 25-30 ppm of P2O5. The average yield against this plot for three years in the variety “Krapinka” was 1.44 t/
ha, “Vekhovskaya” was 1.89 t/ha and “Viceroy” was 1.92 t/ha. According to nitrogen plots, the highest yield was formed in the variety “Viceroy” 1.96 t/
ha, “Vekhovskaya” 1.93 t/ha, “Krapinka” 1.44 t/ha on plots P90N30-60 with a nitrogen content of 12 to 17 ppm of N-NO3. The increase from phosphorus fertilizers reached 0.5-0.74 t/ha or 53-62%; for nitrogen fertilizers, 0.15-0.24 t/ha or 9-14%.
Studies have revealed several features of Lens culinaris. First, by applying fertilizers and improving mineral nutrition, the structural components of lentil grew to a certain level. At higher backgrounds of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, they decreased, which is explained by the achievement of optimum and a further excess of nutrients. Here, Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
applies (Tang & Riley, 2021), and it is supplemented by Shelford's Law of Tolerance (Erofeeva, 2021).
Second, there is a steady difference in the number of branches by variety. Third, the mass of 1000 seeds did not change from applying mineral fertilizers but had stable varietal differences. Fourth, the number of seeds in the beans did not exceed two pieces for all varieties. These features are biological. It was found that the number of seeds in a bean varies from 1 to 3 pieces, and it does not fluctuate against the background of various factors (Suvorova et al., 2021).
Correlation Analysis
Correlation analysis showed a medium relationship between the yield of lentil with the number of branches R = 0.72 (Fig. 2), a strong relationship with the number of beans R= 0.91 (Fig. 3), a very strong relationship with the number of seeds from the plant R = 0.96 (Fig. 4), which is consistent with the results of Marakaeva (2019).
Fig. 2. Relationship of the number of branches with yield (2018-2020)
Fig. 3. Relationship of the number of beans with yield (2018-2020)
Fig. 4. Relationship of seed mass from a plant with yield (2018-2020)
A correlation analysis to identify the relationship between the mass of 1000 seeds and the yield of lentil was carried out by varieties (Fig.
5, Fig. 6, and Fig. 7) since changes in the mass of 1000 seeds in the context of years have an individual varietal pattern, which was not observed for other structural components of yield. The relationship between the mass of 1000 seeds and the yield of lentil varies by variety. A strong relationship between yield and the weight of 1000 seeds was noted for the varieties “Krapinka” (R = 0.82) and “Vehovskaya” (R
= 0.87), medium (R = 0.70) for the variety “Viceroy”.
These results once again confirm the hypothesis, on which this work was formed, namely, about the unequal influence of the structural
components of lentil in the formation of productivity, their variability against the background of fertilization, and explains exactly what the improvement of mineral nutrition conditions affected, and due to which one or another yield was formed.
The features of the structural components of lentil make it possible to use the mass of seeds from the plant, the number of beans forming, the mass of 1000 seeds, the number of branches, the grain and economic significance as a criterion for the potential productivity of the variety, line, to determine the effects of technology and agrotechnical measures, which allow them to give additional estimates. In the future, comprehensive research in this direction will be continued.
Fig. 5. Negative correlations of the mass of 1000 seeds of the “Krapinka” variety with yield (2018-2020)
Fig. 6. Relationship of the mass of 1000 seeds of the “Vekhovskaya” variety with the yield (2018-2020)
Fig. 7. Nonlinear relationship of the mass of 1000 seeds of the “Viceroy” variety with yield (2018-2020)
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that out of the six studied components, against the background of improving the conditions of mineral nutrition, the most significant contribution to the formation of lentil productivity in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan was made by the number of formed beans (R = 0.91), the weight of seeds on the plant (R = 0.96). The mass of 1000 seeds (R = 0.70-0.87) and the number of branches (R = 0.72) were less significant.
The mass of 1000 seeds, the number of branches, the grain content, and the ratio of grain to straw had a pronounced varietal character, which also affected the yield. Combining the most important components formed on optimal backgrounds of mineral nutrition ensures maximum productivity of Lens culinaris. The results of this research show that lentil should be cultivated in areas with 12-17 ppm of N-NO3 and 25-30 ppm of P2O5 in the soil.
Using indicators of the number of beans and the weight of seeds from the plant allows us to evaluate the productivity of varieties and lines to determine measures for forming high yields of Lens culinaris.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was published within the framework of internal grant funding of the Kazakh Agrotechnical University named after Saken Seifullin: 0123RKD0001 “The use of remote sensing – vegetation indexes – to increase the efficiency of the breeding process in the comparative study of the potential of cultivars of crops on the example of lentils”.
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