Komoditas : Serealia Tahun 2004-2008 (100 judul)
Matthias Knodler, Maike Most, Andreas Schieber, Reinhold Carle, A novel approach to authenticity control of whole grain durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) flour and pasta, based on analysis of alkylresorcinol composition, Food Chemistry, Volume 118, Issue 1, 1 January 2010, Pages 177- 181, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.080.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W6Y5PV- 3/2/2da55af26ce1898a7bd5c7a48559d4b0)
Abstract:
Since durum wheat is ~20% more expensive than common wheat and considered of superior quality for the manufacture of pasta products, efficient methods for the detection of accidental or intentional admixtures of common wheat to durum wheat products are required. This paper describes a novel approach for the detection and quantification of whole grain common wheat adulteration in whole grain durum flour and dried pasta. We found that differences in the C17:0 to C21:0 alkylresorcinol homologue ratios between the two cereal species may serve as a suitable tool for whole grain durum product authentification. To detect and estimate adulteration, the C17:0/C21:0 ratios of flour and pasta admixtures with added whole grain flour of common wheat were analysed. A linear relationship between C17:0/C21:0 ratios and level of admixture in pasta samples showed that adulteration can be estimated within the range of 5-100% of admixture.
Furthermore, di- and triunsaturated as well as oxygenated alk(en)ylresorcinols are reported to occur in Triticum durum Desf. for the first time.
Keywords: Alkylresorcinols; Triticum durum Desf.; T. aestivum L.; Homologue composition; Whole grain pasta; Adulteration
Antonia Garrido Frenich, Jose Luis Martinez Vidal, Roberto Romero-Gonzalez, Maria del Mar Aguilera-Luiz, Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, Food Chemistry, Volume 117, Issue 4, 15 December 2009, Pages 705-712, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.045.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W4CWTB- 6/2/83544549850c98ec47f8b7e87d7a2930)
Abstract:
A rapid, reliable and sensitive method was developed to determine 12 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, fumonisins B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, HT-2 and T-2 toxin and zearalenone) simultaneously in maize, walnuts, biscuits and breakfast cereals. The method is based on a single extraction step using acetonitrile/water mixture (80/20 v/v) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).
The selectivity of the MS/MS detection allowed the elimination of further clean up steps.
Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimised in order to increase sample throughput and sensitivity. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification and recoveries of the extraction process ranged from 70.0% and 108.4%, with relative standard deviations lower than 25% in all the cases, when samples were fortified at 5 and 50 [mu]g/kg. Limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 2.1 [mu]g/kg and limits of quantification ranged from 0.03 to 6.30 [mu]g/kg, which were always below the tolerance levels of mycotoxins set by European Union in the matrices evaluated. Several samples were analysed and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and T-2 toxin were detected in one maize sample, with concentrations lower than 6.0 [mu]g/kg and deoxynivalenol was detected in a breakfast cereal at 42.1 [mu]g/kg.
Keywords: Mycotoxins; Food analysis; Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; Tandem mass spectrometry; Sample throughput
Carmen Cabrera-Vique, Paula R. Bouzas, Chromium and manganese levels in convenience and fast foods: In vitro study of the dialyzable fraction, Food Chemistry, Volume 117, Issue 4, 15 December 2009, Pages 757-763, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.060.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W6XW2X- 6/2/4b8ae9014b517a033d389ea66c672326)
Abstract:
Chromium and manganese presence was determined in a total of 170 samples of convenience and fast foods widely consumed in Spain. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used as analytical technique. Reliability of the procedure was checked. Cr levels ranged from 0.01 to 1.10 [mu]g/g (fresh weight of edible portion). The most elevated levels were found in beef and pork based-food, food with a greater content of spices and aromatic herbs, whole cereals, dry fruits and cheese. Mn levels ranged from 0.15 to 2.90 [mu]g/g (fresh weight of edible portion). The most elevated levels of Mn were found in chicken and pork-based foods and sauces. Mean Cr and Mn dialyzable fraction estimated by in vitro assays ranged from 0.38% to 1.05% and from 7.75%
to 15.60%, respectively. These findings revealed that certain convenience and fast foods contribute a considerable fraction of Cr and Mn dietary intake.
Keywords: Chromium; Manganese; Convenience foods; Fast foods; Dietary intake; Dialyzable fraction
Stavros Yanniotis, Jiri Blahovec, Model analysis of sorption isotherms, LWT - Food Science and Technology, Volume 42, Issue 10, December 2009, Pages 1688-1695, ISSN 0023-6438, DOI:
10.1016/j.lwt.2009.05.010.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WMV-4WBT4CX- 3/2/b9d36cab945d024e50642d67aea37885)
Abstract:
The equation developed by Blahovec and Yanniotis, which is based on surface adsorption and solution water, was applied for fitting experimental sorption data for starchy and high protein foods, fruits and vegetables, nuts, legumes, and seeds. Analysis of sorption isotherms shows that surface adsorption is more important than solution water in the isotherms for cereals, potatoes, legumes and seeds, while in vegetables, fruits, meat, milk products and some nuts solution water is more important. The ratio of solution water to surface adsorption increases as water activity increases, it is higher for the adsorption isotherm than the desorption isotherm at any water activity value and decreases as temperature increases.
Keywords: Water activity; Sorption isotherm; Sorption models; Sorption mechanism; Classification;
Desorption; Adsorption; Langmuir
Marion Alignan, Jane Roche, Andree Bouniols, Muriel Cerny, Zephirin Mouloungui, Othmane Merah, Effects of genotype and sowing date on phytostanol-phytosterol content and agronomic traits in wheat under organic agriculture, Food Chemistry, Volume 117, Issue 2, 15 November 2009, Pages 219-225, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.102.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W0WJB9- 2/2/8c93b3b7c3ab4cc0a74eac05c155135f)
Abstract:
Cereals are an important source of sterols and stanols in the human diet. The present study underlines the effect of genotype and weather conditions in bread wheat, on total sterol and stanol content (TSS), agronomic traits, proteins and ash content under organic conditions. Variations in TSS as well as other characters between two sowing dates were observed. A broad genotypic variability was also reported since extreme genotypes differed by more than 30 mg 100 g-1 DW for
TSS, with total stanol content varying twofold. Moreover, two groups of genotypes that differed in agronomic production, ash and protein content were depicted, based on their response to an increase in temperature. This result suggests that the genotypic factor prevails over the sowing date factor for determining sterol and stanol traits in wheat cultivated under organic conditions.
Nevertheless, a strong interaction exists between the two factors, which can be used to drive bioaccumulation of these molecules.
Keywords: Bread wheat; Phytosterols; Phytostanols; Genetic variability; Crop management;
Organic conditions; Bioaccumulation
Umran Uygun, Berrin Senoz, Serpil Ozturk, Hamit Koksel, Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in wheat during cookie processing, Food Chemistry, Volume 117, Issue 2, 15 November 2009, Pages 261-264, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.111.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W0WJB9- C/2/c132d25e8fe9c0a47f1b1e57cb376940)
Abstract:
For investigating carryover of some organophosphorus pesticide residues in the cereal food chain from grain to consumer, a study was set up on wheat bran, flour and cookies, with and without bran. Special emphasis was given to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl residues in cookies for better protection of consumers. Pesticide-free wheat was placed in a small-scale model of a commercial storage vessel and treated with these pesticides. The residue levels of insecticides were determined in wheat, as well as in bran, flour and cookies produced from stored wheat at various time intervals during storage. A multiresidue analysis was performed using GC-NPD and GC-MS. Malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl residue levels were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in wheat after 240 days of storage. MRLs established by the EC for malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl in wheat are 8 and 3 mg kg-1, respectively. The residue levels of insecticides in flour samples also exceeded the MRL (2 mg kg-1 for both insecticides). Eight months of storage were not effective for reducing the residues in wheat to the levels below MRLs. Although, considerable amounts of the insecticides remained in the bran and flour, the cookie processing significantly reduced the concentrations in general. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was more persistent than was malathion and comparatively less degradation occurred during milling and cookie processing due to its physicochemical properties.
Keywords: Malathion; Chlorpyrifos-methyl; Wheat; Cookies
Ivan Salmeron, Pablo Fucinos, Dimitris Charalampopoulos, Severino S. Pandiella, Volatile compounds produced by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826 in cereal-based substrates, Food Chemistry, Volume 117, Issue 2, 15 November 2009, Pages 265-271, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.112.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4W0R0PS- 4/2/58fdec47896c1d1ab90775a86d15513d)
Abstract:
The production of volatile compounds by the probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826, in cereal-based media (oat, wheat, barley and malt) was investigated. Sixty compounds, including fatty acids and their esters, amides, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, furans, ketones, peroxides and pyrans, were identified. L. plantarum significantly changed the aroma profile of the four cereal broths, and each substrate showed a specific volatiles profile. Oat and barley media were the substrates more influenced by the fermentation process. The most abundant volatiles detected in oat, wheat, barley and malt were oleic acid, linoleic acid, acetic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. Analysis of these products confirmed the heterofermentative pathway of L. plantarum. Maillard compounds were not detected during sterilisation and fermentation. This study is the first to report the volatile composition of probiotic
drinks produce with non-supplemented cereal-based media and the results obtained could contribute to the development of new non-dairy probiotic formulations.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria; Lactobacillus plantarum; Probiotic; Cereal-based media; Volatile compounds; Flavour
Luca Bechini, Nicola Castoldi, On-farm monitoring of economic and environmental performances of cropping systems: Results of a 2-year study at the field scale in northern Italy, Ecological Indicators, Volume 9, Issue 6, November 2009, Pages 1096-1113, ISSN 1470-160X, DOI:
10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.008.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W87-4VH8Y57- 2/2/eeb010376d95f56e7c91657a36f53a6e)
Abstract:
Cropping systems in northern Italy are intensively managed, but an integrated environmental accounting of these systems has not been published yet. We conducted this study to evaluate cropping systems management in a study area in northern Italy using indicators. The study area is a regional agricultural Park, with cereal and livestock farms, cultivating mostly maize, rice, meadows, and winter cereals.
To select the indicators, we identified for the study area the most relevant issues concerning the potential impact of agriculture on the environment: nutrient and pesticide management, use of fossil energy and soil management. Subsequently, we selected indicators from the literature, which could address these issues. We also added indicators describing the economic performance. The data were collected at the field level by periodic face-to-face interviews with seven farm managers over 2 years. Indicators were calculated for all crops cultivated in each field (n = 266).
According to the methodology proposed, the best economic performance (gross margin) was obtained by rice, followed by maize, winter cereals, and forage crops. Nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses were high for maize (due to a large use of animal manures), and moderate for rice and permanent meadows (where mineral fertilisers are not usually applied). Maize used high fossil energy inputs; however, the output/input ratio (an indicator of the dependence of food and feed production on non-renewable energy) was elevated, due to high aboveground biomass production.
The potential impact due to pesticide use (evaluated with indicators that consider the toxicity and the exposure to active ingredients) was relevant only for rice, moderate for maize and other cereals, and null for forages. Finally, soil management was evaluated for the 2-year crop succession on each field (n = 131): permanent meadows are excellent (due to continuous soil cover and large returns of organic carbon to soil), rice-based successions are unsatisfactory (due to low residues and manure application and continuous cropping), and maize successions are intermediate. This work shows that good quality data can be collected on-farm for economic and environmental accounting at field level. The indicators chosen for the analysis describe a range of issues in the study area, and make it possible to clearly separate and characterise different cropping systems. The procedure for their calculation is transparent and sound, and can be applied for ex-ante, ex-post, and monitoring procedures.
Keywords: Assessment; Economic costs; Energy; Nitrogen; Environmental accounting; Pesticides;
Phosphorus; Soil organic matter
Hai-Yen Lee, Lay-Ching Chai, Sui-Yan Tang, Selamat Jinap, Farinazleen Mohammad Ghazali, Yoshitsugu Nakaguchi, Mitsuaki Nishibuchi, Radu Son, Application of MPN-PCR in biosafety of Bacillus cereus s.l. for ready-to-eat cereals, Food Control, Volume 20, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 1068-1071, ISSN 0956-7135, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.01.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6S-4VHSDDF- 2/2/6f76b1ad134d90f7a3775564e00c1250)
Abstract:
Since Bacillus cereus is one of the important foodborne pathogens, it is interesting to investigate the biosafety of Bacillus spp. and B. cereus in ready-to-eat cereals marketed local supermarkets.
For this investigation, the prevalence and enumeration of Bacillus spp. and B. cereus were assayed using MPN-PCR method. Results showed that 78% of the processed cereal products intended for direct consumption were positive for the presence of B. cereus with concentrations ranging from as low as 30 MPN/g to more than 24,000 MPN/g. The concentration obtained from this study also reflects on the differences in the contamination level between the infant food, raw cereals, cereal bars, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and pre-mixed drinks examined. Hence, application of the MPN-PCR method was found to be useful to address the biosafety concerns of B. cereus in ready-to-eat cereals.
Keywords: Biosafety; Prevalence; Enumeration; Bacillus cereus; Ready-to-eat cereals
David C. Sands, Cindy E. Morris, Edward A. Dratz, Alice L. Pilgeram, Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant-based foods, Plant Science, Volume 177, Issue 5, November 2009, Pages 377-389, ISSN 0168-9452, DOI:
10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.011.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TBH-4WXSJW1- 3/2/601109e9fa39fd8d28259b9dbfb0ef76)
Abstract:
High-yielding cereals and other staples have produced adequate calories to ward off starvation for much of the world over several decades. However, deficiencies in certain amino acids, minerals, vitamins and fatty acids in staple crops, and animal diets derived from them, have aggravated the problem of malnutrition and the increasing incidence of certain chronic diseases in nominally well- nourished people (the so-called diseases of civilization). Enhanced global nutrition has great potential to reduce acute and chronic disease, the need for health care, the cost of health care, and to increase educational attainment, economic productivity and the quality of life. However, nutrition is currently not an important driver of most plant breeding efforts, and there are only a few well-known efforts to breed crops that are adapted to the needs of optimal human nutrition.
Technological tools are available to greatly enhance the nutritional value of our staple crops.
However, enhanced nutrition in major crops might only be achieved if nutritional traits are introduced in tandem with important agronomic yield drivers, such as resistance to emerging pests or diseases, to drought and salinity, to herbicides, parasitic plants, frost or heat. In this way we might circumvent a natural tendency for high yield and low production cost to effectively select against the best human nutrition. Here we discuss the need and means for agriculture, food processing, food transport, sociology, nutrition and medicine to be integrated into new approaches to food production with optimal human nutrition as a principle goal.
Keywords: Breeder's dilemma; Plant genetic engineering; Biotechnology; Malnutrition; Plant pathology; Green revolution
Spurthi N. Nayak, Jayashree Balaji, Hari D. Upadhyaya, C. Tom Hash, P.B. Kavi Kishor, Debasis Chattopadhyay, Lina Maria Rodriquez, Matthew W. Blair, Michael Baum, Kenneth McNally, Dominique This, David A. Hoisington, Rajeev K. Varshney, Isolation and sequence analysis of DREB2A homologues in three cereal and two legume species, Plant Science, Volume 177, Issue 5, November 2009, Pages 460-467, ISSN 0168-9452, DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TBH-4WXSJW1- 2/2/fcdcca44bab26a5f21107b9d54822351)
Abstract:
The transcription factor, DREB2A, is one of the promising candidate genes involved in dehydration tolerance in crop plants. In order to isolate DREB2A homologues across cereals (rice, barley and sorghum) and legumes (common bean and chickpea), specific or degenerate primers were used.
Gene/phylogenetic trees were constructed using a non-redundant set of 19 DREB1A and 27
DREB2A amino acid sequences and were combined with taxonomic/species tree to prepare reconciled phylogenetic trees. In total, 86 degenerate primers were designed for different clades and 295 degenerate primer combinations were used to amplify DREB homologues in targeted crop species. Successful amplification of DREB2A was obtained in case of sorghum. In parallel, gene-specific primers were used to amplify DREB2A homologues in rice, barley, common bean and chickpea. Seven to eight diverse genotypes from targeted species were used for sequence analysis at DREB2A locus identified/isolated. A maximum of eight SNPs were found in the common bean DREB2A, indicating two distinct haplotypes, three SNPs with five haplotypes were observed in barley whereas a single SNP was observed in rice, sorghum and chickpea. Parsimony based phylogenetic tree revealed distinct clustering of cereals and legumes. Furthermore, alignment of corresponding amino acid sequences showed conservation of AP2 domain across the targeted species.
Keywords: DREB; Candidate gene; Drought stress; SNP; Haplotype
Nadia Boudries, Naima Belhaneche, Boubekeur Nadjemi, Claude Deroanne, Mohamed Mathlouthi, Barbara Roger, Marianne Sindic, Physicochemical and functional properties of starches from sorghum cultivated in the Sahara of Algeria, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 78, Issue 3, 15 October 2009, Pages 475-480, ISSN 0144-8617, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.05.010.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFD-4W9XG81- 3/2/9be3fc8d48e8b828f4520c97121ef40f)
Abstract:
Pure starches were isolated from white and red sorghum cultivated in Tidikelt, a hyper arid region situated in south Algeria. Amylose content, X-ray pattern and rheological properties of starches were examined. The amylose content in white sorghum starch (27.1%) was slightly higher than that in red sorghum (24.8%). The swelling power and the solubility behavior of both starches were nearly similar below 65 [degree sign]C. At higher temperatures, starch isolated from the white sorghum cultivar showed higher swelling power and lower solubility index than pigmented sorghum starch. The pasting properties of starches determined by RVA, Rapid Visco Analyser showed different viscosity peaks. Red sorghum starch had a higher value (4731 cP) than white sorghum starch (4093 cP). For both sorghum, X-ray diffractograms exhibit an A-type diffraction pattern, typical of cereal starches and the relative degrees of crystallinity were estimated at 22.72% and 28.91%, respectively, for local white and red sorghum starch. DSC analysis revealed that sorghum starches present higher temperatures at the peak (70.60 and 72.28 [degree sign]C for white and red sorghum starches, respectively) and lower gelatinization enthalpies (9.087 and 8.270 J/g for white and red sorghum starches, respectively) than other cereal starches.
The results showed that physicochemical and functional properties of sorghum cultivar starches were influenced by the genotype and the environment.
Keywords: Sorghum starch; Starch color; Amylose content; Rheology; X-ray pattern
A.X. Jin, J.L. Ren, F. Peng, F. Xu, G.Y. Zhou, R.C. Sun, J.F. Kennedy, Comparative characterization of degraded and non-degradative hemicelluloses from barley straw and maize stems: Composition, structure, and thermal properties, Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 78, Issue 3, 15 October 2009, Pages 609-619, ISSN 0144-8617, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.05.024.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFD-4WGF12V- 8/2/519cd95572bd5c4854a924cd4cc50ae1)
Abstract:
Three organic solvents and one aqueous alkaline solution for fully fractional dissolving hemicelluloses from mild ball-milled cell wall of lignified barley straw and maize stems are described: 90% neutral dioxane, 80% dioxane containing 0.05 M HCl, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 8% aqueous KOH. The four successive extractions resulted in dissolution of 94.6% and 96.4% of the original hemicelluloses and 93.7% and 95.3% of the original lignin from barley straw
and maize stems, respectively. The structures of the hemicellulosic fractions released during the treatment with the neutral solvents of 90% dioxane and DMSO was found to remain intact, while the extractions with 80% acidic dioxane and 8% KOH under the conditions used resulted in a partial depolymerization of dissolved polysaccharides by cleavage of the glycosidic bonds and saponification of the ester groups in the polymers. The 90% neutral dioxane-soluble hemicellulosic fractions consisted mainly of the more branched arabinoxylans and mixed-linkage glucans such as [beta]-glucans, whereas the hemicellulosic fractions solubilized during the sequential treatments with 80% acidic dioxane, DMSO, and 8% KOH are composed of arabino-(4-O-methyl-d-glucurono) xylans as the major hemicellulosic materials. In addition, the hemicellulosic polymers contained small amounts of ferulic and p-coumaric acids and lignins, revealing that the hemicelluloses removed are mostly unbound to the lignins in the cell walls of cereal straws. This non-degradative cell wall dissolution offers the potential to analyze polysaccharide components for the first time, and improve current hemicellulosic isolation method by using high concentration of aqueous alkali from the delignified cell walls.
Keywords: Hemicelluloses; Lignin; Cellulose; Fractionation; Arabino-(4-O-methyl-d-glucurono) xylans; Structure
Mariola Korycinska, Karolina Czelna, Anna Jaromin, Arkadiusz Kozubek, Antioxidant activity of rye bran alkylresorcinols and extracts from whole-grain cereal products, Food Chemistry, Volume 116, Issue 4, 15 October 2009, Pages 1013-1018, ISSN 0308-8146, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.056.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6R-4VWB1DY- 9/2/61699f98e6d9b983a5a47bc612062c1a)
Abstract:
The antioxidant properties of rye bran alkylresorcinols (C15:0-C25:0) and extracts from whole- grain cereal products were evaluated using their radical-scavenging activity on DPPH and the chemiluminescence method (CL). DPPH radical reduction varied from ~10% to ~60% for the alkylresorcinol homologues at concentrations from 5 to 300 [mu]M and was not dependent on the length of the alkyl side chain of the particular homologue. Differences in the EC50 values for the studied compounds were not statistically significant, the values varying from 157 [mu]M for homologue C23:0 to 195 [mu]M for homologue C15:0. Moreover, values of EC50 for all the alkylresorcinol homologues were significantly higher than those for Trolox and [alpha]-, [delta]-, and [gamma]-tocopherols, compounds with well-defined antioxidant activity and used as positive controls. CL inhibition was evaluated for all the tested alkylresorcinol homologues at concentrations of 5 and 10 [mu]M and varied from ~27% to ~77%. Similar to the DPPH method, the slight differences in CL inhibition suggest that the length of the alkyl side chain had no major impact on their antioxidant properties. The extracts from whole-grain products were added to the DPPH and CL reaction systems and their antioxidant activities were tested and compared with the total amount of alkylresorcinols evaluated in the extracts. DPPH radical and CL reduction for the whole-grain products varied from ~7% to ~43% and from ~37% to ~91%, respectively. A clear relationship between DPPH radical and CL reduction levels and the amount of total alkylresorcinols was obtained for whole-grain breakfast cereals, in which the reduction level decreased in the order rye > wheat > mixed > barley. Therefore it may be considered that the antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinols could be of potential importance to the food industry, which is continuously searching for natural antioxidants for the protection of food products during their processing and storage.
Keywords: Alkylresorcinols; Whole-grain products; Antioxidant activity; DPPH; Luminol
Pierre Beziat, Eric Ceschia, Gerard Dedieu, Carbon balance of a three crop succession over two cropland sites in South West France, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Volume 149, Issue 10, 1 October 2009, Pages 1628-1645, ISSN 0168-1923, DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.004.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4WKS6BJ- 1/2/66dab29119b7e3346298d02b7cc5e4c4)
Abstract:
Long term flux measurements of different crop species are necessary to improve our understanding of management and climate effects on carbon flux variability as well as cropland potential in terrestrial carbon sequestration. The main objectives of this study were to analyse the seasonal dynamics of CO2 fluxes and to establish the effects of climate and cropland management on the annual carbon balance.
CO2 fluxes were measured by means of the eddy correlation (EC) method over two cropland sites, Aurade and Lamasquere, in South West France for a succession of three crops: rapeseed, winter wheat and sunflower at Aurade, and triticale, maize and winter wheat at Lamasquere. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was partitioned into gross ecosystem production (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) and was integrated over the year to compute net ecosystem production (NEP). Different methodologies tested for NEP computation are discussed and a methodology for estimating NEP uncertainty is presented.
NEP values ranged between -369 +/- 33 g C m-2 y-1 for winter wheat at Lamasquere in 2007 and 28 +/- 18 g C m-2 y-1 for sunflower at Aurade in 2007. These values were in good agreement with NEP values reported in the literature, except for maize which exhibited a low development compared to the literature. NEP was strongly influenced by the length of the net carbon assimilation period and by interannual climate variability. The warm 2007 winter stimulated early growth of winter wheat, causing large differences in GEP, RE and NEE dynamics for winter wheat when compared to 2006. Management had a strong impact on CO2 flux dynamics and on NEP.
Ploughing interrupted net assimilation during voluntary re-growth periods, but it had a negligible short term effect when it occurred on bare soil. Re-growth events after harvest appeared to limit carbon loss: at Lamasquere in 2005 re-growth contributed to store up to 50 g C m-2. Differences in NEE response to climatic variables (VPD, light quality) and vegetation index were addressed and discussed.
Net biome production (NBP) was calculated yearly based on NEP and considering carbon input through organic fertilizer and carbon output through harvest. For the three crops, the mean NBP at Aurade indicated a nearly carbon balanced ecosystem, whereas Lamasquere lost about 100 g C m-2 y-1; therefore, the ecosystem behaved as a carbon source despite the fact that carbon was imported through organic fertilizer. Carbon exportation through harvest was the main cause of this difference between the two sites, and it was explained by the farm production type. Lamasquere is a cattle breeding farm, exporting most of the aboveground biomass for cattle bedding and feeding, whereas Aurade is a cereal production farm, exporting only seeds.
Keywords: Crop; Carbon balance; Net ecosystem exchange; Eddy covariance; Management;
Uncertainties
Irene Bisang, Ariel Bergamini, Luc Lienhard, Environmental-friendly farming in Switzerland is not hornwort-friendly, Biological Conservation, Volume 142, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 2104- 2113, ISSN 0006-3207, DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.006.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-4WBB71H- 2/2/ad5cb7062dd2f949a792a5589e52a4c1)
Abstract:
Traditionally managed arable fields host a specialised flora adapted to regular disturbance through tillage. Agricultural intensification during the 20th century resulted in a pronounced biodiversity decline in European agroecosystems. Anthoceros agrestis and Phaeoceros carolinianus, both largely confined to cultivated land in Central Europe and the only representatives of hornworts in northern Switzerland, are examples of species that decreased in Central Europe during the last century. A repeated survey of 28 arable fields in the Swiss Plateau from 1989 to 1995 demonstrated that crop type and associated farming routines were critical in determining hornwort
occurrences. During the 10 years following the completion of this survey, agri-environment schemes were introduced aiming at a more environmental-friendly agricultural production. We re- investigated the selected sites in 2005-2007 to examine whether these programmes favoured hornworts. We found a significant decrease of untilled autumn stubble-fields, which accounted for a decline of hornworts. High relative summer air humidity positively affected hornwort occurrence.
Gametophytic populations of both taxa regenerated from the persistent diaspore bank after years of unfavourable conditions. To ensure the long-term persistence of hornworts in the Swiss Plateau, we recommend three alternative modifications of current Swiss agri-environment schemes to be implemented in cereal fields with known hornwort occurrences: (1) Tailored conservation headlands, (2) Autumn stubble-fields and (3) Field margin strips sown with arable flora but without crop plants. The proposed practices will promote other typically ephemeral arable bryophytes and seed plants and are likely to be advantageous also for other organisms, such as farmland birds.
Keywords: Agri-environment schemes; Arable management; Bryophytes; Diaspore banks; Swiss Plateau; Weather conditions
H. Nordmeyer, Spatial and temporal dynamics of Apera spica-venti seedling populations, Crop Protection, Volume 28, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 831-837, ISSN 0261-2194, DOI:
10.1016/j.cropro.2009.06.006.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T5T-4WXGVV9- 1/2/b75a483e7f6315872242441289662c6d)
Abstract:
Apera spica-venti is an important weed problem in winter cereals in Europe. Spatial and temporal dynamics of A. spica-venti were investigated to test the hypothesis that this species has a spatially aggregated distribution. A. spica-venti distribution was quantified over several crop rotation sequences in three commercial fields. From 1999 to 2006, the spatial pattern of A. spica-venti was sampled yearly at the same grid points. Geostatistical techniques were used to characterise the spatial and temporal variability of A. spica-venti density. The spatial pattern was analysed by Lloyd's index of patchiness. From year to year, differing aggregation of A. spica-venti resulted in weed patchiness. The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (rs) was used to discover the strength of A. spica-venti occurrence in several years. For two sites there were significant correlations of weed occurrence between years but the relationship was less strong for the third field. Based on rank correlation coefficients, the temporal dynamics were marked by an overall continuity of distribution patterns. Knowing that spatial distributions of weeds vary little in time can reduce sampling efforts, and increases feasibility of site-specific weed control.
Keywords: Grass weed; Geostatistics; Indices of aggregation; Kriging; Patchiness; Spatial distribution
Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie, Leslie London, Risk assessment of pesticide residues in South African raw wheat, Crop Protection, Volume 28, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 864-869, ISSN 0261-2194, DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.07.008.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T5T-4WXXV32- 1/2/f1d246912d68e2ce5ee808135cab0bec)
Abstract:
The presence of pesticide residues in wheat produced and imported in South Africa was determined and their health risks assessed. Pesticides were detected in all local (median = 1, range: 1-3, n = 71) and imported (median = 1, range: 1-6, n = 13) samples. Multiple pesticides (>1 pesticide) were detected in about 30% local samples and 39% imported samples. Eight different pesticides were detected in total. The most frequently detected pesticides were mercaptothion (99%), permethrin (19%) and chlorpyrifos (17%). Nine (11%) samples exceeded the EU wheat MRL for permethrin (0.05 mg/kg) which included 7 (10%) local samples and 2 (15%) imported samples. The highest fenitrothion level (0.65 mg/kg) corresponds to an intake that was below but
near the estimated short-term safety threshold. The results call for an investigation into the levels of pesticide residues in cereal-based food and for tighter regulation and regular monitoring by government and industry.
Keywords: Pesticides; Wheat; Health standards; Acceptable daily intake; Cancer; Endocrine disruption
Manuela Mariotti, Mara Lucisano, M. Ambrogina Pagani, Perry K.W. Ng, The role of corn starch, amaranth flour, pea isolate, and Psyllium flour on the rheological properties and the ultrastructure of gluten-free doughs, Food Research International, Volume 42, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 963-975, ISSN 0963-9969, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.04.017.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6V-4W7J0X8- 2/2/fcfe0a8f4a7f80f8c6dcb72e9b56732f)
Abstract:
The removal of gluten from bakery products, in order to produce foods (mainly based on gluten- free cereal flours and starch) for people with celiac disease, impairs dough's capacity to properly develop during leavening and baking. The main aim of this research was to produce and evaluate some experimental gluten-free (GF) doughs containing different levels of corn starch, amaranth flour (to enhance the nutritional benefits), pea isolate (to increase the protein content) and Psyllium fiber (as thickening agent and fiber source) in order to study the influence of the different ingredients on the rheological properties and on the ultrastructure of the doughs. Psyllium fiber generally enhanced the physical properties of the doughs, due to the film-like structure that it was able to form, and the most complex among the experimental formulations looked promising in terms of final bread technological and nutritional quality even when compared to two different commercial GF mixtures.
Keywords: Gluten-free; Dough; Amaranth; Pea isolate; Psyllium; Rheology; CLSM; SEM
Nancy L. Garcia, Lucia Fama, Alain Dufresne, Mirta Aranguren, Silvia Goyanes, A comparison between the physico-chemical properties of tuber and cereal starches, Food Research International, Volume 42, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 976-982, ISSN 0963-9969, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodres.2009.05.004.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6V-4WBC1N7- 1/2/4bbb9903cec46ce4354ca3acca833ea6)
Abstract:
Biofilms based on waxy maize and cassava starches (cereal and tuber starch, respectively), plasticized with glycerol were characterized through their crystallinity, dynamic-mechanical behavior (DMA), thermal degradation (TGA), moisture content and water vapor permeability (WVP). X-ray diffraction experiments show that both materials were mainly amorphous, with the waxy starch presenting a discreetly A-type X-ray pattern. Microscopic investigation of the cryo- fractured surfaces supported this observation. The glass transition of the glycerol-rich phase (measured by DMA) occurs at higher temperatures for cassava than for waxy maize starch, suggesting that the dispersion level of glycerol is higher in the former. TGA showed that maize starch has a slightly higher thermal stability than cassava starch, while glycerol interacts more strongly with the last one. The WVP was 18% higher in the case of the cassava starch film.
Keywords: Biofilms; Starch; Mechanical properties; TGA; X-ray; FTIR; SEM
D. Sabanis, D. Lebesi, C. Tzia, Effect of dietary fibre enrichment on selected properties of gluten- free bread, LWT - Food Science and Technology, Volume 42, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 1380- 1389, ISSN 0023-6438, DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.03.010.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WMV-4VXB92N- 2/2/dae1f6de4c8b1d7d19d62beef6cf3df5)
Abstract:
The enrichment of gluten-free baked products with dietary fibre seems to be necessary since it has been reported that coeliac patients have generally a low intake of fibre due to their gluten-free diet.
In the present study different cereal fibres (wheat, maize, oat and barley) were added at 3, 6 and 9 g/100 g level into a gluten-free bread formulation based on corn starch, rice flour and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Doughs were evaluated based on consistency, viscosity and thermal properties. Results showed that maize and oat fibre can be added to gluten-free bread with positive impact on bread nutritional and sensory properties. All breads with 9 g/100 g fibre increased the fibre content of control by 218%, but they were rated lower than those with 3 and 6 g/100 g fibre due to their powdery taste. The formulation containing barley fibre produced loaves that had more intense color and volume comparable to the control. During storage of breads a reduction in crumb moisture content and an increase in firmness were observed. The micrographs of the crumb showed the continuous matrix between starch and maize and/or oat fibre obtaining a more aerated structure.
Keywords: Coeliac disease; Dietary fibre; Enrichment; Bread; Sensory
S. El-Meccawi, M. Kam, A. Brosh, A.A. Degen, Energy intake, heat production and energy and nitrogen balances of sheep and goats fed wheat straw as a sole diet, Livestock Science, Volume 125, Issue 1, October 2009, Pages 88-91, ISSN 1871-1413, DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.018.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XNX-4VVN50X- 1/2/d7c32efb490c8c0cad72494aa6103239)
Abstract:
Large areas of the Negev desert are used for rain-fed winter cereal production. Consequently, cereal straw is an important dietary component of sheep and goats raised by the Bedouin in the Negev Desert under both grazing and pen-fed conditions. Often, it is the sole feed offered, although it is relatively low in crude protein content and metabolizable energy yield. We determined metabolizable energy intake and heat production in desert adapted fat-tailed Awassi sheep (n = 8; 49.5 +/- 6.6 kg) and mixed breed goats (n = 8; 42.6 +/- 11.7 kg) when offered only wheat straw ad libitum, and calculated their energy and nitrogen balances. We hypothesized that there is a difference between sheep and goats in the ability to use wheat straw and predicted that goats would be better able to use wheat straw as an energy and nitrogen source than would sheep. Dry matter intakes of the wheat straw by sheep and goats were similar, 43.4 and 42.6 g kg- 0.75 d- 1, respectively, as were apparent dry matter digestibilities, 44.1% and 43.6%, respectively.
Metabolizable energy intakes in sheep and goats were also similar, 308.9 and 302.9 kJ kg - 0.75 d- 1, respectively, as were their heat productions, 502.3 and 501.0 kJ kg - 0.75 d- 1, respectively.
Sheep and goats were in negative energy balance, and both lost similar amounts of body reserves, 193.6 and 198.1 kJ kg - 0.75 d- 1, respectively. Also, both were in negative nitrogen balances; however, the goats were in a lesser deficit (P < 0.05) than the sheep, 0.161 and 0.196 g kg - 0.75 d- 1, respectively. Therefore, our predictions were partially confirmed in that the goats were better able to use the nitrogen but not the energy when consuming low-quality wheat straw.
Keywords: Desert adapted sheep and goats; Low-quality wheat straw; Dry matter intake and digestibility; Heat production; Energy balance; Nitrogen balance
Ingrid Vervuert, Katrin Voigt, Teresa Hollands, Derek Cuddeford, Manfred Coenen, Effect of feeding increasing quantities of starch on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy horses, The Veterinary Journal, Volume 182, Issue 1, October 2009, Pages 67-72, ISSN 1090-0233, DOI:
10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.04.011.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXN-4SS8NDG- 1/2/8b459cec38de88d227a1e2913d7ef8b8)
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing the intake of starch on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses of horses. A cross-over study design was used in which
four horses were fed increasing amounts of a compound feed (0.5-3.5 kg) to provide 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4 and 2 g starch/kg bodyweight (BW)/meal. The glycaemic response increased with starch intake (P < 0.05), while feeding <1.1 g starch/kg BW resulted in a lowered response, compared to when 1.1-2 g starch/kg BW was fed (P < 0.01). The results suggested that insulin responses may be more appropriate to define the effect of feeding different starch levels than glycaemic responses. A starch intake of <1.1 g/kg BW/meal produced only moderate glucose and insulin responses, even though highly processed cereals were used. It is therefore recommended that a starch intake of <1.1 g/kg BW/meal or a meal size of 0.3 kg/100 kg BW (starch content of 30-40%) is used for horses.
Keywords: Horse; Compound feed; Starch digestion; Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses; Meal size limitation
Sarina Macfadyen, Rachel Gibson, Lorna Raso, Daniela Sint, Michael Traugott, Jane Memmott, Parasitoid control of aphids in organic and conventional farming systems, Agriculture, Ecosystems
& Environment, Volume 133, Issues 1-2, September 2009, Pages 14-18, ISSN 0167-8809, DOI:
10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.012.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T3Y-4WBY4YR- 1/2/5b2904f871048a3dd6905dc6e7441170)
Abstract:
Organic farmers cannot use most commonly available synthetic insecticides to control crop pests and reduce economic losses due to pest outbreaks. Instead, they rely heavily on the activities of naturally occurring predators and parasitoids, particularly in broad-acre crops such as cereals. It is still unclear whether organic farms which typically support greater levels of biodiversity also experience greater levels of pest control services. We assess whether organic farming systems were better able to control cereal aphids due to a greater diversity and activity of naturally occurring parasitoid species. We anticipated greater parasitism rate of aphids in organic arable fields due to closer proximity to plants that provide resources for adult parasitoids and places that are suitable for overwintering, and the presence of alternate aphid hosts when cereals are absent.
Aphids were collected from organic and conventional cereal crops, and screened for parasitoid DNA using diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Aphid abundance was low across the season, however organic cereal fields had significantly greater aphid abundance. From the 1446 aphids screened we detected 12 parasitoid taxa. There was no difference in parasitism rate between the farming systems (org. mean mortality 20.9 +/- 3.3% s.e., con. 29.8 +/- 4.9%).
Furthermore, there was no difference between farming systems in hyperparasitoid attack and multiparasitism rates, parasitoid richness and parasitoid community diversity. The most abundant species recorded on organic and conventional farms was the generalist aphid primary parasitoid Ephedrus plagiator. It appears that the extra plant diversity and greater area of semi-natural habitats on organic farms offer no advantage for increasing cereal aphid parasitoid diversity, at least at the aphid abundances encountered during the sampling period.
Keywords: Biological control; Natural enemies; Parasitoids; Sitobion avenae; Molecular parasitoid detection
Sebastiana Melero, Rosa Lopez-Garrido, Engracia Madejon, Jose Manuel Murillo, Karl Vanderlinden, Rafaela Ordonez, Felix Moreno, Long-term effects of conservation tillage on organic fractions in two soils in southwest of Spain, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 133, Issues 1-2, September 2009, Pages 68-74, ISSN 0167-8809, DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.004.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T3Y-4WGJKDP- 1/2/abc907f1b02dc541ef7fcaf3f570b719)
Abstract:
Long-term field experiments can provide relevant information regarding soil organic carbon sequestration under different soil tillage systems. Especially, conservation tillage (CT) has been
proved to be a practice that highly contributes to improve soil quality. For that reason, the study of soil quality indicators, such as organic fractions, are useful tools to assess changes caused by different soil tillage systems in long-term field experiments. We evaluated long-term effects of conservation tillage on soil carbon fractions and biological properties in a sandy clay loam Entisol (soil A) and in a clay Vertisol (soil B) located in semi-arid SW Spain. Cereal-sunflower-legume rotations under rainfed conditions were used in both soils in which conservation tillage (CT) was compared to traditional tillage (TT). Soil samples were collected at three depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10- 20 cm) four months after sowing a pea crop (Pisum arvense L.) in the Entisol and a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Vertisol. Labile fractions of the total organic carbon (TOC) were determined as active carbon (AC) and water soluble carbon (WSC). Biological status was evaluated using soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzymatic activities [dehydrogenase activity (DHA), o-diphenol oxidase activity (Dphox), and [beta]-glucosidase activity ([beta]-glu)]. As a rule, the contents of AC, WSC, MBC, [beta]-glu and Dphox in soil A and contents of TOC, AC and DHA in soil B were higher in CT than in TT, at the 0-5 cm depth. In both soils, the studied parameters decreased with depth under both tillage treatments (TT and CT). Values of AC, TOC, MBC and [beta]-glu were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.05) in both soils. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that two principal components explained 44.17% and 21.2% of the total variability in the Entisol and 47.3% and 19.3% in Vertisol. The first principal component was influenced mostly by AC and [beta]-glucosidase in the Entisol, while it was influenced by DHA, MBC and AC in Vertisol. Discriminant analysis (DA) showed as discriminant function was strongly correlated with MBC, AC and Dphox in soil A and with TOC, AC and WSC in soil B. From both analyses (PCA and DA) in this study, AC content was the most sensitive and consistent indicator for assessing the impact of different soil managements on soil quality in our two types of soil. Long-term conservation tillage in dryland farming systems improved the quality of both soils, especially at the surface, by enhancing soil organic carbon and biological status.
Keywords: Direct drilling; Tillage; Permanganate oxidizable carbon; Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) to TOC ratio; Diphenol oxidase activity; [beta]-Glucosidase activity
J.L. Hernanz, V. Sanchez-Giron, L. Navarrete, Soil carbon sequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop rotation with three tillage systems in semiarid conditions, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 133, Issues 1-2, September 2009, Pages 114-122, ISSN 0167-8809, DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T3Y-4WJ2C9H- 1/2/9a3784a82a2f68f5a82b69aab72573a1)
Abstract:
The stratification of soil organic matter at different depths is common under conservation tillage and especially under no-tillage. The degree of stratification, or stratification ratio (SR), can be used as an indicator of soil quality because surface organic matter is essential to erosion control, water infiltration, and the conservation of nutrients. In the semiarid regions of the Mediterranean which are devoted to rain-fed crop production, soil has low organic carbon content because of the high mineralization rates of soil organic matter and the lack of crop residue after periods of drought.
Twenty-year effects (1985-2006) of tillage systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) stratification were studied in a Vertic Luvisol with a loam texture. SOC was expressed in carbon concentration (Cc) and in equivalent soil mass (esm). The tillage treatments used were conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). These treatments were under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation (W-VP). Similarly, several stratification ratios (SRs) were assessed as indicators of SOC's time evolution. Before the start of the experiment the crop rotation was cereal-fallow (C-F). In each treatment and replication four soil layers of the same thickness (10 cm) were sampled to obtain soil bulk density (BD) and Cc. After 20 years the study revealed that the adoption of a W-VP rotation was at least as important as the shift from CT to NT in the increase of stocked SOC in the soil profile. This last treatment was the
tillage system with the highest SOC, whereas no significant differences were encountered between MT and CT. The average SOC was 14% higher in NT than in MT and CT. This trend has been systematically observed practically since 1996 to the present in all treatments. The steady state of SOC sequestration was reached after 11 years of starting the experiment in NT and 12 years in CT and MT. SOC, expressed as Cc and esm, showed the highest stratification in NT, second highest in MT and lowest in CT. In NT, stocked SOC increased from 1996 to 2005 in the top layer but it declined systematically in the bottom layer.
Keywords: Long-term effect; Tillage system; Soil organic carbon; Stratification ratio; Semiarid condition
Weihua Lai, Daniel Y.C. Fung, Xu Yang, Liu Renrong, Yonghua Xiong, Development of a colloidal gold strip for rapid detection of ochratoxin A with mimotope peptide, Food Control, Volume 20, Issue 9, September 2009, Pages 791-795, ISSN 0956-7135, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.10.007.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6S-4TTMJP1- 1/2/91a74ea360e6a877928c281f7d198f6b)
Abstract:
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin mainly produced by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is found in cereals, coffee, wine, pork and grapes. The kidney and liver are the target organs of OTA, resulting in teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. To avoid the risk of OTA consumption, raw materials should be identified and removed from distribution. Current procedures for detection of OTA are time-consuming and involve sophisticated equipment.
Furthermore, materials containing OTA is a biohazard for manufacturers and consumers. In this study, a rapid, inexpensive, and user-friendly lateral flow strip assay ideally suited for on site testing of OTA was developed. Moreover, mimotope peptide capable of mimicking OTA by panning from a M13 phage-displayed random seven-peptide was used instead of OTA-protein conjugate. Ten ppb of OTA was detected in 10 min by this new strip. The results indicated that a rapid method without using the mycotoxin, but using mimotope peptides was developed to screen OTA; related methods also can be developed to screen other mycotoxins.
Keywords: Ochratoxin A; Strip; Mimotope peptide
R. Kivela, L. Nystrom, H. Salovaara, T. Sontag-Strohm, Role of oxidative cleavage and acid hydrolysis of oat beta-glucan in modelled beverage conditions, Journal of Cereal Science, Volume 50, Issue 2, September 2009, Pages 190-197, ISSN 0733-5210, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.04.012.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHK-4WBT459- 2/2/c736426e69d2cd935bfd1e6def24c15f)
Abstract:
The effects of organic acids (ascorbic, citric and malic acids) associated with beverages were studied in an unpurified oat beta-glucan extract with the purpose of examining the stability of cereal beta-glucan in beverage conditions. Addition of ascorbic acid caused an immediate decrease in viscosity of the extract and the MW of beta-glucan. Citric and malic acid affected moderately and only after a heat treatement. This indicated a dominating role of ascorbic acid induced oxidative cleavage compared to the generally proposed acid hydrolysis of beta-glucan.
The nature of ascorbic acid induced cleavage was studied with inhibitors (glucose, mannitol, catalase and phytic acid) and catalysts (Cu- and Fe-ions) of hydroxyl radical attacks. Glucose, mannitol and catalase inhibited and the metals effectively catalysed the viscosity decrease. These indicated that the degradation of beta-glucan in the ascorbic acid treated extract was induced by metal-catalysed hydroxyl radicals. Also, the beta-glucan extract used as a matrix lost its viscosity during storage (+6 [degree sign]C) concurrently with MW decrease of beta-glucan. When added to the extract, mannitol, glucose and catalase each showed a slight stabilising trend and Fe2+-ions
caused an immediate decrease in viscosity. The oxidative cleavage appeared to be an important factor to consider in developing novel aqueous beta-glucan enriched products.
Keywords: Beta-glucan; Degradation; Ascorbic acid; Oxidative cleavage
Ghaid J.S. Al-Rabadi, Robert G. Gilbert, Michael J. Gidley, Effect of particle size on kinetics of starch digestion in milled barley and sorghum grains by porcine alpha-amylase, Journal of Cereal Science, Volume 50, Issue 2, September 2009, Pages 198-204, ISSN 0733-5210, DOI:
10.1016/j.jcs.2009.05.001.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHK-4WD1BYY- 1/2/f9748fc8b83fdf31564fdc010350f781)
Abstract:
The influence of milled grain particle size on the kinetics of enzymatic starch digestion was examined. Two types of cereals (barley and sorghum) were ground, and the resulting grounds separated by size using sieving, with sizes ranging from ~0.1 to ~3 mm. In vitro enzymatic digestion was performed, using pancreatic alpha-amylase, amyloglucosidase and protease, to determine fractional-digestion rates over 24 h. The resulting glucose production rate data were well fitted by simple first-order kinetics. For each sieve screen size, the digestion rate of barley was always higher than that of sorghum. The rate coefficients for digestion showed a decrease with increasing size, and could be well fitted by an inverse square relationship. This is consistent with the supposition that starch digestion in these systems is controlled by diffusion of enzyme through the grain fragment. Apparent diffusion coefficients of alpha-amylase obtained by fitting the size dependence were 0.76 (sorghum) and 1.7 (barley) x 10-7 cm2 s-1, 9 (sorghum) and 4 (barley) times slower than predicted for a molecule of the size of alpha-amylase in water.
Keywords: Starch digestion; alpha-Amylase; Grain particle size; Diffusion
Dhananjay A. Pai, Orane A. Blake, Bruce R. Hamaker, Osvaldo H. Campanella, Importance of extensional rheological properties on fiber-enriched corn extrudates, Journal of Cereal Science, Volume 50, Issue 2, September 2009, Pages 227-234, ISSN 0733-5210, DOI:
10.1016/j.jcs.2009.05.007.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHK-4WH2M0H- 2/2/7096ad265d62687027d4f71580e627ad)
Abstract:
Incorporation of insoluble fibers into extruded cereals severely limits their expansion and reduces crispness. The specific objective of this work was to investigate how corn bran and its fractions mixed with cornmeal affect rheology and extrudate expansion. Alkali-treated bran (ATB) and alkaline-soluble bran (ASB) were prepared from unmodified corn bran (UMB). Mixtures of the different corn bran fractions and degermed cornmeal having a 26% (w/w) of total dietary fibers were extruded in a twin screw extruder and expansion of the extrudates was determined. Melt shear rheology of mixtures of cornmeal and different corn bran fractions having a 20% total dietary fiber was determined using a capillary rheometer at 120 [degree sign]C while the extensional rheology was determined using lubricated squeezing flow. The expansion of extrudates containing ATB was larger than those containing UMB, while extrudates containing ASB showed a greater expansion that was close to that of the control. Addition of UMB to cornmeal increased shear and extensional viscosity significantly as compared to the control. ATB addition increased the shear viscosity of the mixture to a small extent but showed the highest extensional viscosity amongst the samples. Addition of ASB resulted in mixtures having lower shear and extensional viscosities than the control.
Keywords: Corn bran; Extrusion; Shear rheology; Extensional rheology
F. Saura-Calixto, J. Perez-Jimenez, I. Goni, Contribution of cereals to dietary fibre and antioxidant intakes: Toward more reliable methodology, Journal of Cereal Science, Volume 50, Issue 2, September 2009, Pages 291-294, ISSN 0733-5210, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.04.008.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHK-4WB3NB8- 8/2/9e3a33f61c84e8b6360fd3b685afad1f)
Keywords: Dietary fibre; Antioxidants; Dietary intake
Ann M. Albertson, Sandra G. Affenito, Robert Bauserman, Norton M. Holschuh, Alison L. Eldridge, Bruce A. Barton, The Relationship of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption to Nutrient Intake, Blood Lipids, and Body Mass Index of Children as They Age through Adolescence, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 109, Issue 9, September 2009, Pages 1557-1565, ISSN 0002-8223, DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.363.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B758G-4X25VJY- M/2/9f64b69b7dd3878e88791c73e177bbf5)
Abstract: Objective
To examine sex differences and longitudinal changes in ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal and breakfast consumption in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children, and the relationship between RTE cereal intake with nutrient intake, blood lipids, and body mass index (BMI).Design
Secondary analyses based on data from Dietary Intervention Study in Children, a randomized, controlled, multicenter, clinical trial with five sets of three 24-hour recalls.Subjects/setting
Children (n=660) from six clinics aged 8 to 10 years at study entry. Participants had serum low- density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the 80th and 98th percentiles for age, and were followed for a mean of 7.5 years.Intervention
Children were randomized to a total fat- and saturated fat-modified dietary intervention or usual care.Statistical analyses
Frequency of RTE cereal and breakfast consumption was examined by sex and age. Mixed models by sex were used to examine the relationship of RTE cereal consumption to average daily intake of nutrients, blood lipids, and BMI.Results
For all children, RTE cereal and breakfast consumption declined with age. Boys consumed RTE cereal more often compared with girls. Except for energy, RTE cereal consumption was positively associated with all measures of nutrients for both sexes. In boys, higher RTE cereal consumption was associated with lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lower BMI.Conclusions
Food and nutrition professionals should continue to educate youth and their parents on the nutritional benefits of routinely eating RTE cereal.
N. Weltman, S. Angadi, J. Patrie, K. Frick, J. Rutkowski, J. Rodriguez, J. Weltman, A. Weltman, G.A. Gaesser, A High-Fiber Breakfast Cereal Attenuates Postprandial Triglyceridemia and Associated Impairment of Endothelial Function Following a High-Fat Meal in Youth, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 109, Issue 9, Supplement 1, ADA Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo, September 2009, Page A31, ISSN 0002-8223, DOI:
10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.086.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B758G-4X25VK2- 34/2/bd7d33b4cda2826a083c1841ed6daa17)
Susana B. Rosas, German Avanzini, Evelin Carlier, Carolina Pasluosta, Nicolas Pastor, Marisa Rovera, Root colonization and growth promotion of wheat and maize by Pseudomonas aurantiaca SR1, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2009, Pages 1802-1806, ISSN 0038-0717, DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC7-4TTF82N- 9/2/f45d2eecf92875980bfefe1855ea5c74)
Abstract:
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) are the most important cereals worldwide. However, in the last few years, soil has been submitted to both use and handling pressures due to the increase in agricultural practices, which are leading to its degradation. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as inoculants constitutes a biological alternative for sustainable production. Pseudomonas aurantiaca SR1 was formulated as an inoculant in order to evaluate its growth promotion effect in the field when applied on maize and wheat seeds at the sowing time. P and N fertilization treatments were also included in the assays.
P. aurantiaca SR1 colonized the root system of both crops and it persisted at appropriate population densities. It also showed a significant plant growth-promoting effect that was reflected in the yield. Another relevant finding was that both crops, when inoculated with P. aurantiaca SR1, presented higher yields with fertilization doses lower than those conventionally applied. This indicated its potential use as a reasonable alternative for crop production, with a minimization of the ecological impact.
Keywords: Pseudomonas aurantiaca SR1; Wheat; Maize; Inoculation; Growth promotion
Michael G. Ganzle, From gene to function: Metabolic traits of starter cultures for improved quality of cereal foods, International Journal of Food Microbiology, Volume 134, Issues 1-2, Food Micro 2008 'Evolving Microbial Food Safety and Quality' 1-4 September 2008, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, 31 August 2009, Pages 29-36, ISSN 0168-1605, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.05.018.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7K-4WBT41P- 4/2/d13fc92c088c2ecbe54b2567bf5252fe)
Abstract:
Food fermentations with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are employed to produce safe and shelf stable food products with characteristic flavour and texture. Advances in genomics and physiology of lactic acid bacteria enabled to link individual genetic and metabolic traits of starter cultures to specific food quality attributes. The empirical selection of starter cultures is increasingly supported by the targeted selection of functional starter cultures to achieve an improved quality of fermented foods. This review highlights recent developments related to metabolic traits of LAB that are relevant for the quality of foods; emphasis is placed on starter cultures for use in bread production.
Although the food use of antibacterial metabolites of LAB is well established, antifungal compounds were only recently shown to extend the shelf life of foods. Redox reactions catalysed by LAB alter the technological functionality of proteins and influence the (off)-flavour development through lipid oxidation pathways. LAB produce polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from sucrose through the glycansucrase activities. The exploitation of glycansucrase biodiversity enables the generation of a large variety of glucans or fructans in food fermentation. Poly- and oligosaccharides influence food texture, increase the dietary fibre content of foods and can be applied to protect bacterial during culture preparation and storage. The transformation of amino acids or peptides to aroma compounds contributes substantially to food flavour of food and particularly the conversion of glutamate by LAB enables the targeted optimisation of food flavour.
Keywords: Antifungal activity; Reutericyclin; Exopolysaccharides; Glutamate metabolism;
Lactobacilli; Starter cultures
Jan Hubert, Marta Nesvorna, Vaclav Stejskal, The efficacy of sieving, filth flotation and Tullgren heat extraction for detecting various developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum and Ephestia kuehniella in samples of wheat grain, flour and semolina, Journal of Stored Products Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 August 2009, ISSN 0022-474X, DOI:
10.1016/j.jspr.2009.05.003.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8Y-4X3VM07- 1/2/22332b71154c8cc5f8c5ea1b3ba67e59)
Abstract:
A prerequisite for effective pest risk management in food is the unbiased interpretation of results obtained by various detection methods. In this study we compared the sensitivity of filth flotation tests, sieving and heat extraction in Tullgren-Berlese funnels for detecting insect contaminants.
Samples of wheat grain, flour and semolina were contaminated with eggs, juveniles and adults of Tribolium castaneum, and eggs or larvae of Ephestia kuehniella. Calibration methods were applied for every detection method, and total and sample recoveries and detection limits were calculated for each method, food substrate and contaminant type. The tested contaminants were not detected on a qualitative level by any single technique, instead a combination of techniques was necessary for detection. Sieving was the method with the highest total recoveries, ranging from 90 to 100%. Filth flotation was a uniquely effective for egg detection, with total recoveries ranging from 65 to 95%. The extraction of adults and larvae of both species in Tullgren-Berlese funnels failed in semolina and flour, and was of very limited success in grain. The detection limits for sieving were from 1 to 16 contaminants/kg commodity. The detection limits for filth flotation were from 224 to 508 eggs, and 58 to 507 adults or larvae/kg commodity. The sample recoveries were usually influenced by sample size, species, stadium and their interactions, and indicated how to optimize method protocols. The calibration of methods provided estimates of contaminant densities different from those obtained without calibration. Our work revealed that some currently used methods are not sensitive enough to detect all stages of insect pests, or in some cases, low levels of pest infestation. This lack of sensitivity potentially enables the infested cereal food product to continue down the food processing chain even after laboratory inspection.
Keywords: Stored-product insects; Storage; Detection; Filth flotation; Sieving; Tullgren-Berlese funnels
Olaf Erenstein, Comparing water management in rice-wheat production systems in Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan, Agricultural Water Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 27 August 2009, ISSN 0378-3774, DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.07.018.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T3X-4X3DRY7- 2/2/fd94996002f60f86455ed6f3786677b5)
Abstract:
The intensive irrigated rice-wheat systems in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia are built on a long tradition of canal irrigation and the more recent advent of tubewells. Findings from farm surveys are used to examine water management and water productivity in the rice-wheat belt of India's Haryana State and Pakistan's Punjab province. Attributes of the irrigation sources help explain the widespread interest in groundwater use and the relative demise of canal water use. In each area groundwater now is the main irrigation source, used either solely or in conjunction with surface water. The ownership of tubewells is near universal among the surveyed farms, whereas conjunctive water use is more widespread during the monsoon season, among better endowed farmers and in the Pakistan Punjab. In Pakistan Punjab farmers primarily rely on diesel powered tubewells whereas Haryana farmers mainly use relatively cheaper electric power. Water productivity indicators for rice are markedly lower than those for wheat--largely reflecting significantly higher water inputs in paddy cultivation--but also vary between the study areas and by the prevailing water use, reflecting the limited incentives for farmers to use water wisely. A combination of technological, land use and market based approaches is likely to be most effective in achieving sustainable water management in these intensive cereal systems.
Keywords: Irrigated farming; Intensive cereal systems; Indo-Gangetic Plains; South Asia;
Conjunctive water use; Canal irrigation; Tubewell irrigation
Zhaozhan Zhong, Reynald L. Lemke, Louise M. Nelson, Nitrous oxide emissions associated with nitrogen fixation by grain legumes, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, In Press, Uncorrected Proof, Available online 27 August 2009, ISSN 0038-0717, DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.08.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC7-4X3D8RB- 1/2/4c1602784bdeba0094a0f5b956d74d1e)
Abstract:
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and biological nitrogen (N2) fixation by grain legumes are two major processes of N transformation in agroecosystems. However, the relationship between these two processes is not well understood. The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions associated with N2 fixation by grain legumes under controlled conditions. The denitrifying capability of two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strains, 99A1 and RGP2, was tested in pure culture in the presence of nitrate and in symbiosis with lentil (Lens esculenta Moench) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), respectively, in sterile Leonard jars. Lentil and pea, either inoculated or N- fertilized, were grown in soil boxes under controlled conditions. Profile N2O concentration and surface N2O emissions were measured from soil-crop systems, and were compared with that of a cereal - spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ac. Barrie). Results indicated that: 1) neither R.
leguminosarum strain, 99A1 or RGP2 was capable of denitrification in pure culture, nor in symbiosis with lentil and pea in sterile Leonard jars, suggesting that introducing these Rhizobium into soils through rhizobial inoculation onto lentil and pea will not increase denitrification or N2O emissions; 2) soil-emitted N2O from well-nodulated lentil and pea crops grown under controlled conditions was not significantly different than that from the check treatments, indicating that biological N2 fixation by lentil and pea was not a direct source of N2O emissions.
Keywords: Grain legumes; Biological nitrogen fixation; Rhizobium; Denitrification; N2O emissions J.E. Cairns, T.L. Botwright Acuna, F.A. Simborio, G. Dimayuga, M. Lakshmi Praba, H. Leung, R.
Torres, H.R. Lafitte, Identification of deletion mutants with improved performance under water- limited environments in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Field Crops Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 26 August 2009, ISSN 0378-4290, DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.019.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6M-4X36TR5- 1/2/ba2e3fd9841103d7a320903040e07933)
Abstract:
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a semi-aquatic member of the grass family that is poorly adapted to dry environments and has greater sensitivity to water-deficits than other important cereals in this family. To increase productivity in aerobic or water-limited environments rice must overcome its adaptations to flooded environments. Deletion mutants offer an alternative genetic resource for improving drought tolerance. Almost 3500 IR64 deletion mutants were screened under vegetative and reproductive stage drought stress in the field and evaluated for leaf drying and/or grain yield.
Seven novel conditional mutants of rice which showed gain of function through continued growth as drought stress developed compared to the wild type were identified. Mutant recovery rate was 0.1%. Further evaluation of putative drought mutants revealed that their average shoot biomass at maturity and grain yield per plant under stress exceeded those of the wild type by two-fold. Studies under controlled conditions confirmed mutants to have continued growth of both roots and shoots as drought developed compared to the wild type, and a tendency for greater water extraction. We propose that deletions in these mutants have affected a regulator of the highly conservative growth response common to irrigated lowland rice cultivars. Our results suggest that screening deletion mutants for performance under managed drought stress in the field could be a highly effective way to identify valuable genetic resources for improved drought response and aerobic adaptation in rice.
Keywords: Rice; Oryza sativa L.; Drought stress;
