View of Awareness of Household Food Waste Management with A Zero-Waste Concept: A Preliminary Study

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id

Awareness of Household Food Waste Management with A Zero-Waste Concept: A Preliminary Study

Anisa Aprilia^1*, Novi Haryati², Heptari Elita Dewi², Imaniar Ilmi Pariasa², Andrean Eka Hardana², Rachman Hartono², Djoko Koestiono², Effy Yuswita², Fitria Dina Riana², Silvana Maulidah², Dwi

Laila Maulida², Usda Kristina Tassariya³

1,2Department of Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Veteran Street, Malang 65145, Indonesia

3Master Student at Sustainable International Agriculture International Agribusiness and Rural Development Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of

Agriculture, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Germany Received: 25 April 2022; Revised: 19 May 2022; Accepted: 23 July 2022

ABSTRACT

This is pilot study designed to ascertain college students' understanding of domestic food waste management using an online questioner. The descriptive results section of the report is used to describe the central tendency of the data collected for each variable. Meanwhile, the people who took part in the research were all part of a webinar on waste management that was led by people from universities and environmental groups. The findings indicated that students' knowledge of domestic food waste management remained diverse. Some of them continue to view waste management as a time-consuming and demanding activity.

Community understanding about waste management, especially food, should be given early and started at home. As a result, environmentally friendly activities must be regularly promoted and implemented at the school, university, government, and community levels in order to improve people's quality of life.

Keywords: food waste; domestic waste; understanding How to cite :

Aprilia, A., Haryati, N., Dewi, H. E., Pariasa, I. I., Hardana, A. E., Hartono, R., Koestiono, D., Yuswita, E., Riana, F. D., Maulidah, S., Maulida, D. L., & Tassariya, U. K. (2022). Awareness of Household Food Waste Management with A Zero-Waste Concept : A Preliminary Study. Habitat, 33(2), 112–

122. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2022.033.2.13 1. Introduction

Food waste is a major source of social and environmental concerns, and ambivalence about food is a significant element that may contribute to household food waste (Buttlar et al., 2021).

Household food waste occupies the largest share of total food waste in developed countries and incurs substantial economic and environmental costs worldwide (Ananda et al., 2021). Through their behavior and beliefs, households significantly contribute to a country's food waste problem, whereas various household characteristics and food-related behaviors, attitudes toward recycling, and other beliefs all influence food waste generation in urban and rural communities in developing countries (Mattar et al., 2018). Meanwhile, in 2021, 29 percent of garbage generated in Indonesia was food waste,

which ranks first in the category of waste sources, and 40.9 percent of all waste is generated by households (The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia, 2022).

Globally, sustainable development is focused on reducing household food waste.

Consumers' activities at every stage of the food journey, from purchase to disposal, have an effect on the amount of food wasted at home (Ferro et al., 2022). Meanwhile, trash recovery is not overly reliant on financial incentives, but rather on daily routines (Steuer & Li, 2022). However, urban residents and businesses respond to positive incentive measures in different ways, with urban residents being more affected than businesses by government financial incentives and subsidies (Chen & Gao, 2022).

The new regulations encourage individuals to learn more about recycling, allowing them to participate easily in domestic garbage recycling.

Using efforts to enhance recycling knowledge and benefits would have a multiplier effect on the new

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*Correspondence Author.

E-mail: [email protected]

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id waste recycling strategy (Yang et al., 2022). Food

waste can be minimized by creating a weekly shopping list of necessary goods. Individuals that implemented effective food management practices such as shopping lists and meal plans saw a reduction in food waste during the Covid-19 shutdown (Principato et al., 2020; Woolley et al., 2022). Whereas, the low level of wasting is caused by a lot of different things, but thrift and self- provisioning are two of the most important (Sosna et al., 2019). As a result, urban food policies should prioritize Sustainable Community Movement Organizations as catalysts for reducing food waste, addressing initiatives in this direction (Giordano et al., 2022).

Food waste reduction is the most effective strategy for dealing with climate change (de Sadeleer et al., 2020). Changing consumer attitudes about food waste is crucial if the worldwide aim of halving food loss and waste is to be met (Boulet et al., 2022). Knowledge about the negative consequences of wasting food, as well as the ability to interpret information on food product labels, were linked to lower levels of household food waste (Abu Hatab et al., 2022).

Woolley et al. (2022) discovered that knowledge about the negative consequences of wasting food was related to lower levels of household food waste. Population and children in a household greatly influence the quantity and composition of household food waste, while socioeconomic considerations and neighborhood food environment characteristics such as retail food availability, density, and closeness play a little role (Everitt et al., 2021). Meanwhile, younger generations of students (18–25 years old) in Italy are more likely to reduce food waste than older generations (Amicarelli et al., 2021). Thus, the younger generation in Indonesia has the potential to reduce food waste. As such, the main objective of this research is to determine the extent to which students understand the notion of zero waste when it comes to household food waste management.

2. Theoretical Underpinning 2.1. Food waste comprehension

Consumers account for the majority of preventable food waste in developed countries, and age is adversely connected to the amount of food wasted (Nikolaus et al., 2017). Off-campus students had fewer food provisioning and management needs than on-campus students who ate in the dining halls. Off-campus students were also more mindful of the financial ramifications of

food waste, pushing some to look for reuse value where others would not (Nikolaus et al., 2018).

Awareness of the links between food, water, and energy is highly associated with concerns about food waste and policy choices to prevent food waste (Hannibal & Vedlitz, 2018).

It has been found that there is a negative association between moral attitudes and food waste behavior, whereas individuals who do not spend more than they need tend to waste less food (Aydin & Yildirim, 2021). Food waste is a complicated issue that is unlikely to be resolved by focusing just on one element. Self- provisioning, cooking at home, economic hardship, sociodemographic characteristics, access to retail establishments, and the symbolic interpretation of food all contribute to people's food waste decisions (Sosna et al., 2019).

2.2. Food Waste in Household

Consumer food waste behavior has been widely examined in order to help households reduce food waste (Coşkun & Yetkin Özbük, 2020). More precisely, food waste in consumer homes has become a barrier to sustainable development and a source of social conflict between concerns about social capital and status (Aschemann-Witzel et al., 2021; Piras et al., 2021). Food waste in the home has tremendous environmental and social consequences.

Meanwhile, the pandemic of COVID-19 is influencing consumer spending, waste, and food consumption habits. Food waste reduction should be incorporated into recovery plans and programs (Bogevska et al., 2021). When it comes to reducing food waste at home, one of the most difficult parts is educating the community from a young age, for example, by giving them the most up-to-date information on family economics (Amicarelli et al., 2021).

2.3. Food Waste in Environment

Food waste is a significant issue because it contributes significantly to environmental contamination during disposal and contains numerous resources that must be properly managed (Niu et al., 2022). Avoidable food waste by consumers has a significant influence on the world energy and water systems (Coudard et al., 2021). While present techniques of food waste management are successful, they do not provide an environmentally sustainable solution (Al- Obadi et al., 2022). Food waste is a complex issue, resulting from modern society and the well-being that defines it, involving numerous interests and

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id affecting food security. Food insecurity persists

and has deteriorated in many regions of the world, raising concerns about the impact of food waste on global food security. Such challenges as resource management, biodiversity loss, climate change, soil erosion, reduction of precious resources such as agricultural land and water and loss of natural ecosystems are all linked to the issue (Lucifero, 2016).

3. Research Method

The aim of this research is to determine student knowledge about food waste processing at the household level through a descriptive analysis of the variables and respondents and also by creating an online questioner using Google Forms.

In this research, the processed data from descriptive analysis is presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and graphic images, which statistically describe the respondents' characteristics. The descriptive statistics and simple graphics used to answer descriptive research questions, analyse, and present the majority of the data in this study are the first steps in extracting data that is ready to be generated from the database in order to produce a particular phenomenon or image (Cooper & Schindler, 2014; Dwiastuti, 2017; Plano Clark & Creswell, 2010). The respondents to this study were all students who participated in a webinar on

September 11, 2021, titled "Zero Waste Action:

Transforming Waste into Blessings," as part of community service activities involving lecturers, students, alumnae, and environmental activists. As a result, this research was conducted using an online survey distributed to 407 college students located throughout Indonesia. Numerous questions about food waste processing at the home level were asked to respondents, including sociodemographic factors, waste management knowledge, and community food handling practices (Mattar et al., 2018; Nizar et al., 2021).

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Characteristics of the surveyed respondents.

According to the results of an online survey, the majority of respondents were from Java. There were 351 respondents from Java (86.3 percent) among the 407 respondents, with the majority of respondents aged 17–19 years, with an 18-year- old predominance in this survey. Additionally, more than 64% of respondents are female, and the majority of respondents do not participate in campus or community organizations. The goal of this online survey is discussed first, followed by the identification of the respondents' features while retaining their privacy and personal data.

Meanwhile, Table 1 summarizes the respondents' characteristics.

Table 1. Characteristics of the surveyed respondents

Characteristics Frequency Percentages

Gender Male 146 35.87

Female 261 64.13

Join a campus/community organization

Yes 139 34.15

No 268 65.85

Types of household waste that are frequently generated.

Food waste 284 69.78

Plastic 380 93.37

Paper 201 49.39

All of them 162 39.8

Garbage disposal locations in their respective neighborhoods.

A trash can that will be collected by the cleaners.

239 58.72

A hole in the ground is typically situated around the house to dispose of waste (the garbage will then be buried or burned)

15 3.69

River/drain/culvert 13 3.19

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id

Characteristics Frequency Percentages

Place for sorting organic and inorganic waste

140 34.4

Have respondents sorted their organic and inorganic waste on a daily basis?

Yes 247 60.69

No 160 39.31

Have you ever attended a waste management seminar or a community empowerment event?

Yes 130 31.94

No 277 68.06

People have developed an interest in the environment in recent years. This is demonstrated by the growing community involvement in garbage management. Individual participation in domestic waste management can be viewed as either an indirect or direct involvement in household trash management (Nugraha et al., 2018). According to the results of a poll, 60.9 percent of 407 respondents had sorted rubbish in their daily lives. Although garbage sorting remains very straightforward between organic and inorganic waste. Participation in waste management by the community is shaped by a number of factors, including increased accountability, readiness to participate, and willingness to contribute to the achievement of group goals (Wahyudi et al., 2019). The success of the zero-waste action cannot be separated from efforts to increase community participation in waste processing. Therefore, efforts to increase community participation in waste processing must be made through community/organizational education and seminars on waste management and the environment.

Efforts to enhance public awareness about trash management and waste processing should continue, as Indonesia's landfill population continues to grow. The survey's findings indicate that respondents generate a wide variety of home garbage, including plastic, food waste, and paper waste. In today's modern era, people prefer instant things. This may encourage producers to develop instant plastic packaging. As a result, the amount of plastic waste circulating is increasing as well, despite the fact that plastic waste has a negative impact on the environment and human health (Nyoman et al., 2020). The generated waste is disposed of in a variety of methods, including being buried or burned in a hole in the ground, rivers, organic and inorganic waste sorting sites, and garbage pickup stations by cleaning employees. According to the findings of the online survey, many respondents decided to place their

waste in the trash, which would then be picked up by the cleaning personnel. This simplifies matters for pupils with a high degree of mobility.

Rural residents frequently choose other methods, such as burning or burying garbage generated in their yards. This culture has been practiced for a long time. This strategy is believed to be helpful at reducing the amount of waste they generate. The majority of people who have excess property in front of or behind their home will use it to create a pit for rubbish disposal. Where the collected waste will be burnt or buried in the soil.

The practice of burning or burying rubbish has a number of detrimental effects on the environment.

Burning waste can result in an increase in emissions that contribute to air pollution, which has a detrimental effect on human health. And the major problem is the indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes, which results in groundwater contamination. The dumpsite had a significant impact on the water bodies in the surrounding area (El-Mathana et al., 2021).

Urban waste management is distinct from rural waste management. People who live in cities lack access to land that may be utilized to dispose of rubbish, and hence choose for alternative methods of waste disposal. People who live in cities have a greater understanding of waste management and a greater care for the environment. Additionally, the existing infrastructure in metropolitan regions is more competent to support waste treatment actions. The government's garbage sorting program, which includes three distinct types of trash cans for different sorts of waste, can teach the public about proper waste disposal (Fakih & Sa’id, 2021).

However, the program's effectiveness cannot be divorced from educating the community about zero waste trash processing through various events and from community participation in environmental cleanliness. Additionally, sociodemographic factors and purchasing habits

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id were identified as important predictors of food

waste behaviors (Abu Hatab et al., 2022).

4.2. College students’ knowledge of household waste management

As illustrated in Figure 1, a sizable proportion of students have engaged in waste sorting in their daily lives. Thus, it can be concluded that students possess a good level of understanding regarding domestic waste management. This is consistent with Sudarti &

Nadhiroh (2021) research, which found that these students took an active role in segregating household waste on a zero-waste basis. Students who invite the community to manage garbage, are willing to sort waste, and participate in household waste management counseling demonstrate this.

Although many students continue to believe that controlling domestic waste is difficult and time consuming. According to the survey, up to 170 respondents felt that waste sorting takes a long time and is difficult to accomplish. Public understanding of waste management in poor

nations must still be improved in order to raise public awareness (Nizar et al., 2021).

People in poor nations continue to face a significant obstacle, particularly the growth of plastic garbage that is difficult to degrade. Plastic waste has already become a significant waste concern in underdeveloped countries due to a lack of collection and recycling infrastructure tersedia (Kumi-Larbi et al., 2018). However, there is a significant economic opportunity to produce revenue from garbage reuse and recycling in the same suburbs that generate solid waste (Muisa Zikali et al., 2022). To address this issue, it is vital to raise public knowledge about the critical nature of waste management. According to the poll, while many respondents understand the importance of sorting household waste to safeguard the environment, there are still others who are hesitant to sort because they believe it is complex. Environmental concern and community involvement may arise as a result of a new positive perception of garbage.

Figure 1. Household waste management awareness among college students using true/false statements.

For a sustainable development, rural residents must be fully involved in waste classification. Rural residents have less understanding of environmental protection than urban ones, which limits the growth of household waste classification (Ao et al., 2022). In Figure 2, the majority of students had prior knowledge of waste management and some have utilized such information in their daily lives. To ascertain the number of students' understanding of waste management based on zero waste, they were asked to respond to several statements through an online survey. The findings indicate that all respondents

concur on the importance of determining the kind of organic/inorganic trash prior to handling garbage. According to Susanto et al. (2010), public awareness of organic and inorganic trash is critical for the autonomous execution of home waste processing operations to address Indonesia's waste problem. As soon as the community understands the difference between organic and inorganic garbage, they can put each type of waste in the right trash can.

Independent waste management is viewed as a way to address concerns about waste processing, which is complicated and time

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id consuming. Composting and gathering saleable

items are two methods of waste processing that operate independently of the zero-waste idea.

Meanwhile, household kitchen trash is very challenging to manage due to the fact that it is created in enormous quantities from a variety of sources (Fei et al., 2022). However, the concept of zero waste does not imply that no garbage is formed because no human activity generates waste. This strategy places a premium on minimizing trash to zero garbage that is sent to the TPA. Sorting waste independently might be the first step toward zero-waste waste processing.

Meanwhile, both home and central composting have a detrimental effect on the sustainability of household food waste management. Stakeholders must analyze the possible repercussions of various waste reduction initiatives in order to make educated decisions about future waste management and circular economy plans (Tonini et al., 2020).

Although the smell of composting is unpleasant, it is a method of managing organic

waste that may be done at the household level and can be done alone. The decomposition of organic waste can take place on its own, but if it is left unchecked, it can have negative consequences such as polluting the environment, emitting foul odors, and causing leachate seepage, which can impair the quality of groundwater. Household garbage, such as leftovers of food and fallen leaves in the yard, can be composted in a basic composter that can be scaled to the amount of waste produced. Improve soil structure, boost permeability and reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers by using compost to enrich soil that has lost nutrients. However, many individuals are unfamiliar with the process of composting, so they either burn or breakdown the garbage themselves.

An effective waste prevention strategy must accompany any commitment to improving the sustainability of food waste management (Slorach et al., 2020). To ensure that these efforts can be implemented in a long-term manner, it is vital to provide the community with counseling or training in the production of compost.

Figure 2. The level of familiarity with household waste management that college students have using true-or-false statements.

Notes: The five statements consist of: Statement 1: Prior to beginning the waste management process, it is necessary to understand the different categories of organic and inorganic garbage (wet and dry); Statement 2: The garbage is subsequently controlled by composting or collecting saleable waste; Statement 3:

Composting is a method of reusing organic waste such as food scraps, vegetable and fruit scraps, and household garbage; Statement 4: Third parties that can help manage domestic inorganic waste include scavengers, rubbish collectors, recyclers, and, in a novel alternative, saving waste in a waste bank; and Statement 5: Zero waste is a waste management concept that is not solely based on recycling. Each of the following statements should be true.

While inorganic waste generated during daily activities cannot be composted, it can be collected and subsequently sold for economic value. Sorting garbage independently can aide in

the processing of inorganic waste. In comparison to organic waste, which may be managed autonomously via the composting process, inorganic waste management requires the

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id intervention of a third party. Additionally,

respondents agree that third parties that can assist with household inorganic waste management include informal recycling business actors such as scavengers, flea workers, and artisans of recycled products specifically for plastic waste wrapped in aluminium foil, as well as a new alternative, which is to save trash in a garbage bank. Meanwhile, Indonesia has built a system for managing communal inorganic waste through trash banks, which must be maintained in order to support growing residential waste management initiatives.

However, some respondents believe that the notion of zero waste-based waste management is essentially synonymous with recycling.

4.3. College students' views on environmental factors in food waste and handling food The practice of not completing food is the primary source of food waste. While food waste is biodegradable, its high organic content necessitates prompt treatment because, once in a landfill, it can contribute to the production of methane, which is hazardous to the environment.

As a result, food waste processing requires a rapid and integrated handling process. However, this has not become a popular concern, particularly in Indonesia. As illustrated in Figure 3, respondents continue to believe that food waste is not an issue

for the environment because it decomposes organically.

According to hMu’azu et al. (2019), food waste is a concern in a number of developing countries. As illustrated in Figure 3, there are divergent views on how to handle and decrease food waste in a sustainable manner that has a minimal impact on the environment. However, many of them believe that food waste is not an issue for the environment. As a result, awareness about food waste is still severely deficient. In contrast to these findings, Mattar et al. (2018) found that education had an effect on how much waste was made because educated people plan what they will eat so they do not waste food.

The worldwide food waste problem must be addressed urgently in order to alleviate hunger and improve the environment by lowering carbon emissions and landfill use. By 2021, Indonesia's food waste production will exceed 48 tons (The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia, 2022). However, many people believe that food waste is not a pressing issue in the society. Even though there are still many people who suffer from hunger and malnutrition.

According to the respondents in this study, 17.44 percent are aware that the food waste they generate can genuinely benefit individuals who are still hungry.

Figure 3. Factors affecting the environment and how food is handled in food waste using a 1–7-point likert scale (fully agree to fully disagree).

Notes: Figure 3 shows how college students feel about the three statements about the environment and how to handle food. Statement A: food waste is not a problem for the environment because it is natural and biodegradable; Statement B: The food I discard will not benefit a malnourished person; Statement C: I frequently make use of food preparation leftovers, for example, by using bones to make broth for subsequent dishes.

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Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Numerous countries have developed

initiatives for the treatment of food waste. One of them is sustainable food waste processing via a food waste recycling scheme. Observing meal preparation and leftover practices, the data indicate that 23.31 percent of respondents remain impartial. This means that they rarely recycle the food waste they generate due to a variety of circumstances. The absence of campaigns or public awareness of food waste recycling, as well as respondents' high mobility, can contribute to a lack of public interest in food waste recycling.

Thus, it is important to teach people how to cut down on food waste by giving them practical tools like recipes for leftovers, meal planning and shopping lists, cooking with the right portion sizes for their household, and maximizing the use of refrigerators and freezers to reduce food waste (Mattar et al., 2018).

5. Conclusion

This study explored the informational knowledge needed to manage household food waste. According to the results presented above, it is clear that college students are aware of the importance of food waste management in the household. This descriptive analysis study identified that many college students feel that it takes a lot of time and effort to properly dispose of waste. College students have a high level of familiarity with domestic waste management. This means that college students know how to deal with household waste based on their knowledge and experiences. Despite the fact that college students know the proper handling of food, including leftover food, there are still some who believe that food waste does not harm the environment because it decomposes naturally. As a result, this program should be presented at an early age and collaborate with educational institutions and local governments to spread the word about domestic waste management. It is possible to deal with garbage if everyone is participating. People or groups might start by collecting their daily trash and putting it into recycling bins. Thus, it can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals target at point 12.3, which is seen through sustainable consumption at the consumer level.

6. Acknowledgment

We would like to express our gratitude to the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, for providing financing to enable us to complete

this work. This article is a result of community service activities, one of which is a webinar on waste management, the outcome of which have been examined further in terms of participants' awareness of waste management.

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