BI 5103 FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI (Integrative Physiology)

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BI 5103

FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI (Integrative Physiology)

Core Principle 6: Levels of Organization (Konsep Inti 7 : Organisasi Tingkatan)

Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 1

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Why Levels of Organization ?

Living organisms carry out functions at many different levels of organization

simultaneously, and emergent properties exist at higher levels of organization.

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Sub Topics

A.

Biological organisms function at many levels of organization (from atoms to the whole

organism) that exist on different physical scales.

B. Processes occurring on one level can often be explained by mechanisms occurring at lower levels (reductionism).

C. Some phenomena at a particular level of organization cannot be fully explained by

mechanisms occurring at lower levels; such

emergent properties represent more than the

―sum‖ of mechanisms at lower levels.

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A. Biological organisms function at many levels of organization (from

atoms to the whole organism) that exist on different physical scales.

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Biosphere

Madagascar

Ecosystem:

Forest in Madagascar

Community:

All organisms in the forest

Population:

Group of ring-tailed lemurs

Organism:

Ring-tailed lemur

Organ system:

Nervous system

Organ:

Brain

Tissue:

Nervous tissue

Nerve Spinal cord Brain

Organelle:

Nucleus Cell:

Nerve cell Nucleus Atom

Molecule:

DNA

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In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level

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Biological organization unfolds as follows:

◦ Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life,

◦ Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact,

◦ Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem,

◦ Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area,

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◦ Organism—an individual living thing,

◦ Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function,

◦ Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the

organism,

◦ Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform a specific function,

◦ Cells—the fundamental unit of life,

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◦ Organelle—a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell, and

◦ Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds.

◦ Atom – the smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an element.

◦ All together there are 12 ―nesting‖ categories in organizing life.

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Biosphere

Madagascar

Ecosystem:

Forest in Madagascar

Community:

All organisms in the forest

Population:

Group of ring-tailed lemurs

Organism:

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Organism:

Organ system:

Nervous system

Organ:

Brain

Tissue:

Nervous tissue

Nerve Spinal

cord Brain

Organelle:

Nucleus Cell:

Nerve cell Nucleus

Atom

Molecule:

Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni DNA 10

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B. Processes occurring on one level can often be explained by

mechanisms occurring at lower levels (reductionism).

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P generation

F₁ generation

F₂ generation

2 1

2 1 2 1 Gametes

Gametes

Eggs

Sperm



Red RR

White rr

Pink hybrid Rr R

R

r

RR rR

Rr rr

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Normal Mild disease Severe disease Phenotypes

Cell LDL

receptor LDL

HH

Homozygous for ability to make

LDL receptors

hh

Homozygous for inability to make

LDL receptors Genotypes

Hh

Heterozygous

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Figure 9.12_1

Blood Group

(Phenotype) Genotypes

Carbohydrates Present on Red Blood Cells

A

B

AB

O

IÂIÂ or IÂi

I^BI^B or I^Bi

I^AI^B

ii

Carbohydrate A

Carbohydrate B

Carbohydrate A and

Carbohydrate B

Neither

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C. Some phenomena at a particular level of organization cannot be fully explained by

mechanisms occurring at lower levels; such emergent properties represent more than the ―sum‖ of mechanisms at lower levels.

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

Emergent properties are

◦ new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life, from the arrangement and interactions among component parts.

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CONTEXT WITHIN PHYSIOLOGY

Research in physiology currently extends across levels of organization that include the following: molecules, cell components, whole cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.

At each level, we encounter emergent properties that cannot simply be

accounted for by any simple ―summation‖

of properties at lower levels.

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EXAMPLE

Knowing the properties of individual

neurons in the visual cortex, and even the properties of cortical columns of neurons, does not make it possible to predict the ability of primates to recognize faces. This is an emergent property of the primate central nervous system.

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