Ecological Pyramids & Types of
interaction among biotic COmponents
Biology Biology
Chapter 9 : Ecosystem
by : izzat , zaid and amin
I I n n t t rod rod u u c c t t io io n n I n t rod u c t io n
Food chains and food webs show the feeding Food chains and food webs show the feeding
relationships among organisms. Energy transfer relationships among organisms. Energy transfer
occurs when an organism feeds on another organism.
occurs when an organism feeds on another organism.
In a feeding interaction, when a trophic level In a feeding interaction, when a trophic level
increases, the number of individuals, biomass and increases, the number of individuals, biomass and total energy contained in each individual for each total energy contained in each individual for each trophic level will change. All these factors can be trophic level will change. All these factors can be
described in the form of ecological pyramids.
described in the form of ecological pyramids.
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological Pyramids Pyramids of Biomass Pyramids of Biomass
Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Energy
TYPES
Pyramid of Number
Pyramids of Number is a diagram shows the number Pyramids of Number is a diagram shows the number
of organisms at every trophic level in a food chain.
of organisms at every trophic level in a food chain.
Producers : Plants [crops & paddy]
Primary consumer : Herbivore Secondary consumer : Omnivore
Tertiary consumer : Carnivore
Ascending the pyramid Ascending the pyramid
Number of organism decrease Number of organism decrease
Size of organism become bigger Size of organism become bigger
2.1 x 10 kg/km
21000 kg/km
2100 kg/km
400 kg/km
7 2
2 2
2
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
Pyramids of Biomass is a diagram which showsPyramids of Biomass is a diagram which shows
the total biomass per unit area of all organisms inthe total biomass per unit area of all organisms in every trophic level. Biomass is measured usingevery trophic level. Biomass is measured using
dry mass.dry mass.
Ascending the pyramidAscending the pyramid
Total amount of biomass perTotal amount of biomass per unit area decreasesunit area decreases
The total mass of organism at each trophic The total mass of organism at each trophic
level is considered instead of the number of level is considered instead of the number of
organisms organisms
100 %
10 %
1.0 %
0.1 %
Only about 10% of energy at Only about 10% of energy at
Trophic level is transferred to Trophic level is transferred to
the next Trophic level the next Trophic level
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
It is a pyramid diagram that shows the total energy in the It is a pyramid diagram that shows the total energy in the
organism for each trophic level in the food chain.
organism for each trophic level in the food chain.
The total energy in the organisms at The total energy in the organisms at
each level decreases from producer each level decreases from producer
to top consumer to top consumer
Energy Energy
released as released as
heat heat Energy
Energy
transferred transferred
90% of the energy is dissipated 90% of the energy is dissipated
into the environment through heat, into the environment through heat,
living processes and excretion.
living processes and excretion.
Energy source in an ecosystem is light energy Energy source in an ecosystem is light energy
from the sun which is absorbed by green plants from the sun which is absorbed by green plants
to carry out photosynthesis and convert it into to carry out photosynthesis and convert it into
chemical energy.
chemical energy.
Typ es of interaction
among biotic components
among biotic components
As humans, we live in a community. Every member in that community needs one another. It is similar for animals and
plants which interact with each other in an ecosystem in various ways. There are a few types of main interactions,
which are saprophytism, symbiosis, predation and
competition. There are two types of competitions, which are intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.
Intraspecific competition happens among organisms of the same species. Interspecific competition happens among
organisms of different species.
Introduction Introduction
interaction among biotic COmponents
interaction among biotic COmponents
Types of interaction
Symbiosis Symbiosis
Competition Competition
" Saya pergi cari singa "
" Saya pergi cari singa "
among biotic among biotic
Components Components
Saprophytism Saprophytism Predation
Predation
Interaction provides benefit Interaction provides benefit
to only one organism to only one organism
without harming others without harming others
Interaction that gives Interaction that gives
benefits to both benefits to both
organisms organisms
Symbiosis
Symbiosis Occurs when different species interact with each other
Mutualism Mutualism
Ex : Myna with Ex : Myna with
buffalo &
buffalo &
crocodile crocodile
Commensalism Commensalism
Ex : Shark and Ex : Shark and
remora fish remora fish
Parasitisme Parasitisme
Interaction provides benefit Interaction provides benefit
to only one organism but to only one organism but
harm other organism harm other organism
Ex : Tapeworm Ex : Tapeworm
in intestine in intestine
Interaction involving an Interaction involving an
organism (predator) eats organism (predator) eats
other organism (prey) other organism (prey)
Interaction where an Interaction where an
organism gets food from organism gets food from
dead organic materials dead organic materials
Saprophytism Saprophytism
Ex : Mushroom Ex : Mushroom
live on the live on the
dead tree dead tree
trunk trunk
Predation Predation
Ex : Owl Ex : Owl
catches catches
and eats
and eats
rat rat
Interspecific competition
Competition Competition
Occurs when organisms in habitat
compete in order to get basic needs
Competition that occurs among
organism of the different species Ex : Different species of plants
compete with other plant
to get sunlight Competition that occurs
among organism of the same species
Intraspecific competition
Ex : Animal of same species compete
to get mates
