LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
CONTENTS
PLATES
PREFACE
THE MODAL PERSONALITY STRUCTURE OF THE TUSCARORA INDIANS AS REVEALED
BY THE RORSCHACH TEST
PRELIMINARY DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
THE HISTORY OF IROQUOIAN STUDIES
Iroquoians] drove a wedge between Algonquian-speaking peoples north and south of the Lower [Great]. Here was a block of incorporation of languages far from the nearest similar tribe, the Caddo-speaking people, in the western watershed of the middle Mississippi.
THE TUSCARORA AS A LACUNA IN AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY The Tuscarora have probably received less attention from anthro-
Fenton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, who led Speck in his first fieldwork, as co-dean (with Speck) of the contemporary Iroquoianists, organized research on intercommunity differences in culture and language and made himself responsible for the Allegany Seneca. The pro-American band settled on the site of the present reservation near Niagara Falls, N.
ORIENTATION, TRAINING, AND THE FIELD SITUATION The writer went into the field in July 1948 in the interest of three
Floyd Lounsbury, were aware that "the exact position of the Tuscarora language in the Iroquois family is not definitive. The writer, of course, did not become indistinguishable from other members of the community; he was perhaps the most visible foreigner living on the reservation .
THE TUSCARORA INDIANS
Except when it was necessary to follow a schedule of desired information (for example, on kinship terminology), reliance on memory was not found to seriously interfere with the recording of data. From time to time extended notes were made on general impressions of the quality or patterns of behaviour, of particular personalities and so on.
IDENTITY
Owing to a favorable field situation which meant that he was able to maintain prolonged, intimate and friendly contact with a group of reliable informants during his two years of field work, the writer believes that this relatively short period enabled him to gather enough material to sketch the main outlines of the culture Tuscarora. In this community study, however, a Tuscarora (i.e. a member of the Tuscarora community) is considered to be anyone who spent the first 6 or 7 years of their life on the reservation, or who was born and/or raised off the reservation by a Tuscarora mother and later returned , to spend most of his adult life on the reservation. .
HISTORY OF THE TUSCARORA
The depressed condition of the Iroquois (including the Tuscarora) in 1796 was described by Thomas Wistar. With the satisfied words of the Committee of Friends, the dwellings in caves, flimsy huts and bark huts had been replaced by 1865.
A PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE TUSCARORA INDIANS
One of these transcripts is now in the custody of the Library of the American Philosophical Society, in Philadelphia. It cannot be denied that the village-horticultural-ceremonial pattern of the Tuscarora is basically Southeastern, but so it is among the other Iroquoian peoples.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF TUSCARORA LIFE IN 1949"
Outside the clearing lies the forest: the real forest, in the swamp and the escarpment, and the symbolic forest, in the white man's world. Tongues may be wagging, but possession is, it seems, 10 points of the law on the Tuscarora Reservation. The function of these two stereotypes in the emotional economy of the Tuscarora Indians is indispensable.
THE KORSCHACH SAMPLE
SAMPLING
Once the distribution of the population between age and gender categories was established, the writer then calculated the number of enrollments needed to maintain the same sample sizes. The selection of individuals for inclusion in the sample was initially left almost entirely to one of the writer's informants, a person who had taken (along with the rest of his family) a Rorschach and was willing to introduce his ethnographer and ink . spots for potential candidates. However, on the other hand, this bias estimation technique does not fully account for the possibility that the entire sample was biased because most (but by no means all) of the writer's contacts were in the nearest reservation area. with the informant. 'the house.
ADMINISTRATION AND SCORING
This case illustrates a general point: it is very difficult to duplicate or falsify a Rorschach recording, because most scores and interpretations are based on the presence or absence of a large number of attributes. Most of the subjects were disturbed by the stop, saying, "Oh, you want to time us too!" or something like that. 150 ink blots, dividing the sheets into function-suitability and question columns.) "Thousands of copies of the original ink were made; this is one of them." (Meanwhile, of course, the writer was arranging papers, charts, watches, papers, etc., in preparation for the test).
THE MEANINGS OF THE SCORING SYMBOLS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT
Her documents were therefore managed in much the same way and are in no way comparable to those of the author. One other record was managed, according to the Klopfer method, by Mrs. Virginia Kerr of Buifalo, N. What effect this delay might have had, apart from an intermediate improvement in the writing skills of the writer, is difficult to determine.
THE CONCEPT OF MODAL PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
C5ERTAIN CONSIDERATIONS OF THE PRESENT STATUS OF STUDIES OF NATIONAL. CHARACTER
Eskimo culture as "extraverted", in contrast to Hindu culture, which he says fits Jung's description of the "thinking introvert" (Sapir, 1934). However, the author feels that, despite the problems associated with it, culture-and-personality is now being studied. Whether these psychological investigations are the business of the psychologist or the anthropologist is, of course, a matter of personal opinion.
THE CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF MODAL PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
The actual frequency of occurrence of each characteristic syndrome necessary for its inclusion in one of the aforementioned rubrics differs from the practically universal occurrence in society, according to some writers ("If the incidence of the selected characteristics is significantly different from the monetary society Otherwise it is determined by a variety of tests, impressionistic or statistical. Operationally, for the purposes of this study, modal personality structure is defined as that type of personality structure^ formulated in terms of the Rorschach test, from which the Rorschach data obtained from more individuals are indistinguishable in certain chosen dimensions.than they are indistinguishable in these dimensions from any other defined type.
RATIONALE
In this book, in addition to a precise description of culture, there was also a psychoanalysis of cultural forms and some biographical ma-. At the beginning of the study, the writer expected to handle his data (see Table 2) somewhat along the lines of Hallowell, Ober-. Malcolm G. Preston of the Department of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania was asked what he thought of a proposed procedure for defining "group personality." dr.
NUMBER OFM IN RECORD
The reliability of the Rorschach and scores in different categories has been investigated by several students, notably Hertz (1934), Fosberg (1941), Thornton and Guilford (1937), and Vernon (1933). The writer wrote his psychological interpretation of the data, and then reviewed his interpretation with Dr. She knew that the original Rorschach came from the Tuscarora Indians of New York State.
THE MODAL PERSONALITY STRUCTURE OF THE TUSCARORA INDIANS, AND DEVIANT TYPES OF
The writer's interpretation, then, really represents the joint conclusions of three individuals, all of whom had some familiarity with the broad outlines of Tuscarora culture. At all points of interpretation, the writer inevitably checked his Rorschach conclusions for agreement with his impressions of people and patterns of behavior he remembered. Finally, the author would like to emphasize once again that the validity of both the techniques outlined here and the modal personality type derived for the Tuscarora should be checked (ideally in a short time, to rule out the likelihood of intermediate changes). by a cross-validation study, using a similar but different sample.
THE MODAL PERSONALITY TYPE
Moreover, the scoring of form-level assessments - the key criterion of intelligence in Klopfer's interpretive system - appears to be highly unreliable even among experts (although reliable and valid enough within individual practice), so the author's quantitative form-level assessments would not be comprehensibly comparable with other students'. 34;sense of the records is that the Tuscarora modal type is itself endowed with about the same dag'ee of intelligence as the "average." Severe repression in the sense of controlling impulses by raw "willpower" is not the keynote of typical Tuscarora personality.
SUBMODAL TYPES OF TUSCAEORA PERSONALITY
The day-to-day, consciously functioning level keeps the subversive elements in place by directing attention to stereotypes rather than to real feelings and real situations.
76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BOLL. 150
DEVIANT TYPES OF TUSCARORA PERSONALITY
MODAL PERSONALITY OF TUSCARORA INDIANS 77 the clinical case will show the psychological attributes which the
SEX DIFFERENCES
150 alone a description of the personalities of all members of the modal or any other class. It is noteworthy that as many as 40 percent of the adult population possess personalities that are clearly not "typical" Tuscarora. However, this study has not included any systematic examination of the distribution of adaptation levels.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MODAL PERSONALITY, NATIONAL CHARACTER, AND CULTURE PATTERN
The uniqueness of the modal Tuscaroralis is not so much in the fact that they have social stereotypes - every society does - but in. Wallace] THE MODAL PERSONALITY OF THE TUSCARORA INDIANS 87 type affects the behavior of the modal Tuscarora with each other. Thus, the cultural techniques provided for the modal personality always involve initial interaction with other people in terms of.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL ROLES OF PERSONALITY TYPES IN THE TUSCARORA POPULATION
If we take a nicely proportional sample, representative of both genders, age groups, common people, priests, members of the royal family... 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Boll. can only be made by describing the modal personality types of the various sub-societies, and noting their respective social roles in the larger structure. Each of the 26 emerges in the writer's mind as a distinct personality, with its own way of relating to people, its own home, job, mannerisms, way of talking and personal problems.
THE COMPARISON OF TUSCARORA AND OJIBWA MODAL
The reason for the lack of any very obvious correlation between the modal and deviant types, and social status, probably lies in the fact that the Tuscarora is not a class-stratified society and has no racial or regional sub-societies. With a relatively homogeneous, egalitarian culture and a low degree of predictability of each individual's status at birth, differences in personality (apart from differences in sex) are probably functions of "accidental" differences in individuals' formative experiences.
PERSONALITIES
THE COMPARABILITY OF THE TUSCARORA AND OJIBWA RORSCHACH PROTOCOLS
The sampling of the Ojibwa population could not be as carefully controlled as that of the Tuscarora. Recording an ethnography of the type completed by the writer in the Tuscarora was evidently impossible for the Ojibwa under the conditions of their geographical distribution. Finally, the relative privacy of the Ojibwa situation may have led to comparatively fewer color responses than would have been given in the "audience" situation often observed in the Tuscarora.
THE MODAL PERSONALITY STRUCTURE OF THE OJIBWA INDIANS This sketch of Ojibwa personality is drawn from a composite Ror-
Consequently, no formal note of qualitative data can be taken here, although there will be an allusion throughout the text. A major problem in the personality structure of the Lake Winnipeg Ojibwa is dealing with aggression. -aggressive impulses are projected in fear of cannibal monsters, thewindigos; that the Windigos are really a stressed projection of the Ojibwa personality is shown by the fact that the Ojibwe are known to have a peculiar form of neurosis or psychosis in which the victim imagines himself transformed into a cannibalistic monster.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TUSCARORA AND OJIBWA MODAL PERSONALITIES
In both, however, the capacity for creative fantasy is hindered by the threatening nature of the impulses, which in both involve conflicts over dependency longing and hostility. To the superficial observer, both modal Tuscarora and modal Ojibwa would be "Indians". They would show somewhat similar shyness and reticence, similar crudeness of emotional response; they would both fit the popular White stereotype of the sullen, taciturn Indian. Wallace] MODAL PERSONALITY OF TUSCARORA INDIANS 107 structure of the Iroquois (of which the Tuscaroraareone tribe) on examination closely resembles that of the Berens River Ojibwa.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AS A FUNCTION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
The Ojibwa, on the other hand, were confronted with a constantly pressing environment which required careful and continuous attention to the details of the subsistence economy, which de-. Potions of the original material culture, mythology, thesib system, ethics, games, the guardian spirit concept, dreams as signs, witchcraft. But the Tuscarora have added the whole of village agriculture. The individualism of the Ojibwa may be reflected in the fact that, as a group, they appear to be less homogenous in personality (only 28.4 percent of Ojibwa records fall into the Ojibwa modal class, compared with the 37.2 percent of Tuscarora records that fall into « the Tuscarora modal class).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Popular responses and cultural differences: A frequency-based analysis in a group of American Indians. Report of the Committee for the Progressive Civilization of the Indian Natives, prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Religious Society of Fi-iends, held at Philadelphia in the fourth month, 1838. A Brief Sketch of the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Annual Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends , to promote the civilization and improvement of the Indians; also on the present condition of the tribes of the State of NewYork.
INDEX
118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
INDEX 119
120 BUREAU OF AMERIC.VN ETHNOLOGY
