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Chapter 2 Standard odel and Neutrino Production at LEP

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s (GeV)

Cross section (pb)

e + e →e + e qq e + e →qq (γ) e + e →µ + µ (γ) e + e →νν _ (γ)

e + e →W + W e + e →ZZ e + e →γγ e + e → W + W γ

L3 preliminary

10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4

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Measurement Fit |O meas −O fit |/σ meas

0 1 2 3

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∆α had (m Z )

∆α (5) 0.02758 ± 0.00035 0.02767 m Z [GeV]

m Z [GeV] 91.1875 ± 0.0021 91.1874 Γ Z [GeV]

Γ Z [GeV] 2.4952 ± 0.0023 2.4959 σ had [nb]

σ 0 41.540 ± 0.037 41.478 R l

R l 20.767 ± 0.025 20.742 A fb

A 0,l 0.01714 ± 0.00095 0.01643 A l (P τ )

A l (P τ ) 0.1465 ± 0.0032 0.1480 R b

R b 0.21629 ± 0.00066 0.21579 R c

R c 0.1721 ± 0.0030 0.1723 A fb

A 0,b 0.0992 ± 0.0016 0.1038 A fb

A 0,c 0.0707 ± 0.0035 0.0742 A b

A b 0.923 ± 0.020 0.935

A c

A c 0.670 ± 0.027 0.668

A l (SLD)

A l (SLD) 0.1513 ± 0.0021 0.1480 sin 2 θ eff

sin 2 θ lept (Q fb ) 0.2324 ± 0.0012 0.2314 m W [GeV]

m W [GeV] 80.410 ± 0.032 80.377 Γ W [GeV]

Γ W [GeV] 2.123 ± 0.067 2.092 m t [GeV]

m t [GeV] 172.7 ± 2.9 173.3

Summer 2005

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∆χ 2

Excluded

∆α had =

∆α (5)

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Theory uncertainty

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√s (GeV)

Cross section (nb)

LEP1-LEP2 (Born)

a)

10 -3 10 -2 10

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√s (GeV)

Cross section (nb)

LEP1-LEP2 (KKMC)

b)

10 -3 10 -2 10

-1 1 10

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

√s = 200 GeV

c) ν µ ν _ µ (γ) + ν τ ν _ τ (γ) ν e ν _ e (γ)

Invariant Mass (GeV)

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10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10

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(17)

a)

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X T

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c) ν e ν _ e γ ν µ ν _ µ γ

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Recoil Mass (GeV)

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3

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d)

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Cross section (pb)

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a)

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(22)

√s (GeV) σ νν _ γ (pb)

KKMC NUNUGPV KORALZ a)

<√ s > = 198 GeV

σ kkmc / σ nunugpv = 1.002 ± 0.002 σ koralz / σ nunugpv = 1.016 ± 0.003 e + e → νν _ γ , νν _ γγ

3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5

190 195 200 205

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KKMC NUNUGPV KORALZ b)

e + e → νν _ γγ

<√ s > = 198 GeV

σ kkmc / σ nunugpv = 1.03 ± 0.01 σ koralz / σ nunugpv = 1.06 ± 0.01 0.26

0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34

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