In this study, the writer focuses on suprasegmental features, especially in word stress and intonation produced by students of English literature. Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia is acoustically differentiated, with primary stressed vowels having the highest f0 (pitch) and greatest duration and intensity, unstressed vowels having the lowest f0 and shortest duration and intensity, and secondarily stressed vowels having intermediate f0, duration, and intensity values show. The current study is based on data from eight Chickasaw speakers, five women and three men. In the second previous study, the researcher discovered that there were misplaced tensions among the students.
The third previous study is Karjo (2015) about her research "Accounting for L2 Learners' Errors in Word Stress Placement". In this study the researcher uses a qualitative method for his research. In this chapter, the researcher discusses how to produce stress and intonation in the part of suprasegmentals that comes from previous study.
Conceptual Framework
Pronunciation
In pronunciation, many people have problems with their pronunciation, so when they say in English, they do not understand what the speaker said because the speaker made a mistake in his or her pronunciation. These types of misunderstandings can range from not understanding the message to offending because the speaker seems to express an attitude that was not actually intended. For example: “Do you want a snake?” The listener thought the speaker was asking whether or not she wanted a snake, instead of some food or a snack.
For example, the word “hat” should be /hæt/, but they make the simple word “het”. This is poor placement of that emphasis because the listener cannot get the new information from that sentence because of the word "synergy."
Suprasegmental Features in Pronunciation
- Stress
- Intonation
The researcher uses this theory to find the characteristics and differences of features on segments produced by students of English Literature at Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia. Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia From the above theories, the researcher concludes that suprasegmental features are the features we have when we produce a speech. We always have these features when we produce speech, and each person tends to have different features when he or she does so.
According to Yates and Zielinski, pronunciation refers to how we produce the sounds that we use to make meaning when we speak. In articulatory terms, stress involves an increase in air pressure; an increase in the activity of the respiratory muscles forces more air out of the lungs during the articulation of a particular syllable. There may also be an increase in larynx activity, resulting in higher pitch.
Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia According to an explanation by Fraser, we can conclude that stress is a pressure given to each particular syllable in pronunciation. This is marked by the presence of volume, power, change of tone and pitch of a sentence. In articulatory terms, stress involves an increase in air pressure; an increase in respiratory muscle activity forces more air out of the lungs during the articulation of a given syllable. As stated by (Widdowson 1996: 44) which marks the change of nouns with verbs, nouns are stressed on the first syllable, while verbs are stressed on the second, sometimes the change of stress marks the different class between words that are semantically similar, as in ' Record' (ˈrɛkɚd) as noun, and 'record' (rɪ'cɔrd) as verb, or 'Object'.
In the following sections, the researcher shows some theories from some linguists. Intonation can be interpreted as a variation of a tone of voice in a particular speech that is produced when we speak. Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia change of pitch, is essential to signal the speaker's opinion, especially interpersonal attitudes. In the explanation above, intonation is a change in tone of voice, which is often carried out by the speaker, and this is very important to indicate the meaning of the speaker, especially in interpersonal attitude, such as a person who is angry, they tend to use high intonation in his or her speech.
Rising Intonation (➚)
Fall-Rise Intonation (➘➚)
Syllable
- Word with One Syllable
- Word with Three Syllables
- Word with Four Syllables
The following words therefore also have a single syllable: feet, moon, cake, have, break and bought. Examples of words with three syllables: September: sep-tem-ber, Department: department, Telephone: telephone, Camera: camera, Saturday: Saturday, Hamburger: ham -burger, Vitamin: vi-ta-min. Examples of words with four syllables: Kindergarten: kindergar-tien, Information: in-vir-ma-tion, January: ja-nu-ar-y, American: A-mer-i-can, Discovery: di -sco-ver -y.
Research Design
Data and Data Sources
The author takes the data in the form of speaking English literature students in UniversitasTeknokrat Indonesia. The meaning of a good pronunciation itself is that the students pronounce it in English fluently and clearly, and the vocabularies they have made are variants. The author chose five participants among English literature students, among 5 speakers, because the students had taken phonetics and phonology classes, so they understood more about how to use stress and intonation.
The writer also samples students with good pronunciation, because we assume that students who have good pronunciation already have an understanding of segmental features, so students can adjust how the suprasegmentals are used. Of the three classes, Class A is classified as having good speaking skills, so the authors chose a sample from Class A of as many as five people to use as the object of this study. To know how these suprasegmental features are realized, the writer should include native learners in addition to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary as a guide.
Data Collection
Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia research, the author took some steps to collect the data as follows: first, the researcher recorded the native speaker's voice, from eighteen sentences that the author gives to the native speakers. The author asked each student to read one sentence, and then all the participants recorded their voice. After the participants have recorded their voice, the writer tries to transcribe each of the sounds they have already got.
Data Analysis Technique
- Problem with Two Syllable Word
- Problem with Three Syllable Word
The data describe that the main stress of the word that the participants produced did not follow the rules, which are on the second syllable, on the third syllable and on. Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia fourth syllable. Where in the first participant she produces five stressed words that are not based on the Oxford Dictionary, namely the words vivid, complete, indirect, difficult and accommodated. In the second participant, she produced four non-rule-based words, namely the pronunciation of the accented word, Living, Complete, Evacuate and Indirect.
Based on the dictionary, some of the word above, the place of word stress it should be in the first syllable, but they put it on the second syllable. There are four participants who produce this stress in different stress, as in the first participant, the second participant, the fourth participant and the fifth participant. Based on the data, the following table is the data based on the audio recording. In the third syllable there are two words that the participant produces not based on the Oxford dictionary.
Some of them use the word Evacuate in the third syllable, but according to the rules it should be in the second syllable. In the second word, participants produce the word Indirect, and they place the stress in the first syllable, but it should be in the third syllable. In the fourth syllable, from the above data, there are two words that the participants produced that are different with the Oxford dictionary, namely in the word Accommodate, part of the participant puts stress on the first syllable, but based on the dictionary should say this in the second syllable.
Another word is Continuous, some people produce this word in the first syllable, but it should be in the third syllable. Some mention it in the second syllable /li'viɧ/, but it should be in the first syllable /'li:viɧ/. Some of them produce this word in the first syllable /'kəmpli:t/, but it should be in the second syllable /kəm'pli:t/.
Intonation
- Participant 1
- Participant 2
- Participant 3
- Participant 5
The second sentence, namely: “We must evacuate immediately”, the participant says “Ascending intonation”, but it should be “Falling intonation”. How difficult was that test!”, the participant shouts in “Ascending intonation”, but it should be “Falling intonation”. The last sentence is “Maybe we can visit the place?”, the second participant produces “Falling intonation”, but it should be there.
The second sentence the participant produces is, "Should we complete this question", in the table above the participant produces that sentence as a "Rising intonation", but it should be "falling intonation". The next sentence the contestant produces is "What a beautiful voice!" the participant produces the intonation as "Fall-Rise intonation", but it should be "Falling intonation". The last sentence is "Put your dictionary on the table" the participant produces this sentence as "Rising intonation", but the correct one is "Falling intonation".
You're a new student, aren't you?” sentence, from the first sentence the participant produces "Falling intonation", but the correct one is "Rising intonation". The second sentence is "May I borrow your dictionary?", from the table above, the participant produces "Falling intonation", but it should be "Rising intonation". The last sentence that the fourth participant produces in second intonation is "Maybe we could visit the place?", the participant produces the sentence in "Falling intonation", but it should be in "Fall-Rise intonation".
The first sentence is “Should we copy the list?” the participant produces “Falling Intonation” but it should be “Falling Rising Intonation”. The second sentence is “Do you see Dony or Beny?”, produced by the participant as “Falling Intonation”, but the correct one is “Rising-Falling Intonation”. The following sentences are "Can I borrow your dictionary?" the participant uses "falling rising intonation" when pronouncing the sentence, but it should be "rising intonation".
The fifth sentence produced by the participant is "We must evacuate immediately.", in this sentence the participant produces "Rising intonation", but it must be in "Falling intonation". Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia's fifth contestant produced is "Maybe we can visit the place?", the contestant produces it as "Falling Intonation" but it should be in "Falling-Rising Intonation".
