His personal encouragement, keen interest and contributions to every aspect of the work presented were greatly appreciated, ed. A regime in which some new theoretical ideas can be tested experimentally when a certain cavity electrodynamics (&ED) setting is now reached. The un i q ~ ~ c properties of these resonators have led to some theoretical investigations of the atolri-field interaction emphasizing the quartization of the atomic cerker nlass degr(:c% of freedom).
Dagitoy a teknik ken kabaelan ket napataud iti panaglabas ti panawen tapno magun-od ti padas a pundasion para iti trabaho ti pagsala iti optiko a wangawangan a QED. Maysa a tsart tapno masurot ti amin a frequency ti laser a nailadawan. 7.1 Ti espasial a panangiladawan kadagiti pateg ti itlog ti itlog dagiti Jaynes-Curnmirrgs.
List of Tables
Chapter 1 Introduction
On the excrimeral side, there has been enormous pressure to implement some of these ideas using various forms of "hardware", including electromagnetic field quartz element eleports [7]. , S]> optical and microwave cavity QED 19; 101, ion traps [ll, 121, NMR. The study of such open quantum systems in the field of optical cavity QED has steadily progressed toward the point where the lossy effects caused by the system's internal clock can be suppressed, even when irradiated. tire iriteraction between irldividual cluarita. Thi: a generic QED system with an optical cavity of a single atom at the t~vo level of an excited state with linewidth ?,I strongly coupled at the Rabi frequency g to a single photon inside a high-fineness optical resonator with linewidth n , rvm among the first candidate systems , which have been identified and used to process quailt1111 1241 information.
A student, Erik Streed, also worked with an atomic force microscope to characterize the surface strength of the spheres. We were able to build somewhat on Hideo's precision positive measurement work j36j; but much of the existing hardware had to be reallocated for the purpose of an atomic capture experiment.
Part I
MICROSPHERES
Microsphere Resonators in Cavity QED
- The Motivation: Microspheres as a Future Di- rection for CQED Experiments
- Whispering Gallery Modes
- Mode Functions
In the optical realm, coils have previously been rooted in or small Fabry-Perot cities. For use in the QED cavity and otherwise, the microsphere WGMs ax, thus worthy of further influencing i~\.cstigat,ion; especially with the possibility of an ever higher Q in the near-infrared (XIR), as the absorption coefficient of bulk silica drops more than fivefold moving from 111 600 nm to 1 prrs. The wave vector K inside the sphere must also be copied by k = 2 7 i j X = K / n , with the refi.active index of the sptler.
Tile WGMs are very limited to the sphere equator and have 1 x m, where 1 x Ka for large 1. Fikld rnaxirliunl lies just inside the sphere and counts expansively outside t,lies the sphere with l / e length.
Chapter 3 High Q Measurements for Fused Silica Microspheres in the NIR
- Experimental Issues
- Fabrication and Cleaning
- Mode Coupling and Ringdown Measurements
- Measurements
- Wavelength Dependence of the Q
- What is Limiting the Q?
In the case of trvo NIR wavc:Ierlgti~, either the 670 nnl laser or a 633 nm I-Ten'e laser was superimposed for visual alignment of the coupled beam spot on the prism with t,he equatorial plane of t,he sphere. As documented in [15j, we also see a time dependence of Q due to water absorption on the surface, as will be cliscusseci in Sec. Tlle fornatioli of the sphere si~lrfacc is determined 137 by the annealing history of the silica sphere as it is withdrawn from the flame and cooled.
Although scanning electron microscopy (SEh'I) was initially investigated, high-resolution atornic force microscopy (AFM) was not found to be as difficult in providing quantitative data on the surface quality of the microsplices. An equivalent expression can be derived using another approach, based on surface scattering of plane waveguides, by replacing the ratio of external to internal rrtode volumes of the sphere with the ratio of external to internal conducted power in the sphere. waveguide.
Chapter 4 Cavity QED with High Q Whispering Gallery Modes
- UHV Sphere Apparatus and Data Acquisition
- Observations
- Q Dependency
- Intracavity Photon Number Calibration
- Model for the Interaction
- Ansatz for the Three Contributions to the Susceptibil- ity
- What About the Extremely Narrow Features?
- An Update
The frequency of the incident laser is independently monitored by saturated absorption spectroscopy in a separate cell. Note that tlrat Ail serves as a direct measure of the width of the empty cavity line as lieilce Q-I through q. Another factor of two must be excluded to account for the use of precessing inodes and two out-of-coupled carriers in the prism.
Operational3: ensure that the data is obtained in a linear mode with the meter, ~ of the type shown in Fig. This sirriple model also allows the qxantity q connection issue of Fig. 4.5 with current ernpty cavit:y Question to be addressed.
Part I1
CM QUANTIZATION IN CAVITY QED
Chapter 5 Well-Dressed States for Wavepacket Dynamics in Cavity QED
- Introduction
- Field-Wavepacket Overlaps
- The Well-Dressed States
- Structure
- Hamiltonian
- The Three Different Regimes
- Dynamics
- Dissipation
Atoms Vit,l~ colci, a fully quartzized treatment of atomic c.m. degrees of freedom are necessary to ensure the heading of the c.111 wavepacket. Rather than focusing on any of the various eigenvalue structure appliers of Fig. A cliually similar relationship has been analyzed in the ntichromaser continuum operating with t~t, cold ornis [% I.
5.6, cleconlposit,iori of iriilial statcs q = 1; 2 in terms of tii: set of 30 boimci states of V; is sllo~vn for the parameters of Fig. A distinctive chtuacteristic within the cavity QED setup is the possibility for modifications of the external state potential via st,ate internal dynamics, and vice versa.
Part I11
TRAPPED ATOMS IN CAVITY QED
Chapter 6 Cold Atoms and High Finesse Microcavities - Experimental
- Introduction
- Delivering Cold Atoms to the Cavity
- Cesium Level Structure
- System Overview and Introduction to the MOT
- The Vacuum System
- The Upstairs MOTl
- Polarization Gradient Cooling (PGC)
- The Downstairs MOT2
- Lattice/Cooling Beams I
- Timing Diagram
- The High Finesse Cavity
- Construction
- Determination of Cavity Parameters
- Passive Vibration Isolation and the Cavity Support Structure
- Mode-Matching and Cavity Birefringence
- The Cavity Servo
- The Laser System, Cavity Locking and Het- erodyne Detection of the Intracavity Field erodyne Detection of the Intracavity Field
- Ti:Sapphire Laser
- The Transfer Cavity and Locking Diode Laser
- Heterodyne Detection
Iriforrnatio~i in t, diagram in brackets is forrri (transition wavelength?lil lifetime, brarlching ratio). The drawback of fiber is the typical 50% return in porvcr due to splicing losses. TIIC ~ jlaceirier of the me11 cavity in relation to the expected position of the falling iitol was a non-portable coil of signs.
The motion is sufficient to induce vibration, ions of type 304 s t , an i n l ~ s (and therefore, somewhat magnetic) steel. The completed solution was first based on a 2D analog of the I D PGC node presented in Sec. In the following section, ion, the properties of the high-fineness R~bry-Perot cavity used in the experiment will be discussed.
With the starting point in the center o ~ l e mirrors (see Figure 6.16); it can be described by fiinct,iorl. One of the most important factors ensures the mechanical stability and passive vibration isolation of this micro-hollow structure. The disadvantage of the t1111e PZT is that it has low-frequency resonant sounds in the feu range.
A 15 cm lens is typically used to focus into the cavity from the outside of the vacuurri canal. The first resoriarice in the vicinity of 11 kEI4 is the main reason for the hand width of the servo. The details of the joining of the light into the cavity have been explained in Scc.
Currently, none of the top side banks (USBjf1 and USB#2) of these modnlators are installed. The relation of the actual trarisrnite power to the intraciwity pliotoii riumber requires a slight digression.
Chapter 7 Trapping a Single Atom Inside a High Finesse Cavity
- Atom Transits and Trapping with a Single Pho- ton
- Eigenvalue Spectra and Downgoing Atom Transits
- Lattice (Cooling) Beams I1
- Upgoing Transits and Trapping with 1 Photon
- IntraCavity FORT
- Far Off-Resonance Traps (FORTS)
- The Hamiltonian and Eigenvalue Spectrum
- FORT Laser Implementation
- Atom Transits in the Presence of the FORT
- FORT Triggering with Single Atoms: Trapped Atoms
- FORT Lifetime Measurement
- Limits to Trap Lifetime
- Blue FORT attenlpt
The first atom footprint data of the experierrrerlt,al configuration plate described here is shown in Fig. 7.4(c) shows the influence of k1OT2 on the bottom floor, which is an internal collection medium for the falling atoms. Thr:forc, when t11e cooling pulse ends, the atorr~s drop approximately 700 - 800 pin to the center of the cavity (xvliere tlie mode diameter is only 2wo = 44 pm) and dt:tected.
The time of the cooling pulse is shown above (a). ti) is tliscussecl in tlie text. The atoms then fall approx. 800 prn to the center of the cavity,~ where they are detected. A reasonable way to do this ~ i ~ a s t to use tirning of cooling pulsecl as slio\vn in Fig.
This 1voi1ld put tile atoni on top of the potential well for that eigenstate. This dispersion causes ilcatering of the antenna in the FORT as explained in section 7.2.7. To supplement this review of the FORT plans, a few 11 words about the experimental implementation are in order.
An updated timing diagram for switching the various fields is shown in fig. The falling edge of the probe transmission is triggered on the FORT field, which then remains on until it is switched to 08 after a femtl interval. The presence of tile atom at, t, his second of tinie is also detected 1 - 1 ~ 7 niodification of the probe transmission.
These data were acqtiireii for repeated tri;ils as in Figs. 0.r~. the FORT now from depth AFonr = -50 MHz and outside the probe field). recorded by an electronic counter and regularly verified due to tape review experience, all duty cycle (2 s) and low catch probability (< 1%). Subtracting these background counts for times greater than al~oist t = 49 ms allows an i1c:ternination of the FORT tirrie coil stant.
Chapter 8 Next Steps
- Elimination of the Diode Laser Noise
- Resolved Sidebands
In order to investigate whether tliis is even possible in principle, one of the first rrieasurerrlerlts made was that of the intensity noise of the grat,ing st,abilized, free-running laser. This lcwl was quite independent of whether the laser was locked to the transmission cavity. There is a way in which the fractional intensity noise can be directly increased by the linear transfer functions of the physics cavity, so alternative amplitude noise sources were investigated.
The Loreritzian profile of the cavity resonator can also act as a discrinliner for converting frequency noise to irit, ensity noise and diode laser phase noise was considered as the next possibility. A significant effort placed on the inrprovenl~ent of tlic cavity-locking servo to reiiucc ariy offsets wliicll miglvt cause the 1,aser to be locked OR' of line center; but t,liis didn't have a big impact, because of the rather large 10 MHz wi&h of the physics cavity. A test setup by CCliristoph Nagerl i ~ i one of the other laboratories clearly demonstrated that initial filtering of the frequency noise spectrum using the light, through a narrow (- 20 kHz wide) filter cavity, tended to reduce the.
The benefit of continuing to use the locking laser to close the cavity, a tiling alternative to using the FORT laser to trap both atoms and close the cavity. The above work indicates that the original light from the closing laser through the transfer cavity can result in a very quiet closing of the layer cavity. The r c arrangement of the locking diode laser beam pattern to achieve this is somewhat less trivial, and another strategy has been successfully pursued very recently.
An ester~lal frequency stabilization loop using a double pass AOAI in the FORT laser path is included to add bandwidth to the ion frequency stabilizer. As explained in the text on tires; This helped to eliminate the partial noise intensity inside the cavity (and instead of the FORT potential) and trr-led trap oscillations. It is therefore necessary to record any evitlerics of these fluctuations in the FORT xvell potential on the cavity transfer, as bee11.
