Comparative Model of Single-phase AC Cycloconverter for 1000Wp Photovoltaic Grid-connected 220VAC-50Hz
Handoko Rusiana Iskandar1, Yuda Bakti Zainal2, Ana Urbaningtyas3
1,2,3Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi Indonesia
*Correspondent author: handoko.rusiana@lecture.unjani.ac.id
Received: September 3, 2022 Accepted: September 12, 2022
Abstract
Currently, the Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEL) of Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani has a 1 kWp photovoltaic (PV) system. However, to fulfill the overall load, the hybrid link to the grid need to improve.
The PV system and the grid need to be synchronized in terms of voltage, frequency, and phase. This article presents comparative simulations of AC-AC converter models of power electronics component variants using MATLAB 2019a. Among other stages is to model the DC-DC Converter to enhance the output voltage of the solar panel by identifying the circuit characteristics. The second stage involves simulating the MOSFET-based DC-AC Converter circuit, which is used to convert DC to AC. The use of switching Thyristor, Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO), and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) in an AC-AC phase converter to connect to the grid is also examined in this range. Non-linear and linear loads are used to represent the load on the AC Cycloconverter range. Based on the results of the modeling and analysis of the PV 1 kWp system, the AC Cycloconverter in the first stage may provide a frequency of 50 Hz with a voltage drop of 235.4 V for the line and 231.9 V for the non-linear, which meets the AC Cycloconverter criterion.
Keywords: AC cycloconverter, photovoltaic, Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), thyristor
Abstrak
Saat ini, Laboratorium Teknik Elektro, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani memiliki sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya berbasis fotovoltaik (PV) sebesar 1000 Wp. Namun, untuk memenuhi beban keseluruhan, terhubung ke jaringan PLN harus diperbaiki. Sistem PV dan jaringan harus memiliki sinkronisasi yang baik terutama untuk tegangan, frekuensi, dan fasa. Makalah ini menyajikan simulasi perbandingan model konverter AC-AC dengan varian komponen elektronika daya menggunakan Matlab 2019a. Metode dalam merealisasikan pemodelan tersebut diawali oleh dengan memodelkan konverter DC- DC guna meningkatkan tegangan keluaran panel surya dengan mengidentifikasi karakteristik rangkaian.
Tahap kedua melakukan simulasi rangkaian konverter DC-AC berbasis komponen Metal Oxide Feel Effect Transistor (MOSFET). Komponen digunakan untuk mengubah arus DC ke AC. Penggunaan switching Thyristor, Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) dan Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) dalam konverter fasa AC-AC untuk terhubung ke jaringan PLN diperiksa dalam kisaran ini. Beban linier dan non-linier digunakan untuk merepresentasikan beban pada siklo konverter AC. Berdasarkan hasil pemodelan dan analisis sistem fotovoltaik 1000 Wp menghasilkan siklo konverter AC memberikan frekuensi 50 Hz dengan besar tegangan jatuh 235,4 V untuk beban linear dan besar tegangan 231,9 V untuk non-linier. Besar tegangan pada simulasi rangkaian siklo konverter AC telah memenuhi kriteria yang diinginkan.
Kata Kunci: Konverter AC-AC, fotovoltaik, Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), Thyristor
1. Introduction
Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEL) includes a 1000 Wp photovoltaic (PV) solar system. The energy collected by the PV panels fluctuates based on the surrounding environmental variables[1][2]. Solar irradiation and temperature are two of the factors that affect the ever-changing properties of PV currents and voltages. Because of the PV panels' distinctiveness, the PV panels are not directly connected to the load, but rather through the use of some additional electrical components that serve as a link between the PV panels and the load. This component serves as a DC voltage and current amplifier, a DC voltage and current converter, a battery input stabilizer, and the main grid coupling[3][4]. PV panels have a maximum power point, also known as the Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT), which occurs when the current and voltage
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are at their peak. However, the value of this feature is strongly dependent on the amount of solar irradiation and the temperature of the PV cell's surface. MPPT also functions as an electrical system controlled by a PV panel, allowing the PV panel to output the maximum amount of power. Then, PV, a grid-connected inverter component is added so that the PV module can deliver power to the grid[5][6].
Several related studies have previously been conducted and have formed the focus of discussion on the cyclo-converter design[7]. A cyclo-converter is a natural commutation frequency converter that is synchronized with a power source and is commonly employed in large power applications up to the order (MW) for a certain frequency characteristic[8]. The current and voltage output waveforms become the reference to adjust the functions of both converters, and the waveform created by both converters depends upon the load attached to the cyclo-converter[9]. This context stimulates the modeling and analysis of converters to acquire the characteristics of 1 kWp PV against various irradiances. The converter circuit is simulated to work with a 220 VAC/50 Hz grid and an operational voltage range of 230–400 V. The analysis technique is derived from evaluating the single-phase AC/AC Converter circuit that has met the criteria for connecting to a single-phase grid with a frequency of 50 Hz (see Figure 1). For further discussion, this study is modeled utilizing three different types of power electrical components: thyristor, turn-off thyristor (GTO), and Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in 1 kWp PV System are presented. The solar energy potential at this site is 9.96 kWh/m2/day, with a wind speed of 3.29 m/s and an average temperature of 23.71C.
DC BATTERY LOAD
AC LOAD 220 V/50 Hz DC-DC
CONVERTER
AC-AC CONVERTER
DC-AC CONVERTER 10 Panels in series
with 180 V/PV Panel
Grid
MMPT CONTROL
Figure1.1000 Wp single-phase grid-connected PV 220 VAC/50 Hz AC/AC converter modeling Source: Improvement of the simulation converter circuit on this paper
2. Material and Methods PV Panels Characteristic
Based on the specifications in Table 1, the PV in the Electrical Engineering Laboratory Building is installed ground mounted with 10 solar panels connected in series to produce a 1kWp Photovoltaic Array.
The PV in the Electrical Engineering Laboratory Building, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, is ground mounted, with 10 solar panels connected in series and forming a 1kWp Photovoltaic Array according to the criteria in Table 1. Each PV panel has a peak output of 100 W, a maximum operational current of 5.56 A, and a maximum operating voltage of 18 V. This type of solar panel has an efficiency of roughly 15% -20%.
Because the structure of silicon monocrystalline is comprised of big crystals, the resulting efficiency is substantially higher than that of other forms of solar panels.
Table 1. PV Panel Specifications
No PV Parameter Data Information
1. Manufacture SUMICO TN100M
2. PV Technology Si-monocrystalline
3. Max. Operating Voltage (Vmp) 18 V
4. Max. Operating Current (Imp) 5.56 A
5. Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) 22.36 V
6. Short Circuit Current (ISC) 6.02 A
7. Maximum Power at STC 100 Wp
Source: Technical data of PV panel 100 Wp DC/DC Boost Converters
Against the back ground of past activities, all 1kWp PV parameters were considered in this analysis.
Existing solar cells are Si-mono, 10 PV integration mode mounted in series[10]. The highest output voltage (Vmp) is 180 V and the maximum output current (Imp) is 5.56 A, resulting in a peak series power of 1000.8
W. A DC-DC boost converter is a converter that can provide an output voltage that is larger than the input voltage or reference voltage (Vout < Vin). This circuit is made up of several components such as diodes (D), inductors (L), capacitors (C), and resistors (R). The DC-DC current converter has a high conversion efficiency, making it suited for use in low-power applications[11]. The DC/DC boost converter operates on the basis that when the switch is turned "ON," the inductor is directly linked to the input voltage source, resulting in a charging process. When the switch is turned "OFF," the inductor changes state and begins to discharge current.
This model presents a way for optimizing the size of power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for DC/DC boost converters based on optimal power efficiency[12]. The simulation in Figure 2 depicts a switching process in which the polarization of the diode component occurs concurrently when the gate switch (S) is open. The inductor voltage then steadily climbs to the main source voltage (DC Source), and the sequence is concluded by producing a larger amount of output voltage from the main source and amplifying with the same polarity[13].
Inductor
R C
Diode
+ S -
DC Source
Figure 2. DC/DC Boost Converter Circuit Source: [13]
As a result, the load (R) is fed via the inductor and the voltage source. Equation is used to calculate the duty cycle of the boost converter circuit (1).
𝐷 = 1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (1)
The inductor (L) and (R) employed is determined by applying equation (2 - 3); this converter capacitor serves to lessen the ripple that occurs in the converter output voltage (see Eq. (4)).
𝐿 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
∆𝑖𝐿 𝑥 𝑓𝑠𝑤 (2)
𝐶 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
∆𝑉𝑜 𝑥 (1 − 𝐷)(𝑅𝑜, min)(𝑓𝑠𝑤) (3)
𝑅𝑂 = 𝑉𝑂
𝐼𝑂 (4)
DC/AC Boost Converters
A bidirectional inverter is a model that is offered to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Inverters are intended for non-linear loads or those that comprise inductors (L) and capacitors (C) and hence require alternating voltage (AC). The output voltage of the bidirectional inverter is controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM) by computing the inverter's duty cycle in Equation (5). Furthermore, the reference frequency is set to 50 Hz (see Figure 3), allowing Eq. (6-7) to be used to compute the TON and TOFF time of the MOSFET switching.
𝐷 = 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (5)
𝑇𝑂𝑁 = 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 (6)
𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 − 𝑇𝑂𝑁 (7)
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DC Source
S1
S2
S3
S4
L
C R
MOSFET
Figure 3. DC/AC Boost Converter Circuit using MOSFET Source: Experimental switching circuit based on simulation 3. Results and Discussion
The irradiance and temperature are set to 1000 W/m2 and 25° C, respectively, in accordance with the Standard Test Condition (STC). Using the equations above, the converter booster will increase the DC output voltage of the PV. The first test was performed to identify the P-V characteristics with the Irradiance variation in order to compute the maximum power output from the solar panel. Figure 3 depicts a simulation of P-V and I-V characteristics influenced by irradiance ranging from 100 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 at a constant temperature of 25°C.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. PV Characteristics based on PVSyst simulation; a) power to voltage, b) current to voltage Source: PV characteristics simulation result
The parameters utilized in the DC-DC boost converter circuit are provided in the Table 1 based on the results of a basic calculation. According to the modeling test findings, the PV panel output is 180 V, the DC voltage from this converter is 344.5 V, and the current is 5.469 A. The voltage and current prices are designed according to the plan where this converter boosts the voltage twice from the source output voltage as a consequence of this experiment.
Terminator
Pulse Generator
Diode L
S
Mosfet
D g
C
Current Measurement
+ - I
R
V - + Voltage Measurement
Scope Output Current (A)
5.469
Output Voltage(A) 344.5 1000
Irradiance (W/m2)
Temperature
(Deg. C) PV Array 25
m Ir
T powergui Continuous
Figure 5. MOSFET’s DC/DC Boost Converter
Source: Simulation circuit using SIMULINK for DC-DC converter using MOSFET
The pulse width is adjusted by the PWM control in this circuit at a predetermined frequency. Table 2 will display the parameter values for the DC-DC Converter circuit.
Table 2. DC-DC Boost converter
No. Parameter Values
1. Voltage Reference (Vref.) 180 V
2. Capacitance 10 µF
3. Inductance 78 µH
4. Resistance 63 Ω
5. Period (Time) 0,00001 s
6. Pulse generator (Freq.) 100000 Hz
7. Amplitude 1
8. Pulse Width 47,5 %
Source: Simulation parameter based on calculation using Eq. (1)-(7)
According to the simulation results, the resulting voltage and current are consistent with the initial planning design, where the condition of this converter circuit function to boost the voltage by at least twice the original output voltage. The output waveforms of the voltage and current generated by the boost converter circuit are shown in Figure 6. Furthermore, the inverter circuit will convert the DC voltage to AC voltage. This inverter circuit's simulation testing and analysis include simulation tests on the design of a bidirectional converter circuit that operates as an inverter and has two advantages: it can convert DC voltage to AC voltage or AC voltage to DC voltage. PWM control is used to change the pulse width at a set frequency. The parameters of the DC-DC bidirectional inverter circuit are provided in the Table 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Output Boost Converter; a) voltage, b) current
Source: Output characteristics simulation result using boost converter circuit Table 3. Parameters for a Bidirectional Inverter Simulation
No Parameter Values
1. Voltage Reference (Vref.) 340 V
2. Capacitance 0.22 µF
3. Inductance 70.5 µH
4. Resistance 50 Ω
Source: Simulation parameter based on calculation using Eq. (1)-(4)
The Figure 7 shows the bidirectional converter is modelled as a converter because it can work in two modes, transforming DC voltage to AC voltage or vice versa. In this circuit, PWM control is used to modify the pulse width at a set frequency. The testing simulation results on a bidirectional inverter are 332.6 V and 6.652 A, respectively. The MOSFET electronic switch is an excellent choice for use as a switch in a bidirectional inverter circuit. When the switching process happens, the voltage drops by up to 11.9 V from the reference voltage of 344.5 V.
This can happen because there is no ideal switching, therefore the voltage drop is caused by the switching process. The red line represents the voltage output waveform, whereas the blue line represents the current output waveform. After obtaining simulation results for a bidirectional inverter that meet the established standards, a simulation test for a single phase cycloconverter is performed by Figure 7.
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[Vin]
Goto DC
Source
S
Mosfet
D g
V - + Voltage Measurement
S
Mosfet2
D g S
Mosfet1
D gS
Mosfet3
D g
Scope
Logical Operator
L
C R
V - + Voltage Measurement
Scope 1 Output Current (A)
6.652
Current Measurement
+-I
Output Voltage (V) 332.6 Out 1
Out 2
PWM Control
From [Vout]
powergui Continuou
s
Figure 7. Bidirectional Inverter Circuit
Source: Simulation circuit using SIMULINK for bidirectonal converter using MOSFET
Figure 8. The bidirectional inverter's simulated output waveform Source: Output simulation result for bidirectional converter using MOSFET
The cycloconverter circuit is made up of two wave rectifier circuits that use a variety of switching methods. A first rectifier circuit, also known as a positive converter, and a second rectifier circuit, also known as a negative converter. Differences in the amount of ignition time between the two p converters and n converters can cause frequency shifts, affecting the density of the resulting waveform and the occurrence of frequency changes. The cycloconverter is tested with two distinct loads because the present loads are not only resistive but also capacitive and inductive, so it is required to perform tests with varied loads to identify the voltage and current generated by each burden.
Furthermore, the switching test employs three separate power electrical components, namely an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), a Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO), and a Thyristor. This test is performed to evaluate which power electronics components are capable of approaching the grid connected requirement. In this simulation test, frequency and power electronics components are employed as parameters to create Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) due to the utilization of non-linear loads in the circuit.
The resistance employed as a linear load in this test is positioned vertically parallel between the cycloconverter's p and n converters. For switching, three distinct power electronics components are used.
Reference voltage, reference frequency, and resistor are the parameters used in this test. Table 4 shows the parameter values for a single-phase cycloconverter circuit with a linear load and the non-linear load. The pulse generator parameter for a single phase cycloconverter circuit with a linear load has multiple time
choices, including the P converter delay time of 0 seconds and the N converter delay time of 0.02 seconds with a period of 0.04 seconds and an amplitude of 1.
Table 4. Single phase cycloconverter circuit parameters with linear load and non-linear load
No Switching Mode
Parameter Linear Non-linear
Ref. Voltage (VAC)
Ref.
Frequency (Hz)
RLOAD
(Ω) RLOAD
(Ω)
LLOAD
(H) 1. Thyristor
310 - 340 40 – 60 50 50 300
2. GTO
3. IGBT
Source: Experimental cycloconverter using linear and non-linear load Linear load Testing and Analysis with Variant Switching
The simulation results for a single phase cycloconverter with a thyristor as a switch were tested. The voltage and current obtained by this test are 235.4 V and 4.711 A, respectively. The power electronics components are chosen based on component specifications to match the input from the PLN voltage of 230 volts. T1, T2, T3, and T4 of the p converter have a positive first cycle or half period, while T5, T6, T7, and T8
of the n converter have a negative first cycle or half period. Figure 8 depicts the output waveform of this circuit. The output wave of a cycloconverter with thyristor switching, which produces 50 Hz with 4 cycles in 0.1 s and a THD of 62.36%.
The second test with GTO yields a voltage of 238.6 V and a current of 4.775 A. The GTO1, GTO2, GTO3, and GTO4 switches from the p converter will create a positive first cycle or half period in this circuit.
Converter n will create a half period or a negative initial cycle for GTO5, GTO6, GTO7, and GTO8. The GTO circuit has the same frequency as the thyristor, which is 50 Hz with a THD of 62.49 %; the difference between these two circuits is the wavelength, which is shorter for the GTO than for the thyristor. The output waveform of the cycloconverter employing the GTO switch. The final test was to test the cycloconverter circuit utilizing an IGBT as a switch, which was demonstrated by the voltage and current findings from the simulation test, which were 242.1 V and 4.845 A. In this circuit, IGBT1, IGBT2, IGBT3, and IGBT4 are switches that generate an output wave for the positive half of the wave, while IGBT5, IGBT6, IGBT7, and IGBT8 generate negative half-wave output waves.The IGBT component tested for switching this circuit has a lower output wavelength than the thyristor and GTO. This is because the voltage generated by the IGBT is lower, but the resulting frequency remains the same, namely 50 Hz with a THD of 62.58 %.
Figure 9. The output waveforms of the three switches diverge (linear load) Source: Output simulation result for linear load
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Table 5. Three distinct switching modes on a cycloconverter using a linear load are compared.
No. Switching Mode
Output Voltage
(V)
Current (A)
Frequency (Hz)
THD (%)
1. Thyristor 235.4 4.711 50 62.36
2. GTO 238.6 4.775 50 62.49
3. IGBT 242.1 4.845 50 62.58
Source: Output parameter simulation result for linear load
Table 6. Three distinct switching modes on a cycloconverter using a linear load are compared.
No Switching Mode
Output Voltage
(V)
Current (A)
Frequency (Hz)
THD (%)
1. Thyristor 231.9 4.641 50 62.70
2. GTO 220.9 4.422 50 62.60
3. IGBT 224.5 4.493 50 62.50
Source: Output parameter simulation result for non-linear load
Table 5 shows all the output characteristic. The entire output waveform produced by the three switches is similar. This occurs because the entire circuit is programmed to provide an output frequency of 50 Hz, but the THD value produced by each power electronic component varies. THD is lower in the thyristor than in the other switches. This is because the thyristor has a faster ignition time, resulting in lower switching losses than the GTO and IGBT. According to the Table 5, the cycloconverter with thyristor switching approaches the synchronization criterion for the grid-connected.
Non-linear load Testing and Analysis with Varian Switching
In this circuit test, non-linear loads are inductors and resistors. The inductor and resistor are linked in series, while the two loads are linked in parallel between the p and n converters. The parameter values of a single-phase cycloconverter circuit using a non-linear load are shown in Table 6 with a load resistance of 50Ω and an inductor of 300H, and the delay and amplitude parameter values are the same as the linear load to obtain the voltage and current results in each circuit in Figure 10. The voltage and current produced by the non-linear load test using a thyristor switch are 231.9 V and 4.641 A, respectively. The thyristor output waveform with an RL load yields the same frequency values, namely 50 Hz with a THD of 62.70%.
While the output wave produced by GTO with RL load has a same frequency and a THD of 62.60%.IGBT tests yielded a voltage of 224.5 V and a current of 4.493 A. The IGBT circuit's output waveform has a frequency of 50 Hz and a THD of 62.50%. When compared to the GTO, the wavelength received from this circuit is longer. Figure 9 depicts the output waveform.
Figure 10. The output waveforms of the three switches diverge (non-linear load) Source: Output simulation result for linear load
Non-linear load testing with resistor and inductor components has also been performed. Table 6 compares the cycloconverter circuit with a non-linear load and three distinct switching strategies. Based on the results of the experiments, it can be shown that a cycloconverter with a non-linear load provides a lower output voltage than one with a linear load. This occurs because an inductive load reduces the output voltage.
The voltage generated by a single phase cycloconverter influences the THD value. THD can occur as a result of the power electronics used. Figure 10 depicts a graph of the circuit's output voltage against the THD (%) of each power electronics component with a linear load, whereas Figure 11 depicts a graph of the circuit's output voltage against the THD (%) of each power electronics component with a non-linear load. Both Tables show that the current generated by the circuit when a linear load is used is more than when a non-linear load is used. Figure 11 depicts a comparison of the output currents of two cycloconverter circuits with linear and nonlinear loads.
235.4
238.6
242.1
62.36
62.49
62.58
Thyristor GTO IGBT
235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243
Volt THD
PE Component
Volt (V)
62.35 62.40 62.45 62.50 62.55 62.60
THD (%)
Figure 11. THD (%) of each power electronics component's output with a linear load Source: Compare output simulation result with variant switch in linear load for voltage and THD (%)
Figure 12. THD (%) of each power electronics component's output with a non-linear load Source: Compare output simulation result with variant switch in non-linear load for voltage and THD (%)
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4.711 4.775 4.845
4.641
4.422 4.493
Thyristor GTO IGBT
0 1 2 3 4 5
I Out (A)
PE Component
Iout linear load Iout non-linear load
Figure 13. Cycloconverter circuit output current with linear load and non-linear load Source: Compare output simulation result with variant switch in linear and non-linear load current 4. Conclusion
Based on the modeling and analysis of the cycloconverter on a 1 kWp Solar PV Plant using three types of power electronics switching, the results of the solar panel characteristics show that the solar panel output is 180 volts, the DC voltage from this converter is 344.5 V, and the current is 5.4892 A. The DC- DC boost converter circuit has been modeled and is in compliance with the desired original purpose, and it may be used for grid-connected PV systems of 220 VAC/50 Hz with the necessary standard provisions and the allowable operating voltage, namely 230 - 400 V. Bidirectional inverter circuit modeling yields results consistent with the desired initial design of 370 VAC, indicating that this inverter meets the criteria for grid-connected 220 VAC/50 Hz.
The single-phase cycloconverter circuit demonstrates that the cycloconverter employing thyristor switching is close to the grid-connected criteria, with a voltage output of 235.4 V for linear loads and 231.9 V for non-linear loads. Thus, the modeling results for the DC-DC boost converter, bidirectional inverter, and single-phase cycloconverter circuit may be implemented in a 1 kWp PV system at Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani's Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEL).
5. Acknowledgment
Authors thank the team from Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, and thanks to everyone who took part in this experiment, especially those in the electrical engineering laboratory (EEL), as well as research and community service institutes.
6. Abbreviations
PV Photovoltaic
% Percentage
kWp kilo Watt peak
VAC Volt Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
Hz Hertz
EEL Electrical Engineering Laboratory 7. References
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