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COMPOUND WORDS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN NOVEL SONS AND LOVERS LEVEL 5 BY LAWRENCE
Riva Rahmadini1, Siska2, Edwar Kemal2
1Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
2Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang menganalisa tentang penggabungan kata yang digunakan dalam novel “Sons and Lovers Level 5 oleh Lawrence”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna dari penggabungan noun dan tipe-tipe dari penggabungan noun tersebut yang terdapat dalam novel. Penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam kajian morfologi. Terdapat tiga tipe penggabungan kata yaitu endocentric, exocentric, dan copulative. Penelitian ini hanya menentukan tipe-tipe dari penggabungan noun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam pengambilan data, peneliti menggunakan teknik analisis dokumen dengan menggunakan beberapa langkah yaitu membaca novel “Sons and Lovers Level 5”, menentukan compound noun yang terdapat dalam teks, dan menentukan tipe-tipe dari penggabungan kata berdasarkan makna dari compound noun yang ditemukan. Dari hasil analisis compound noun dan maknanya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketiga bentuk penggabungan kata digunakan dalam novel, ditemukan 17 endocentric compounds, 8 exocentric compounds, dan 6 copulative compounds.
Kata Kunci: penggabungan noun, tipe penggabungan kata, kata
INTRODUCTION
Linguistic relates to produce words and express some ideas.
Expressing ideas through the words either spoken or written have to use a few words or know a lot of words. A person must be carefully in electing and using words because the word can give the different interpretation of meaning.
It can be said that words as basic which has to be mastered in a language.
There are many kinds of linguistic, one of them is morphology.
Morphology is a study about words.
Haspelmath (2002:1), states that morphology is the study of internal structure and meaning of the words.
Morphology refers to the rules and process of word formation and interpretation. It means that morphology is a study of structures of word and how its formed by smaller pieces. Therefore, morphology deals with the internal constituent structure of words as well.
Furthermore, McCarthy (2002:2) states that linguistic scholars who specialize in the study of word
2 called morphology. Morphology is a study that supplies the form, structure, and the other things that related with the word only. So that morphology does not show the other way but word.
Indeed, morphology is a study of word formation, word structure, and the relationship of the words change to the meaning of new word. Besides that, morphology also shows that relation between morphemes to create a new word. In summary, morphology is a study of form and process of word formation. The process of its word formation gives influence to the meaning of words. By morphology, we can know about the rules of word in linguistic.
There is word formation process in order to create the new words and new meaning of words in language.
There are some process of word formation, such as borrowing, compounding words, blending, clipping, back formation, conversion, derivation or affixation, reduplication, and so on.
Those process are used to create new word or new meaning of the words in language. Readers or listeners get the new vocabulary and its meaning by using of word formation.
The common type of word formation that can be find is compound words. Compound word is related with vocabulary that become a central part of language. Compound word in the text gives additional vocabulary of readers.
By compound words in the text, readers can be known about new meaning of the words that compound. But sometimes, the readers can not understand the meaning of words that compounded, because not all the words that compounded called compound words.If the readers can not understand about it, they will not understand the meaning or context of the text that they read.Compound word can be form of Noun + Noun, Noun + Adjective, Noun + Verb, or Preposition + Noun. for example, N + N, greenhouse (green+house), meaning a glass structure (not usually green in color) where delicate plants are reared. V + Adj breakfast (break+fast), the word break means to smash, split, or divide into parts violently, reduce to pieces or fragments. The meaning of fast is moving or capable of moving at high speed. Then, after those words joined together, those create a new word breakfast which means the food eaten at the first meal of the day. Adj + V
3 midget (mid+get), the word mid means to middle something or the middle thing between parts. The meaning of get is receive or obtain something. When those words compound become midget, it means that very small person. Those examples show that the compound word create a new meaning of the words.
As a written media, novel has purpose to share ideas or tell a story. In generally, novel is purposed to entertain the viewer. Through novel, the readers can know many aspects that are important in the novel text, such as morphological aspects. One of many parts of morphology in written novel is word formation, so that we can found some aspects of word formation in the text of novel, especially compound words. Compound words in novel text can add the readers vocabulary and knowledge of words and meaning of the new words that has been compound. Its important to study about compound words in the text in order to improve knowledge about the meaning and types of compound words.
The researcher chooses the novel written by D.H. Lawrence “Sons and Lovers” that will be researched.
This novel published for the first time in 1913 and has adaptation published for
four times in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000. The researcher interests to analyze the latest version of this novel.
The researcher interests to choose this novel because this novel is written by famous English novelist 20th century.
Beside that, researcher finds many compound words with different types in the novel text. So that, it helps the researcher in analyze the compounding words easier by the compound words found.
Compound words is created when two root are put together becoming a new word. Furthermore, Haspelmath (2002:85) also tells that compounding words (sometimes called composition) is the combination of two words to form a new word. When the words cannot be separated, it doesn’t a compound word. Besides that, not all of combination of two words is called compound words, because compound words are the combination of two words that has new meaning.
Moreover, Justice (2004:113) defines compound as two free root morphemes which are combined to form a single word. So that compound words as a word that combined from more than one root, usually two free root morphemes become a single word.
4 It means that compound words contain more than one root or word.
In summary, compound word is made up of two words that together express a single idea or meaning. When two or more words that compounded, if they are not create a new meaning or different meaning with the root words, they are not compound words. So that we need to know the compound words forms. By the compound words people can add their vocabulary, especially in written text, such as in the novel text.
A noun compound is two or more words are combined to form a clause with function as a noun.
McCarthy (2002:60) states that compound noun is a combination of more than one word with the function as the noun. Here are some examples of compound noun; the first is the compound of verb-noun (VN) that forms swearword, drop hammer, and playtime. The second is noun-noun (NN) that can be found in hairnet, armchair, or textbook. The third is the most common type, adjective-noun (AN) which appears in words like blackboard, green-stone, or hardcover.
The last is preposition-noun (PN) which forms in-group, outpost, and overcoat.
Besides that, Katamba (1993:305) tells that the compound nounmay contain a noun followed by another noun, an adjective followed by a noun, or a preposition followed by a noun. Compound noun is generating by the rules as: Compound noun → {Noun, Adjective, Preposition} + Noun. It means that compound noun is followed by adjective, preposition, or noun.
In words formation, there are some types of compound words.
According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010:132), there are three types of compound words, they are endocentric compound, exocentric compound, and copulative compound. In this research, the researchers determine the noun compounds that found in the novel text in order to analyze the types of its compound noun based on the meaning.
Below are the detail explanations of the compound types:
Endocentric compounds are the compounds that represent a subtype of whatever the head represents. That is, the head names the type, and the compound names the subtype.
Endocentric compound consist a head, the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compounds, and modifiers, which restrict this
5 meaning. For example, the compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house for a dog.
Endocentric compound is a construction of compound that is hyponym of the head element.
Endocentric compound has certain characteristics are: they contain a constituent which function as the syntactic head, the syntactic properties of the head categories percolate to the entire compound word, and there is a tendency for the semantic relation between the head and non head to be one modification. The examples of this type such as schoolboy and bedroom.
The word schoolboy is made up of school (N) and boy (N). Schoolboy is a kind of boy and bedroom is a kind of room.
Exocentric compounds are hyponyms of some unexpressed semantic head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. So that exocentric compound when the meaning of the compound word cannot determined by the meaning of each words that compounded, or the meaning of its compound cannot guessed from its word parts. For example, compound
white-collar is neither a kind of a collar nor a white thing, but the meaning is something which is related with a worker.
Exocentric compound is a construction of compound that the compound is not hyponym of the head element. So that exocentric compound has characteristics as follows: there is no element in compound that functions as the semantic head of the compound which is modified by the non head element, and the meaning of this construction is opaque. It is impossible to work out what an exocentric compound means from the sum of the meanings of its constituent. The constituents in exocentric compounds do not have a head-modifier semantic relationship, for example blue-nose. The word blue-nose is not a nose at all but a purplish variety of potato grown in Nova Scotion.
Copulative compounds are compounds which have two semantic heads. Both elements are heads; each contributes equally to the meaning of the whole and neither is subordinate to the other. So that the compound word classified as copulative when both of words can be heads. It has the structure
6 shown in girlfriend (N), girl (N) + friend (N).
Copulative compounds are compounds that have two words which are couple or conjoined. The couple elements are equal status, with neither element being regarded as the head that dominates the entire word. It can be shown in word bitter-sweet (A), bitter (A) + sweet (N).
Novel is a media to tell a story that entertain the readers. According to Eagleton (2005:1), novel is a piece of fiction of a reasonable length. As a fiction, novel becomes the written text that can be entertaining the readers. It’s different with the other fiction that its story is may be short, such as short story, legend, folklore, fable, or myth. It means that novel is written text of fiction story that rather length than other fiction stories.
Besides that, Tarigan (2011:167), defines that “novel merupakan suatu cerita prosa fiktif dalam panjang yang tertentu, yang melukiskan para tokoh, gerak, serta adegan kehidupan nyata yang representative dalam suatu alur atau suatu keadaan yang agak kacau atau kusut”. It means that novel has many important aspects that used to create
events or readers imagination and improve the story. As a length fiction, novel has many events that complicated until it has resolution at the end of the story.
Based on explanations above, it can be concluded that novel is a written fiction story based on human life which reasonable length. In novel there are many aspects that can make the readers are understand and follow the story, such as characters, setting, plot, times, or events. The language used in novel is also important thing, because it gives influence to the reader’s skills to understand the story. The correct language used makes the readers easy to follow the event by event in the novel.
The readers’ knowledge of vocabulary also important to understand the novel, such in understands the compound word with its meaning.
Sons and Lover is a novel written by D.H.Lawrence that has published for five times. This novel published for the first time in 1913 and has four times of adaption published in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000. Sons and Lovers, one of Lawrence’s most famous novels, is based on his own family life.
This novel is a study of human relationship. The researcher will
7 analyze the latest edition of this novel.Novel Sons and Lovers level 5 tells about the young struggle, Paul Morel, a young man, a budding artist, a miner's son, to build himself in the middle class and to free him from his mother's dominance. This is also the story of Paul's mother, a civilized woman who finds herself trapped in poverty and loveless marriage. To compensate, he wreaked excessive love for his children, first William, then Paul. This novel is also a complete picture of the lives of workers in mining, intensive study of the family, and the lower classes.
RESEARCH METHOD
The design of this research was descriptive qualitative research. Gay and Airasian (2000:275) state that descriptive research determines and describes the way things are. It means that descriptive research spell out the way things are, elaborate the case or research problem clearly. Descriptive research was the research that described the phenomenon in words not in numeric, to made the things clear the researcher should spelled out vividly and detailed to avoid confusion. The researcher tried to determine and
analyzed the types of compound word used in the novel Sons and Lovers level 5.
In this research, the researcher used the novel of Sons and Lovers level 5 as the source of the data to collected data that needed to answered the research question. The data based on the compound noun that exist in the novel Sons and Lovers Level 5. In collecting the data, the researcher needed instrument. Instrument was a tool that used by researcher to gather the written data which is needed in this research.
Ary et. Al (2010:431) state that the most widely used tools in qualitative research are observation, interview, and document or artifact analysis.
Therefore, the researcher used documentation as instrumentation to collect the data and information that needed by researcher in the sources.
Document that used in this research is novel Sons and Lovers Level 5 by Lawrence.
In acquiring the data, the researcher used analysis document.
Analysis document was a technique of collecting the data in qualitative research. After collecting the data, the researcher took the next step that is analyzing the data. The step of data
8 analysis in this research took from the techniques proposed by Miles and Huberman(2014:91), analysis of the data contained three steps namely.
Those were data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION After analyzing the data, the researcher has got the result of this research. The researcher collects the data by analyzing themeaning of each noun compound in order to decide the three types of compound words used in Sons and Lovers Level 5 by Lawrence.
The research question had been answered by using document analysis as instrument. It used to answer the research question about the meaning of compound noun and types of compound words based on compound noun found.
The researcher found the three types of compound words based on noun compound found. There are 17 endocentric compounds, 8 exocentric compounds, and 6 copulative compounds.
Endocentric compound, exocentric compound, and copulative compound found based on theories of Delahunty and Garvey (2010), Katamba (1993), and Wagner (2010). The
characteristic of endocentric compound are: consist a head that contains the basic meaning of whole compounds, hyponym of the head element, the head categories percolate to the entire compound word, and the meaning is predictable.The characteristic of exocentric compound are: unexpressed semantic head, not hyponym of the head element, do not have a head modifier semantic relationship, and the meaning of this conctruction is opaque. The characteristic of copulative compound are: have two semantic heads, the couple elements are equal status, neither element being regarded as the head that dominates the entire word and each contributes equally to the meaning of the whole words.
Table 4.1 Data Description of Endocentric Compound
No Noun
Compound
Meaning
1 Downstairs The floor to or a lower floor
2 Armchair The chair with supports for the arms
3 Shameface d
The condition of the someone’s face when he/she is shy
4 Bedroom The name of the building that people used for sleep with there is bed inside
9 5 Hot love The strong feeling of
someone for another or for something
6 Coal house The place that used by people or coal miner to burn or to save the coal 7 Fruitman The man that be a seller
of fruits
8 Fishman A term of the man who sells the fish
9 Potman A name of people who has a job to sell the pot 10 Doorway The opning of the door 11 Bigboook The book that used by
people for work or study, usually it used in officers to document the data
12 Paperwork The job sheet
13 Goodnight The greeting that used by people to greet someone at night or before sleep
14 Fine hair The condition of somone hair that is well, suitable, or nice 15 Wooded
bank
A place that people used to save woods 16 Well-made
clothes
The clothes that is good and nice or the clothes that is comfortable to wear
17 Sickroom The building that used for people who are sick and getting nurse or treatment
Table 4.2 Data Description of Exocentric Compound
No Noun
Compound
Meaning
1 Something Un unknown or unnamed thing
2 Remarks Something said or written which expresses an opinion, thought, etc 3 Newspaper The printed publication,
issued daily or weekly,
with news,
advertisements, etc 4 Willpower The determination to do
something or the strength of mind 5 Guesthouse The place or cottage
such a hut
6 Suitcase Case for carrying clothes
7 Foothold The firm place for the foot when climbing 8 Breakfast The first people’s meal
of the day Table 4.3 Data Description
of Copulative Compound
No Noun
Compound
Meaning
1 Golden curls
The name of hair that is curl or may be the name of golden that form a curved
2 Cowhouse The place that used as a stall of the cow
3 Tearful voice
The someone’s voice that is like crying 4 Raindrops The water that small
round mass in drops
10 from the cloud or the drop
5 Tea-things The thing like a cup or glass that used to place the tea
6 Heartbeat The sound or tap of someone’sheart,it happends after walk, run, tired, or surpressed.
It also has the meaning of heart that has beat
Based on the result, the researcher interprets that the writer of the Sond and Lovers level 5 uses all of types of compound words in the noun compound found based on Delahunty and Garvey (2010), Katamba (1993), and Wagner (2010). It seemed from the used of the types of compound word which had found, actually all of the types used by the writer in writing the novel, but the common type used was endocentric compound.
CONCLUSION
The researcher gave conclusion about types of compound words based on noun compound that exist in the Sons and Lover Level 5 by Lawrence.
Based on the data analysis and finding in chapter IV, the researcher found all of types of compound words, they were endocentric compound, exocentric compound, and copulative compound.
The researcher interpreted that the writer of Sons and Lovers Level 5 uses all types of compound words based on Delahunty and Garvey (2010), Katamba (1993), and Wagner (2010) theory. The type of compound noun that mainly used in this novel is endocentri compound in writing the novel text.
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11 Gay, L. R and Peter Airasian. 2000.
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