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Contents
About the Book and the Course 11
1 Introduction to Programming 13
1.1 What Does It Mean to Program 13
1.2 Coding 15
1.3 Compiling and linking 16
1.4 The First Steps with Visual C++ 17
2 Variables 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Why Variables 24
2.3 Declaring Variables 25
2.4 Assignment 25
2.5 Initiating Variables 26
2.6 Constants 26
2.7 More about Assignment of Values 27
2.8 The main function 28
2.9 Input and Output 29
2.10 An Entry Program 31
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2.11 Formatted Output 33
2.12 Invoice Program 35
2.13 Time Conversion Program 37
2.14 Type Conversion 39
2.15 The Random Number Generator 40
2.16 Game Program 41
2.17 Summary 42
2.18 Exercises 42
3 Selections and Loops 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Selection 45
3.3 if statement 45
3.4 Price Calculation Program 46
3.5 Comparison Operators 48
3.6 Even or Odd 49
3.7 else if 49
3.8 and (&&), or (||) 50
3.9 Conditional Input 51
3.10 The switch statement 52
3.11 Menu Program 52
3.12 Loops 55
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3.13 The while Loop 57
3.14 The for Loop 57
3.15 Addition Program 58
3.16 Double Loop 60
3.17 Roll Dice 61
3.18 Two Dice Roll 63
3.19 Breaking Entry with Ctrl-Z 64
3.20 Pools 65
3.21 Equation 67
3.22 Interrupting a Loop - break 69
3.23 Summary 70
3.24 Exercises 70
4 Arrays 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Why Arrays 73
4.3 Declaring an Array 74
4.4 Initiating an Array 75
4.5 Copying an Array 76
4.6 Comparing Arrays 76
4.7 Average 77
4.8 Sales Statistics 80
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4.9 Product File, Search 85
4.10 Two-Dimensional Array 85
4.11 Sorting 87
4.12 Searching a Sorted Array 90
4.13 Summary 94
4.14 Exercises 94
5 Strings 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Data Type char 96
5.3 Menu Program 96
5.4 Menu Program with Loop 98
5.5 Christmas Tree 100
5.6 int - char 103
5.7 Å, Ä, Ö 103
5.8 String Array, char[] 103
5.9 Length of a String 105
5.10 Upper/Lower Case 106
5.11 Initials 106
5.12 Comparing Two Strings 108
5.13 Copying Strings 109
5.14 Array with String Arrays 109
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Maersk.com/Mitas�e Graduate Programme for Engineers and Geoscientists
Month 16 I was a construction supervisor in the North Sea
advising and helping foremen solve problems I was a
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Real work International opportunities
�ree work placements al
Internationa or
�ree wo
I wanted real responsibili�
I joined MITAS because
Maersk.com/Mitas
�e Graduate Programme for Engineers and Geoscientists
Month 16 I was a construction supervisor in the North Sea
advising and helping foremen solve problems I was a
he s
Real work International opportunities
�ree work placements al
Internationa or
�ree wo
I wanted real responsibili�
I joined MITAS because
Maersk.com/Mitas
�e Graduate Programme for Engineers and Geoscientists
Month 16 I was a construction supervisor in the North Sea
advising and helping foremen solve problems I was a
he s
Real work International opportunities
�ree work placements al
Internationa or
�ree wo
I wanted real responsibili�
I joined MITAS because
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5.15 Sorting Strings 110
5.16 Substring 112
5.17 Concatenating Strings 112
5.18 Interchanging First Name and Surname 112
5.19 Encryption 115
5.20 Random Password 116
5.21 Translation Table 117
5.22 Summary 120
5.23 Exercises 120
6 Functions 123
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 What Is a Function 123
6.3 Average 124
6.4 Calling a Function 124
6.5 Several return Statements 126
6.6 Least of Three Numbers 127
6.7 Least Item of an Array 129
6.8 Array As Parameter 130
6.9 Function and Subfunction 132
6.10 Function without Return Value 135
6.11 Replacing Characters in a String 136
6.12 Declaration Space 138
6.13 The Word Program 138
6.14 Override Functions 140
6.15 Declaration - Definition 141
6.16 Header Files 143
6.17 Reference Parameters 145
6.18 Parameters with Default Values 147
6.19 Recursive Functions 148
6.20 Summary 150
6.21 Exercises 150
7 Files 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Streams 154
7.3 Reading from a Stream 154
7.4 Writing to a Stream 155
7.5 Attaching a File to a Stream 155
7.6 A Complete Write Program 157
7.7 A Complete Reading Program 158
7.8 New Item at the End of the File 160
7.9 Products and Prices 161
7.10 Search for a Product Price 163
7.11 Sorting a File in Memory 165
7.12 Updating File Content 168
7.13 Copying Files 171
7.14 Summary 172
7.15 Exercises 172
8 Pointers 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 What Is a Pointer 174
8.3 Declaring a Pointer 175
8.4 Assigning Values to Pointers 175
8.5 Addresses and char Pointers 177
8.6 cout and char Pointers 178
8.7 Price Program with Pointers 178
8.8 Pointer Arithmetics 179
8.9 Tax Program 181
8.10 Functions and Pointers 182
8.11 Dynamic Memory 186
8.12 Summary 190
8.13 Exercises 190
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10
9 Structures 192
9.1 Introduction 192
9.2 What Is a Structure 192
9.3 Defining a Structure 192
9.4 Declaring and Initiating Structure Variables 193
9.5 Assigning Values to Structure Members 193
9.6 A Structure Program 194
9.7 Array with Structure Variables 196
9.8 Pointer to Structure 197
9.9 Structures in the Dynamic Memory 198
9.10 Structure As Function Parameter 199
9.11 Summary 206
9.12 Exercises 206
10 Answers 207
10.1 Variables 207
10.2 Selections and Loops 219
10.3 Arrays 225
10.4 Strings 229
10.5 Functions 234
10.6 Files 240
10.7 Pointers 241
10.8 Structures 245
