Contextualization of Uang Panai in Islamic Law (Between Facts and Prestige)
Alimuddin 1, Abnan Pancasilawati 2, Ashar Pagala 3,Muhammadong 4
1 Kementerian Agama Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
2 Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris, Indonesia
3 Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris, Indonesia
4 Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: Alimuddin, E-mail; [email protected]
Article Information:
Received May 28, 2023 Revised June 02, 2023 Accepted June 07, 2023
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to find out the meaning of Uang Panai, facts and prestige. In essence, Uang Panai is a manifestation of a man's seriousness when he proposes to a woman. Uang Panai has long been used as a dowry when a man wants to propose to a woman of his choice who comes from the Bugis tribe, in South Sulawesi, especially the Bugis tribe in the Biduk-Biduk District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, and is still valid today. However, because the nominal Uang Panai is quite large, Uang Panai is often a burden for men to propose to a woman. The fact that often occurs in society is Uang Panai that must be paid by the groom depending on his class, according to the strata of the prospective wife. These strata are pegged from beauty, education, noble descent to women's occupations. In its development, the purpose of giving Uang Panai as a form of a man's seriousness when going to propose to his ideal woman has changed and shifted in meaning. Because at this time Uang Panai has become a place for prestige contests. The greater the nominal Uang Panai given, the family will get a good image in the eyes of society. Therefore, Uang Panai becomes a place for prestige contests, so that prospective grooms also force themselves to give Uang Panai in large quantities, in order to meet the demands and expectations of several parties.
Keywords: Cash, Facts, Prestige
Journal Homepage https://ojs.iainbatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/elhekam/index This is an open access article under the CC BY SA license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
How to cite: Alimuddin, Alimuddin., Pancasilawati, A., Pagala, A., & Muhammadong, Muhammadong. (2023). Contextualization of Uang Panai in Islamic Law (Between Facts and Prestige). El-Hekam : Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 8(1), 114-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jeh.v8i1.9435
Published by: Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar Press
INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian nation is a pluralistic nation because it consists of various ethnic groups, customs, languages (Adhikari dkk., 2020), and different religions. Diversity is
found in various areas spread from Sabang to Merauke (Wortham dkk., 2020).
Indonesia is a country that gave birth to various ethnic groups and it is from these tribes that make the characteristics or uniqueness of each ethnic group in Indonesia. With its cultural diversity (Lett dkk., 2019), Indonesia can be said to have advantages compared to other countries. One of the unique forms of the Bugis Indigenous people is that marriage is seen as something sacred, religious and highly valued.
Sulawesi Island is one of the most diverse islands in Eastern Indonesia. Some of the early historians (Niedzwiedz dkk., 2020), who conducted studies on Sulawesi, used the term 'Celebes' not only to refer to this island, but also to the Bugis people. East Kalimantan, which has ten city districts, also has different culture and local wisdom, including Berau Regency (Karmakar dkk., 2021), which is a direct border area with South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi, with residents who are transmigrants from various regions in Indonesia, especially the Bugis tribe who come from Sulawesi. South and Central Sulawesi (Lilleskov dkk., 2019). The transmigrants began to settle down and form a family with different ethnic groups in the area. In Islam to form a family it is required to carry out a marriage and each region in carrying out a marriage has its own customs and local wisdom.
In line with the times and sophisticated technology, the meaning of Uang Panai or honest money in the Bugis language in the Biduk-Biduk District has experienced a shift.
Not just a symbol of the groom's tenacity or maintaining the social status of the bride.
Lately it has often happened that the amount of Uang Panai or honest money is to maintain prestige even though the social status is not from the upper class, this is because the community is talkative about the fantastic value of this Uang Panai or honest money.
Not even a few women or prospective brides or their families cover the amount or nominal of Uang Panai in order to maintain their prestige or self-esteem (Mariyono, 2019). So that Uang Panai, which should have been given from the male family to the female family, shifted into a joint venture or joint venture to make it look fantastic.
One of the marriage cultures in the Bugis tribe which is closely related to culture is panai money (Nuraskin dkk., 2020). Uang Panai' is the giving of a sum of money from the groom to the bride to be used for the purposes of holding a wedding shopping party.
Regarding the amount of Uang Panai' that must be given, it is not always the same with one another (Wu & Wu, 2019), it all depends on the agreement between the families of both parties. In determining the amount of Uang Panai that must be prepared, it is also not arbitrary, there are several things that determine it, the two most important things are social status and level of education (Anwar, 2020). Uang Panai' for women from the nobility is certainly different from Uang Panai' for women from the common people.
Among the Bugis people in Biduk-Biduk District, Berau Regency, Uang Panai' is still something that is always interesting to talk about. It often happens that when one hears that a girl is getting married, the first thing she asks is (Ng dkk., 2019): 'how much
is her Uang Panai?' or the Bugis language in Biduk-Biduk is Honest Money. The presence of this question is a sign of how Uang Panai' has an important role in weddings of the Bugis people, especially in the Biduk-Biduk District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan (Jena dkk., 2020). Another thing about Uang Panai' which is no less important to discuss is that it is not uncommon for the size or amount of Uang Panai' to become a kind of competition for prestige. In some cases, because they often don't want to lose out on competitiveness, some don't even care if the men have to owe money so they can fulfill the stipulated Uang Panai' (Chakaya dkk., 2021). Things like this later became one of the reasons why Uang Panai' became something that always reaped pro and con comments both among the Bugis people.
themselves and in the wider community (Vardopoulos, 2019), Uang Panai is also a custom that must be fulfilled by the men in the form of money. Uang Panai is a delivery fee that must be handed over by the groom's family to the bride's family to finance the wedding procession. woman asking for dowry. But these two things are actually different (McKinley dkk., 2020). Dowry is an obligation in Islam.
Meanwhile, Uang Panai is an obligation in the traditional tradition of the Bugis community. 6 Mahar and Uang Panai in a traditional Bugis marriage in Biduk-Biduk District, Berau Regency are something that cannot be separated because in practice these two things have the same position in terms of obligations that must be fulfilled, therefore it will complicate marriage for people who have below-average economic conditions.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This type of research is a qualitative inductive field research. In this research, data collection was taken by direct interviews with Bugis community leaders in the Biduk- Biduk District and by observing and experiencing firsthand the tradition of giving Uang Panai (M. P. Hossain dkk., 2020). This research is descriptive qualitative in nature and aims to describe the tradition of giving Panai money to the Bugis community in the Biduk-Biduk District.
This study uses a normative (Pesch dkk., 2019), anthropological and historical approach. The normative approach is an approach in Islamic studies that looks at the problems contained in the naṣh. While the anthropological approach is used by researchers in the culture of the practice of giving money to the community (Nex dkk., 2019). The sociological approach is actually not just a pure science but can be used as an applied science that provides ways to use scientific knowledge to solve social problems.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Definition of Panai Money
“According to a sociologist from Indonesia, Rahmat Muhammad, Uang Panai is a symbol or form of respect for a woman from the Bugis tribe from Makassar (Pang dkk.,
2022). Specifically, this form of respect is given by the prospective husband to his future wife.
Uang Panai or Panaik can also be interpreted as a form of a man's seriousness when he proposes to a woman (Lemieux dkk., 2021). Uang Panai can also be interpreted as spending money. In simple terms, Uang Panai or Dui' Menre' is money given by the groom to the bride's family. The money is intended for shopping for wedding party needs.
Uang Panai has a very important role and is one of the requirements in a traditional Bugis marriage (Sandbrook dkk., 2019). The amount or nominal varies greatly depending on the caste and level of social status of a woman. Determination of Uang Panai' in advance through an agreement between the two parties at the time of application (Buckingham Shum dkk., 2019). Giving money is an obligation that cannot be ignored. No Uang Panai means no marriage.
Uang Panai can also be interpreted as an amount of money given by the man to the woman when he is about to marry a woman (Wu & Wu, 2019). Uang Panai can also be interpreted as a tribute to women and the seriousness of men who want to get married (F. Hossain dkk., 2019). Uang Panai, according to some general public, acknowledges that Uang Panai is a tradition that has existed for a long time (Albrecht &
Chin, 2020). The Uang Panai tradition is one of the requirements that must be met before both parties of the bride and groom continue further discussions about marriage.
Uang Panai is a form of appreciation from a man to a woman like that he likes and is willing to do everything including the terms of Uang Panai which are not burdensome, because the man wants to try hard to meet the requirements of the family of the woman he loves (König dkk., 2020). So the true meaning contained in Uang Panai is very valuable, it can even be used as motivation to make wishes come true, get what you want, especially when it comes to potential life partners. So Uang Panai is no longer a burden that causes various social problems.
According to the Bugis community that giving Uang Panai in marriage, the custom is an obligation that cannot be ignored, there is no Uang Panai' meaning there is no marriage (Andrews dkk., 2019), the obligation or obligation to provide Uang Panai is the same as the obligation to provide Mahar, Uang Panai and Mahar are a single entity that is not separable.
Nominal Panai Money
Expensive nominal Uang Panai is a question for many parties. Of course, this fantastic nominal money is not set at random. This is because the nominal Uang Panai has been set a long time ago.
According to a humanist from South Sulawesi, Nurhayati Rahman, in ancient times, many parents wanted to see the seriousness of a man when he proposed to his daughter. Therefore, Uang Panai is set at a high price to see how much effort a man has to make to marry the woman he loves.
The high Uang Panai is considered to make the prospective groom try to defend his marriage in the future. This is because men who are about to marry Bugis women already know how difficult it is for them to marry the women they adore.
According to humanist Nurhayati Rahman, the high cost of Uang Panai will make the husband think many times when he wants to divorce his wife. Because before becoming the husband of his wife, he had sacrificed a lot to marry his wife. In addition to having a positive impact, expensive Uang Panai can also have a negative impact.
Because the value is very expensive, many couples are constrained when getting married. Therefore, the lovers chose a shortcut and decided to elope or also known as silariang.
However, this silariang was a very embarrassing event for the Bugis. Because silariang is related to siri or disgrace which will be a burden on the family for life.
In addition, in the tradition of the Bugis tribe, silariang also has an identical relationship with death. However, what is meant by death is not to be sought and then killed, but rather to be covered with earth or covered with earth or covered.
So, when a couple of lovers who are determined to do silariang, they are considered dead and there is no bargaining for life. In fact, according to a humanist from South Sulawesi, there are several generations whose families have not always accepted them. While doing silariang, a couple decides to leave the house, wander and throw themselves away.
The famous Uang Panai has a fantastic amount. This is because the money that will be given to the woman's family is used for wedding expenses. The amount of Panai money should not be determined arbitrarily. The nominal Uang Panai is adjusted to the educational status and heredity of the girl.
For example, if the bride and groom are only educated up to high school, then the Uang Panai that must be prepared is around 50 million. Meanwhile, for those who successfully complete their education to the undergraduate level, the salary can reach 150 million.
Especially if the educational status has reached the S2 level. This amount does not take into account the hereditary status of the bride and groom, let alone the type of work the woman does. Even if the bride has royal blood or royal descent, the Uang Panai that must be prepared by the groom can reach one billion rupiah. Besides the big Uang Panai, this tradition actually wants to convey that a woman is someone who deserves more respect.
Even though the nominal Uang Panai always seems large and fantastic, the amount of Uang Panai that must be given by the groom is not absolute. That is, the amount of Uang Panai can be negotiated by both families.
There are several types of families who are reluctant to burden a prospective groom who will propose to his daughter. Therefore, the family gives leeway to the prospective groom and allows the prospective groom to pay Uang Panai according to his ability.
Facts about Uang Panai
Here are some facts about Uang Panai, which is one of the most important traditions still in existence today:
As a symbol of respect for women, Uang Panai or Panaik is a symbol of giving a future wife to a man who wants to ask for her hand. Philosophically, the tradition of giving Uang Panai aims to see the sincerity and hard work of the prospective husband in proposing to his future wife. Generally, the man will give Uang Panai as a form of responsibility for the costs of the wedding ceremony as well as provisions for his future wife's life.
The nominal amount of Uang Panai is determined by the woman's family, The nominal Uang Panai is closely related to the dignity or self-esteem of the woman's family. In the Bugis language, this is known as sirri. Therefore, the amount of Uang Panai will be determined by the woman's family. Usually the two families of the bride and groom will discuss the amount of Uang Panai that must be paid by the prospective husband.
The higher the social status of the prospective wife, the higher the salary, As previously explained, the amount of Uang Panai is determined by several factors. One of them is the social status of the prospective wife, such as whether the woman has royal ancestry? Have a degree in education and so on.
A woman has the title Andi, meaning she is a figure of noble descent and the Uang Panai that must be paid when getting married has a large nominal value.
Uang Panai as a venue for prestige contests, In its development, the purpose of giving Uang Panai as a form of a man's seriousness when going to propose to his ideal woman has changed and shifted in meaning. Because at this time Uang Panai has become a place for prestige contests.
The greater the nominal Uang Panai given, the family will get a good image in the eyes of society. Therefore, Uang Panai becomes a place for prestige contests, so that prospective grooms also force themselves to give Uang Panai in large quantities, in order to meet the demands and expectations of several parties.
Uang Panai' or bridal spending money is a traditional tradition of the Makassar Bugis tribe in South Sulawesi which has existed for a long time and is valid as a dowry if a man wants to propose to a woman, this tradition is still something that is mandatory when in the application process.
Uang Panai is also often used as a benchmark for the title or education of a woman to be proposed, especially when viewed from the caste of the bride's family. It is mandatory for the Bugis community to fulfill these requirements before getting married, besides that high Uang Panai is also a public assessment that the man who proposes is a man who is wealthy. Uang Panai is no longer solely for the protection of parents for their children from men who come to ask for her hand, but to compete with each other for prestige between neighbors and the family environment.
Uang Panai is also one of the main obstacles for a man if he wants to propose to the woman he wants, why? because the value of Uang Panai is not small but can reach billions of rupiah, besides that high Uang Panai is a form of respect for a woman. Apart
from that, this tradition also means that men should be able to respect women more. On the other hand, Uang Panai will also encourage men to work hard to become responsible husbands.
Apart from the large Uang Panai, this hadith actually wants to convey that a woman is someone who deserves respect and indicates that this is indeed a struggle to get the woman she likes. Not wanting to sell girls as most people outside the Bugis tribe think.
This makes Bugis men have to work hard if they want to marry the girl they adore, who comes from the same tribe. Because day by day the nominal value of banknotes is getting higher, up to tens of millions, hundreds of millions, even billions.
There are also those who are willing to give up the girl they adore because they are unable to give the requested panai money. Not only that, the issue of panai often makes couples choose to elope or are known as silariang, because they feel they don't approve due to the high cost of panai.
This is what always reaps the pros and cons among the outside community and the Bugis themselves, regarding the very expensive amount of Uang Panai just for the sake of prestige. However, apart from the tradition of increasingly high Uang Panai, of course this can be discussed properly between the families of women and men who are serious about proposing. Responding to traditions returning to each other. Every tradition has good and bad sides, and this Uang Panai tradition is not a place to show who is the most 'expensive' and who is the 'cheapest'. But from this tradition we can learn to get something, we have to try and work hard.
But in Islam, Uang Panai' is not part of the requirements for a valid marriage nor is it one of the obligations that must be fulfilled in a marriage, because in Islam marriage is a very strong bond and is considered sacred.
In Islam there is no regulation regarding the giving of Uang Panai, but the law is permissible, the important thing is that Uang Panai does not conflict with the conditions of marriage and there is no coercion, this is in accordance with the abilities and capabilities of each. that person.
What is regulated in Islam is how a woman may not burden her dowry, and how a man can provide the best dowry for the two women he wants to marry. herefore, Islam discusses in great detail the discussion of the dowry itself. Quoting the book Fiqh Mahar by Isnan Ansory, the law of giving dowry is mandatory, as the Prophet said in the following hadith which means:
From Aisyah radhiyallahu 'anha Rasulullah SAW said: 'Any woman who marries without the permission of her guardian then her marriage is void, her marriage is void, her marriage is void. If she has intercourse, she is entitled to a dowry, because her husband has justified her private parts. If there is a quarrel between them, then the ruler becomes the guardian over the person who has no guardian.' (HR. Tirmizi).
The form of dowry is very diverse, it can be in the form of cash, gold jewelry, a set of prayer tools, the Koran, houses, rice fields, gardens and others. Everything is tailored to men's abilities and women's pleasures.
In Islamic law, the amount of dowry is not determined, but is based on each person's ability or based on circumstances or family traditions.
With the provision that the amount of dowry is the agreement of both parties who will enter into a marriage contract. In Islamic law it is only determined that the dowry must be in the form and benefits, regardless of the amount.
CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion of the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the culture of Uang Panai' which has been maintained by the Bugis tribe, especially the Bugis tribe in the Biduk-Biduk District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, has several meanings as follows:
The meaning of Uang Panai is a form of appreciation from a man to a woman like that he likes and is willing to do everything including the terms of Uang Panai which are not burdensome, because the man wants to try hard to meet the requirements of the family of the woman he loves. So the true meaning contained in Uang Panai is very valuable, it can even be used as motivation to make wishes come true, get what you want, especially when it comes to potential life partners. So Uang Panai is no longer a burden that causes various social problems. The nominal Uang Panai always seems large and fantastic, but the amount of Uang Panai that must be given by the groom is not absolute. That is, the amount of Uang Panai can be negotiated by both families.
The fact that Uang Panai is a symbol of the man's sincerity and innocence in proposing and marrying the girl he adores. The emergence of work enthusiasm for men who want to marry a Bugis girl. So that the woman he loves so much will be a huge motivation for him to meet the amount of shopping money needed. Motivation can be interpreted as a driving factor that comes from within humans in this case to fulfill the amount of Uang Panai' which will then influence the way a person acts.
As a place to compete for prestige, this is actually just a tradition of returning to each other. Every tradition has good and bad sides, and this Uang Panai tradition is not a place to show who is the most 'expensive' and who is the 'cheapest'. But from this tradition we can learn to get something, we have to try and work hard. But in Islam, Uang Panai' is not part of the requirements for a valid marriage nor is it one of the obligations that must be fulfilled in a marriage, because in Islam marriage is a very strong bond and is considered sacred.
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