Conversation Analysis Turn-taking and Adjacency Pairs in Students’ Conversation at English Education Department
Neni Sari1, Marwa Marwa2*
Universitas Lancang Kuning ; [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords:
keyword 1; communication keyword 2; culture
keyword 3; convertation analysis
This study aims to look at conversation analysis (CA).
The data used in this study are video recordings and transcripts of random conversations conducted by English Language Education students at Lancang Kuning University. This study aims to describe how turn-taking patterns and adjacency pairs found in the conversation. Which addresses the topic of culture for examples “culture, tribe, language, tradition and food”.
Communication and culture are closely related to how people live their lives, learn, think, feel, behave, and accept what is right according to their beliefs. The researchers used qualitative research which focuses more on a deep understanding of the concept of an object under study rather than analysing data using statistical analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, in the Turn-Taking analysis the pattern that often appears is overlap and in the adjacency pairs analysis the pattern that often appears is question- answer.
Article history:
Received 2023-11-20 Revised 2023-11-01 Accepted 2023-12-30
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Marwa Marwa
Universitas Lancang Kuning ; [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION
Humans as members of social communities need communication as a means to relate to others. Communication as a means of exchanging information between two or more people can work well if the right comunication techniques are used. When communicating, everyone uses their mother tongue as an effective medium for conveying ideas or jokes. Typically, language is used as a medium of interpersonal communication among people and the wider population. For example, when communicating, they use various languages other than their native language. There are two types of communication: continuous communication and intermittent communication. Face-to-face comunication is considered short distance comumnication (face to face), while long distance communication occurs when face-to-face communication is not possible or does not work. Communication does not always need media as a source (Nugraheni, 2010).
One type of comunication is everyday conversation. Conversation is a type of collaborative activity that involves verbal communication. Conversation is also interpreted as a long and tense verbal interaction to achieve the desired goal (Nugraheni, 2010). In social life, comunication and culture are closely related to how people live their lives, learn, think, feel, behave, and accept what is right according to their beliefs. Language, friendship, eating habits, comunication practices, social actions, economic activities, politics and technology are all based on everyday principles (Lestari, 2020).
Culture is a campaign to build interest. Culture can be passed on from one generation to the next with the help of individuals and groups, using only one knowledge, understanding, belief, meaning, values and information. Culture manifests itself in patterned language, various activities, as well as behavior, communication styles, material objects, such as houses, tools and machines used in industry and agriculture, types of transportation, and means of war. Besides being able to exist anywhere, culture also shows physical and social connections, both of which have implications for everyday life. The culture has evolved since it was found in the dungeon and continues to evolve since then, possibly even when kit dies.
Culture exists and has existed for a long time, culture also reappears when individuals use it and mix it with other individuals (Sihabudin, 2011 in Lestari, 2020).
The development of accurate telecommunications requires an analysis of the conversations used. Conversation analysis which is then classified by CA as a dialogue genre helps participants understand the importance of the dialogue in question and the social dilemmas of participants through the conversation. The single biggest problem was the exchange of turns in the conversation. The description of CA turn codes in discourse explicitly describes the analysis of the structure and function of speech in the context of exchange of conversational shifts. Take turns in conversation using signs in the implementation of speaking turns. Taking turns of participants has characteristics based on the text under ethnic holidays. There has been a lot of research on "turn-taking", but most of it has not focused on the practice of "turn-taking" by participants sitting behind the target study field (Agustiningtyas, 2021).
In order for a connection to be made between what is described as an adjacency pair and what is being discussed, the speaker of the dialogue must use linguistic cues from other participants in the conversation. There is a turn concept in conversational analysis in addition to the concept of pairs of adjacent utterances. Distribution is the main issue in this context. This relates to how a speaker gets a turn to speak, it is expected that the Speech Partner has a turn to speak or be silent depending on how long the span is. How can one understand when to end an utterance and when to start another with a little effort and attention to detail (Agustiningtyas, 2021).
Based on the background above, the problems raised in this study are: What are the topics discussed in the English Students’ conversation? How are from turn-taking and adjacency pairs formed in English Students Conversational?
2. METHODS
The approach used in this study is conversation analysis (CA). The data used in this study are video recordings and transcripts of random conversations conducted by English Language Education students at Lancang Kuning University. This study aims to describe how the patterns of turn-taking and adjacency pairs found in the conversation and requires consistent steps in analyzing a conversation. The researchers used qualitative research which focuses more on a deep understanding of the concept of an object under study rather than analyzing data using statistical analysis.
3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the research have to be supported by sufficient data. The research results and the discovery must be the answers, or the research hypothesis stated previously in the introduction part.
1. Culture topics are frequently found in English Students’conversation Table 1. Formulation of the topic
No Informal Topic Formal Topic
1 Culture (Budaya) Plans to continue studying S2 (Rencana lanjut kuliah S2)
2 Tribe (Suku) International Seminar Certificate (Sertifikat seminar international)
3 Language (Bahasa) Campus activities (Kegiatan kampus)
4 Tradition (Tradisi) The reason for choosing the FADIKSI major (Alasan memilih jurusan FADIKSI)
5 Food (Makanan) Civil servant entry plan (Rencana masuk PNS)
This CA research identified that:
a. Culture topic “Culture”
Excerpt 1:
Speaker A: kalau kau Speaker B budaya minang apa? (If you are Speaker B, what is the Minang culture?)
Speaker B: setau aku adat minang itu tiap-tiap bulan suci Ramadhan ada Namanya mandi Balimau yang diadakan sebelum memasuki bulan suci Ramadhan. (As far as I know, Minang custom is that every holy month of
Ramadhan there is a Balimau Bath which is held before entering the holy month of Ramadhan)
Based on the identification of the researchers on the topic "Culture"
discussed in the conversation are activities that are usually carried out in a culture "Minang culture".
Heading 4: create the heading in italics.
Bulleted lists look like this:
• First bullet
• Second bullet
• Third bullet
Numbered lists can be added as follows:
1. First item 2. Second item 3. Third item
The text continues here.
2.2. Figures, Tables and Schemes
All figures and tables should be cited in the main text as Figure 1, Table 1, etc.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. This is a figure, Schemes follow the same formatting. If there are multiple panels, they should be listed as: (a) Description of what is contained in the first panel; (b) Description of what is contained in the second panel. Figures should be placed in the main text near to the first time they are cited. A caption on a single line should be centered.
Table 1. This is a table. Tables should be placed in the main text near to the first time they are cited.
Title 1 Title 2 Title 3
entry 1 data data
entry 2 data data 1
1Tables may have a footer.
2.3. Formatting of Mathematical Components (if any) This is an example of an equation:
a = 1, (1)
the text following an equation need not be a new paragraph. Please punctuate equations as regular text.
Theorem-type environments (including propositions, lemmas, corollaries etc.) can be formatted as follows:
Example text of a Quote. Quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote. quote The text continues here. Proofs must be formatted as follows: quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote quote,
The text continues here.
Discussion: The discussion is highlighted through the title and subtitles of the section when needed
Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted from the perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted. The following components should be covered in the discussion: How do your results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section (what/how)? Do you provide interpretation scientifically for each of your results or findings presented (why)? Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported (what else)? Or are there any differences?
4. CONCLUSION
The conclusion should answer the objectives of the research and research discoveries.
The concluding remark should not contain only the repetition of the results and
discussions or abstract. You should also suggest future research and point out those that are underway.
Acknowledgments: In this section, you can acknowledge any support given, which is not covered by the author's contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments).
Conflicts of Interest: Declare conflicts of interest or state “The authors declare no conflict of interest.” Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interests that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results.
REFERENCES
The literature listed in the References contains only the sources referenced or included in the article. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as Mendeley, EndNote, Reference Manager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references. Referral sources should provide 80% of journal articles, proceedings, or research results from the last five years. Writing techniques bibliography, using the system cites APA (American Psychological Association) Style and the 6th edition.
Example:
Journal Article
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283–317.
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Łozowski, F., Górska, P., & Winiewski, M. (2019). In search of an imaginary enemy: Catholic collective narcissism and the endorsement of gender conspiracy beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 766--779.
Internet Website
Hidayat, R., & Khalika, N. N. (2019). Bisnis dan Kontroversi Gerakan Indonesia Tanpa Pacaran. Retrieved October 17, 2019, from tirto.id website: https://tirto.id/bisnis-dan- kontroversi-gerakan-indonesia-tanpa-pacaran-cK25
Book
Kamba, M. N. (2018). Kids Zaman Now Menemukan Kembali Islam. Tangerang Selatan:
Pustaka IIMaN.
Madjid, N. (2002). Manusia Modern Mendamba Allah: Renungan Tasawuf Positif. Jakarta:
IIMaN & Hikmah.
Book Section
Ikhwan, M. (2019). Ulama dan Konservatisme Islam Publik di Bandung: Islam, Politik Identitas, dan Tantangan Relasi Horizontal. In I. Burdah, N. Kailani, & M. Ikhwan (Eds.), Ulama, Politik, dan Narasi Kebangsaan. Yogyakarta: PusPIDeP.
REFERENCES
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283–317.
De Jong, J., & Den Hartog, D. (2010). Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8691.2010.00547.x
Hidayat, R., & Khalika, N. N. (2019). Bisnis dan Kontroversi Gerakan Indonesia Tanpa Pacaran. Tirto.Id.
Ikhwan, M. (2019). Ulama dan Konservatisme Islam Publik di Bandung: Islam, Politik Identitas, dan Tantangan Relasi Horizontal,” in , ed. by , ), 35–63. In I. Burdah, N.
Kailani, & M. Ikhwan (Eds.), Ulama, Politik, dan Narasi Kebangsaan. PusPIDeP.
Kamba, M. N. (2018). Kids Zaman Now Menemukan Kembali Islam. Pustaka IIMaN.
Madjid, N. (2002). Manusia Modern Mendamba Allah: Renungan Tasawuf Positif. IIMaN &
Hikmah.
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Łozowski, F., Górska, P., & Winiewski, M. (2019). In search of an imaginary enemy: Catholic collective narcissism and the endorsement of gender conspiracy beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 766--779.
Miller, A. E., & Josephs, L. (2009). Whiteness as pathological narcissism. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 45(1), 93–119.
Rakhmat, J. (1989). Islam Alternatif. Mizan.
